Hybrid Cloud Storage Techniques Using Rsa And Ecc

Secure the communication over network is an important task. Security of Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANET) is prime concern due to the numbers of attacker’s existence. We can protect information by using different cryptography methods. The Rivest–Shamir–Adleman (RSA) is one of the asymmetric key cryptography systems to protect information. In asymmetric key cryptography system from the generated key pair, one key is used for information to encrypt and the another key is used for information to decrypt. In RSA, the value of n is computed through the multiplication of two prime numbers p and q. If the factors of n can be found by the intruder using brute force attack, therefore, the security level will reduce. In this paper, we proposed a modified RSA algorithm called MRSA with three prime numbers j, k, and l for VANETs to increase the level of security in vehicular communication. RSA algorithm is with one more prime number, i.e., three prime numbers are used rather than two prime numbers, for increasing the brute force attack time. The lifetime of a message in VANETs may be less. Therefore, MRSA may provide us better result by enhancing the level of security with small key size. The experimental results and analyses are shown for both the RSA and MRSA cryptography algorithms.

The use of public-key cryptosystems (PKC) received considerable attention. They are beneficial in encryption as well as signing which play an essential role in electronic banking and financial transactions. Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) is one of best public key techniques because of its small key size and high security. Secure applications in smart cards present implementation challenges particular to the platform's memory, bandwidth, and computation constraints. ECC's unique properties make it especially well suited to smart card applications. ECC systems provide the highest strength per bit of any cryptosystem known today. The paper presents a new method for smart card implementation of elliptic curves, explaining how ECC can not only significantly reduce the cost, but also accelerate the deployment of smart cards in new applications. ECC permits reductions in key and certificate size that translate to smaller memory requirements (especially for EEPROM), which represent significant cost savings. This added functionality can play an effective role in electronic payment and online banking technologies.

The data everywhere was being transferred for each second using domain of Internet of Things (IoT). To secure data using the Internet of Things (IoT) is a tedious task. When the data is being transferred using Internet of Things (IoT), more security can be provided using elliptic curve cryptography. Asymmetric cryptography is used by most of the applications for providing secure communication between two parties (Weber in Comput Law Secur Rev 26:23–30, 2010). The purpose of this type of cryptography is the requirement of huge amount of computation and storage. This is where the use of elliptic curve cryptography comes into picture, as it needs less storage and can be used in small computational devices. ECC needs smaller key sizes and provides stronger encryption compared to various asymmetric cryptographic algorithms like RSA. The usage of power required is low but the performance of the devices using ECC is high for different types of devices like IoT, sensors, etc. This paper shows how ECC must be implemented strongly for providing communication securely to encode the data on an elliptic curve, in IoT devices. The encryption of the data must be done securely while mapping the data on to the elliptic curve. This paper shows how the data is encrypted and mapped on to the curve securely. The work shows how the data can be encrypted with ECC and how it can be visible to only authorized users. In the field of cryptography, ECC is a method for asymmetric cryptography which is dependent on the algebraic structure of an elliptic curve on the finite field.

Chapter 9 - Basics of Cryptography

The majority of imaging techniques use symmetric and asymmetric cryptography algorithms to encrypt digital media. Most of the research works contributed in the literature focus primarily on the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm for encryption and decryption. This paper propose an analysis for performing image encryption and decryption by hybridization of Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) with Hill Cipher (HC), ECC with Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and ElGamal with Double Playfair Cipher (DPC). This analysis is based on the following parameters: (i) Encryption and decryption time, (ii) entropy of encrypted image, (iii) loss in intensity of the decrypted image, (iv) Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), (v) Number of Pixels Change Rate (NPCR), and (vi) Unified Average Changing Intensity (UACI). The hybrid process involves the speed and ease of implementation from symmetric algorithms, as well as improved security from asymmetric algorithms. ECC and ElGamal cryptosystems provide asymmetric key cryptography, while HC, AES, and DPC are symmetric key algorithms. ECC with AES are perfect for remote or private communications with smaller image sizes based on the amount of time needed for encryption and decryption. The metric measurement with test cases finds that ECC and HC have a good overall solution for image encryption.

Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) is an excellent candidate for secure embedded multimedia applications due to its small key size and high security protection. The performance profiling of the ECC implementation, such as execution time and data cache stalls, on TriMedia TM1300 and Intel Pentium 4 is conducted in this research. Based on this study, we identify the main bottlenecks of the EEC implementation, and propose some favorable micro-architecture for this application. Moreover, several integer multiplication schemes are presented for the TM1300 processor for performance enhancement. In particular, the FIR-based multiplication is built with the special FIR instruction provided by TM1300. The performance improvement of the proposed schemes is reported and discussed. Overall, we aim at providing a good understanding of the system architecture of secure embedded multimedia applications, hardware and software cryptography implementation with ECC as an example.

Cryptographic protocols become a requirement for many software applications and communication. Therefore, understanding of such protocols is more essential in order to improve them mathematically and in software implementations. Elliptic curve cryptography is one of these protocol, which are highly used nowadays especially in mobile devices due to its small key size and good security level. Despite of these advantages, it is considered as slower than other cryptosystems with the same key size and this revert to the most important operation the scalar multiplication. In this work, we aimed to reduce the computation of this operation by proposing an algorithm considered as faster in comparing to other efficient methods. This algorithm is implemented in mobile device to prove its efficiency.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), comprising of tiny nodes with limited energy, computational and communication resources, are being widely used in various application areas ranging from pollution and weather monitoring to military. Even though every application may not require data to be exchanged in a secure manner, few WSN applications may have certain security requirements. The data is encrypted by a sender and sent over the wireless links and the same is decrypted at the receiver. To meet this purpose, symmetric key cryptographic (SKC) algorithms may be used. Such SKC primitives require keys to be made available before carrying out the data transfer between the nodes. Alternately, Public Key Cryptographic techniques, such as RSA algorithm can be considered. Even though, RSA is a popular algorithm providing good security level, it is computationally intensive involving large key sizes. The RSA can not be used in WSNs, as the nodes have limited resources. Presently, it is infeasible to implement the RSA algorithm using any of the WSN nodes commercially available. Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC), another public key cryptographic (PKC) algorithm providing same level of security with smaller key size requirements, can be used as an alternative in order to provide security in WSN applications. ECC encryption and decryption use domain parameters, which includes the Generator point to be published. In most of the outdoor WSN applications, the deployment of the nodes is random and the nodes could be captured and an attacker could launch man-in-middle (MIM) attack, and break the public key thereby leading to security breach in the network. A technique to overcome such an attack is proposed in this work and the same is compared with two other similar approaches.

Chapter 8 - Basics of Cryptography and Encryption

Cloud computing represents a significant challenge for securing data due to its inherently distributed model. Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) will provide substantial security with smaller key sizes, creating a strong candidate for cloud-based environments. This review critically examines ECC based security architectures in cloud computing with the aim of reducing the cipher space for efficiency and scalability. A comprehensive examination of recent ECC implementations guided this review, including identity-based and lightweight ECC Architectures. Specific consideration was given to cipher space reduction techniques incorporating point compression and optimized scalar multiplication. The review provided evidence of a gap in the literature regarding the ability to counterbalance strength of security with the compactness of the cipher across a range of cloud scenarios and use cases. Most models considered provide little flexibility for real-time or post-quantum alternatives. None of the literature considered cipher space optimization for ECC to date. The ongoing optimization of cipher space is essential to progressing security based on ECC implementations for cloud scenarios. Future research efforts must centre on adaptive, efficient, quantum resilient ECC schemes, in ways that yield high security with minimum impacts on the operational scale, and the associated computational loads.

One of the main elements of the integrated information security system is the subsystem of access’s control to information resources. Recently, more attention is attracted by biometrics as one of the newest information technologies that use the unique characteristics of object identification and verification. Therefore, the question of the protection of information resources from unauthorized administrative actions and access by unauthorized persons or programs to computer data is important.Relevant is the preservation of confidentiality of information processed or stored in computer systems. External influences generally oppose using a variety of software and hardware protection methods. The content of the methods of the protective transformations is that the information stored in the system and is transmitted by communication channels, is turns into a cryptogram — a closed (encrypted) text or graphic image documents. The basis for the encryption is based on two elements: a cryptographic algorithm and key. The security of generic algorithms is determined by the key length. In asymmetric algorithms, the encryption and decryption can be performed with different keys. Such algorithms require significantly more computation time, but do not create problems during key distribution. The most promi-sing data protection systems today are considered an asymmetric system with a public key. The last deca-de a great attention of scientists in the field of information security pay biometric. A biometric system can operate in modes of verification and identification. All of these approaches protect the information easy enough to implement in the time-logic environment, making all the settings required for message transform on the time-logic functions.The possibility of cyclic encoding and the rules for constructing key asymmetric crypto algorithm on the basis of the identification time-logic functions, which contain all the important characteristics of transmitted messages, is analyzed. Available for the formal description of this encoding and the rules of construction keys used in the representation of time-logic functions in the form of polynomials.

An entire chapter is dedicated to elliptic curves since there is great hope that advances in this area will bring higher levels of security to many embedded devices. Compared to previous public key systems, elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) promises equivalent security strength with smaller key sizes. Since key size impacts storage and in general has been shown to impact performance and thus energy dissipation, these elliptic curves are of great interest to embedded systems. The notion of using elliptic curves in cryptography is generally agreed to have emerged from two famous papers: those of Miller (1986) and Koblitz (1987).

The image watermarking technology is a vital facet about multimedia authentication and copyright protection to improve its reliability and security. This paper proposes an embedment of encrypted watermark in a JPEG image to address the issues of proprietorship of digital images. Amongst the cryptographic solutions, the most satisfactory cryptography method is Elliptic Curve Cryptography because of its small usage of bandwidth, low computational time and small key size. DWT and SVD are used as a scientific means to implant watermark in the image. The quality of watermarked image is measured by Peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and to compare the recovered watermark and the original watermark Normalized correlation (NC) is used.

Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) is studied to be very powerful and secured asymmetric technique which uses small key sizes and efficiently uses power and bandwidth. Wired and wireless sensor networks are prone to attacks like node capture, physical tampering, eavesdropping, denial of service, etc. ECC curves being resistant to these kinds of attacks, are used for secured data transmission. ECC uses Koblitz’s curve mapping methodology for encoding and decoding of user’s information over public environment and thus is efficient for secured computations. Koblitz curves are also used for secured exchange and ownership of cryptocurrency which is very popular nowadays. The research paper aims to discuss and implement Koblitz mapping technique on a given ECC curve and it is also proved to be secured to encode and decode the textual information during data transfer. The method, if used with parallel multipliers, does faster computations than other curves and saves time and space.

This article mainly discusses the history of progress regarding the legislation and updates through scrutiny, its current architecture, and its standards applied around the world, such as eIDAS and eIDAS 2.0, which are used not only as technical but also as purely political standards. The penetration of the digital economy has largely promoted the evolution of cyber platforms for public and private use, so that e-signatures have become one of the pillars in the national IT architecture. 1) Legislation The e-signature operations in Türkiye are regulated by Electronic Signature Law No. 5070 and its secondary regulations. However, today, the infrastructure groundwork relies heavily on RSA-based cryptography. RSA is attracting greater and more debate these days, with concerns about whether it will continue to be useful given the increasing importance of security requirements for mobile devices, performance expectations, and the threat posed by quantum computing. This article also examines the extent to which Turkish law is compatible with the EU regulation of compliance. In this paper, we study whether the Turkish legislation complies with the European legislation. This covers security, performance, key size, and support for RSA and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) algorithms. This paper discusses technical, institutional, and legal requirements for the transition of the national e-signature infrastructure to ECC. Furthermore, ECC’s contribution is evaluated in terms of Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC), and a roadmap is suggested for transitioning to hybrid (ECC + PQC) architectures. Finally, policy and technical suggestions are proposed to facilitate international electronic and mobile signature interoperability under eIDAS 2.0.