Implementation of System Engineering Methodologies into Mechatronics Applications: Pneumatic Control Algorithm

Emerging mechatronic applications aim to work at limit performance and reliability while their size and operational space is getting restricted more and more. To reach those targets, often fast integration of customized components is necessary, either electronic systems, SW modules, sensors or actuators. Such diverse set of components needs special tool-chains and methods for fast customization and optimization respecting MBSE (model based system engineering) principles. Large-scale I-MECH project is a natural, fully industry driven initiative trying to follow those demands. The purpose of this paper is to describe its core scientific content, report initial milestones and show a variety of application where I-MECH components, so called building blocks, are being applied.

Dynamic emulation of mechanical loads presents a modern and interesting approach for testing and validating performance of electrical drives without a real mechanical load included in the test rig. The paper presents an approach to dynamic emulation of mechanical loads when the load torque and inertia mass of emulated load can be significantly greater than that of laboratory test rig. Closed-loop control of load torque and feedforward compensation of inertia and friction torques are used in a test rig. The approach is focused on the use with standard industrial converters. The described method can be used for design and validation of speed control algorithms in mechatronic applications. Experimental results with the emulation of linear loads are presented in end of the paper.

: The goal of our research is to provide a framework for constructing complex, distributed systems that can autonomously adapt to their environment. There were three key elements to this framework. The first element was a metal-model for developing distributed, adaptive systems based on organization theory - the Organization Model for Adaptive Computational Systems (OMACS). OMACS defines the required components for an adaptive organization - agents, goals, roles, and capabilities - as well as an approach for computing the best organization of those components. The second framework element created was a the Goal Model for Adaptive Systems, which handles the runtime goals based on precedence between goals as well as runtime instantiation of new goals based on events that occur in the environment. The final part of the framework developed was a software engineering methodology for designing distributed, adaptive systems using a dynamic goal model. The Organization-based Multiagent Systems Engineering (O-MaSE) methodology is based on the Multiagent Systems Engineering methodology and incorporates all OMACS components.

The recently published Air Force Systems Command Manual 375-5 (AFSCM 375-5), System Engineering Management Procedures, prescribes the management policies and procedures to be followed in the establishment of requirements for, and in the design, development, test, operation, and maintenance of future Air Force systems. The life cycle of systems requiring AFSCM 375-5 implementation is described and the prescribed system engineering management process and significant documentation tools are discussed in detail. In addition, possible implementation problems and solutions associated with the application of AFSCM 375-5 are discussed.

This paper proposes a new methodology for system engineering. It provides an integrated approach covering formal specification and performance evaluation. Therefore it associates the advantages of formal techniques that allow formal proof and automatic implementation with the benefits of performance evaluation. The basic idea is to abstract the relevant features of the system in the formal specification (structure, functional description), enhance it with relevant information for performance modeling (quality of service, operating load, processing architecture and processing constraints), and map them into a performance evaluation environment. In this paper, we develop the suitable extensions for the formal language SDL and apply them to an example: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).

The Air Traffic Control industry is being increasingly exposed to rising levels of risk, as criminals and cyber‐attackers look to exploit system vulnerabilities. Air Navigation Service Providers become more demanding regarding cybersecurity concerns in the products they acquire. Consequently, systems engineers need to consider cyber security concerns early in their system's development life cycle. Model‐Based Systems Engineering methodologies are widely used to manage complex engineering projects in terms of system requirements, design, analysis, verification, and validation activities, leaving cyber security aspects aside. This paper presents a conceptual solution of a model‐based security method that aims to enable systems engineers to perform threat modeling analysis of cyber‐physical systems early and incorporate mitigation strategies into the system design, thereby reducing the cyber‐physical system's overall security‐related risks. Based on a real‐life case study the method will be validated later during execution period from Jan. – May 2022.

Currently, a wide range of newly designed devices are based on high‐end quantum technologies. To successfully design a quantum system, it is necessary to appropriately address the increasing complexity which exists in the development procedure of the system. A suitable approach to deal with this problem is to employ systems engineering models and integrate them with domain engineering tools. The model‐based systems engineering (MBSE) methodology is commonly used to analyze, design, manufacture, and test various complex systems. In this paper, the MBSE approach is chosen for the development of quantum dot solar cells as a typical quantum system and to deal with the complexity existing in this procedure. The analysis, manufacturing, and verification, validation, and testing (VV&T) for this system are described using SysML in Cameo Systems Modeler software to represent the role of models in this regard. Then a detailed design is performed in MATLAB and integrated with SysML to identify how changing various parameters during the system development process affects the overall system performance. This technique facilitates the communication between different engineering teams and helps to manage the complexity in the entire system lifecycle.

The engineering of space systems is a collaborative, iterative process that integrates various domain-specific viewpoints to represent the final system. To ensure consistency across these viewpoints, the European Space Agency (ESA) employs Model-Based System Engineering (MBSE) and Semantic-Based System Engineering (SBSE) methodologies together to improve digital continuity and interoperability across collaborative space system developments. One significant application of semantic engineering in SE is the ESA MBSE Methodology. The ESA MBSE Methodology provides a standardized approach aligned with the European Cooperation for Space Standardization (ECSS), promotes interoperability across MBSE methodologies and tools, and overcomes integration challenges. ESA MBSE Methodology is the input for the Overall Semantic Modeling for Space System Engineering (OSMoSE) which leverages interoperability in the space community. Case studies, such as the EagleEye Earth Observation mission, demonstrate practical applications, highlighting how semantic models enhance efficiency in complex space systems. This paper discusses the importance of semantics and data management in SE and presents a practical solution derived from the ESA MBSE Methodology.

The approach of Competence-cell-based networks presents a special challenge to the planning and design of logistics structures and production plants. On the one hand a highly flexible and fast planning and design is required. On the other hand this is contrasted by the need for simple, rational and user friendly planning and design. To fulfil these increased requirements the modular Planning Concept for Networks (PlaNet) was developed. With PlaNet a set of rules was created, which supports Competence Cells in an integrated solving of different problems. As a suitable basis for PlaNet, the Systems Engineering (SE) methodology was chosen. If the components of the SE are understood as basic structure, the components of PlaNet are derived from them. Important components are the procedure logic, planning cases, the holistic planning method, principles of planning, the Method of Integrated Process and System Structuring (IPSS), the method of component-based planning and the Net Planning Assistant (NPA).

Systems Engineering provides a structured means to define, design, implement, integrate, sustain and manage numerous interdependencies throughout the Lifecycle of complex systems. This paper presents a Model‐Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) methodology that focuses on the early Concept stage of the ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288:2015 to define the systems capability in the operational domain, functional domain and solution‐independent physical domain. The methodology consists of systemic processes that are governed by an information‐centric schema as well as enabling systems language and tools. The schema focuses on the objective information required during the capability design process to inform key design decisions and achieve convergence from conflicting stakeholder viewpoints. The paper opens with an introduction to MBSE and systems capability definition. Then, the detail of the methodology is discussed followed by an application of this approach to the Battlespace Communication Support Centre (BCSC) capability as a case study – reporting on the efficacy, lessons learned and recommendations for future applications.

In the twenty-first century, mission success will require unprecedented interoperability among disparate constituent systems resulting in a System of Systems (SoS). Unlike traditional systems engineering where systems are created based on a set of user needs, a SoS is composed of multiple constituent systems, at various stages within their lifecycles (i.e. new start systems, systems in-development, legacy systems), to satisfy needed mission capabilities. System of Systems Engineering has been exploring appropriate methods and processes for almost two decades. This paper takes the discussion further by introducing a System of Systems Engineering and Integration (SOSE&I) methodology. SoSE&I is the planning, analyzing, and integrating of constituent systems into an SoS capability greater than the sum of those individual systems. The SoSE&I "Vee" process model is introduced and discusses how it is used to engineer the SoS throughout its lifecycle to increase systems integration and interoperability, and directly impact the operational success.

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how an Object Oriented Systems Engineering (OOSE) methodology developed at Lockheed Martin (LM) Management and Data Systems (M&DS) is being applied to the Army Global Command and Control System (GCCS‐A). This system is now migrating from a legacy Army system to a modern integrated Army wide system that supports the Joint GCCS. The focus of this paper is on providing practical examples of how some fundamental issues for using System Engineering methods (previously accomplished with structured analysis and design techniques) in conjunction with software OO methods were resolved using this OOSE methodology. These include: (1) how the system and software requirements specification must be synchronized; (2) capture of requirements and system design information using Object Oriented (OO) techniques and relationships; and (3) using the system objects to better manage the allocation of functionality in the system, maintenance of a legacy system, and ease of system analytical model maintenance during periods of requirements change.

Conventional disaster response paradigms are fundamentally constrained by reliance on human-centric intelligence, which introduces significant cognitive and heuristic biases, resulting in sub-optimal decision-making and inefficient resource allocation under high-stress, dynamically evolving scenarios. This research posits a novel framework that transcends these limitations by operationalizing a cyber-physical System of Systems (SoS) architecture where a heterogeneous fleet of Uncrewed Systems (UxS) functions as a high-fidelity Digital Twin (DT). The cognitive core of this framework is a Model-Based Artificial Intelligence (MBAI) engine, a synergistic integration of Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) methodologies with advanced AI. This MBAI leverages pre-compiled Pattern Libraries (PL), constraint-based mathematical models, and predictive physics-based and stochastic simulations (ModSim) to explore potential state-space evolutions and derive optimal control policies. The DT provides a real-time, synchronous emulation of the physical environment by assimilating multi-modal data streams from UxS sensor suites and disparate inter-agency systems. The system provides the functional mechanisms to enforce data consistency across a federated architecture, thereby adhering to the single source of truth principle, and meticulously documents data lineage to maintain a forensically sound chain of custody for all collected data objects. Architecturally, the complex UxS fabric is conceptualized using an SoS methodology and decomposed via the rigorous Systems Engineering (SE) Vee model to ensure robust integration, verification, and validation of all subsystems. Operationally, the MBAI-driven DT autonomously establishes comprehensive situational awareness, performs multi-objective optimization to orchestrate a minimum viable plan, and dynamically allocates assets to mitigate impacts in high-vulnerability sectors. The system is designed to interface directly with critical infrastructure nodes such as power, communication, and transportation to model interdependencies, predict and preempt cascading failures, and reinforce Emergency Support Functions (ESF). Initial field deployment of physical UxS assets focuses on high-resolution geospatial data acquisition to calibrate and validate the DT's underlying models. The longitudinal, high-fidelity data generated throughout the response lifecycle (from heroic to disillusionment phases) is invaluable for post-hoc forensic analysis, model refinement, and provides a quantitative, auditable basis for Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) assessments and insurance claims adjudication, ensuring verifiable data provenance and maintaining a strict chain of custody for evidentiary purposes. This extensible framework is agnostic to disaster typology and is engineered to enhance operational resiliency across a spectrum of catastrophic events, from hydrometeorological and geophysical events to technological and anthropogenic crises.

Societal and technological advancements along with lessons learned from previous projects and space programs resulted in the creation of the International Space Station (ISS). The ISS is an engineering marvel created by a collaboration of 16 International Partners (IP's), space agencies, contractors and sub-contractors whose primary purpose is to conduct research in space for benefit of mankind. However, currently, there are several major challenges relating to the management of the ISS such as budget, time, governance, and collaboration/competition which can hamper the evolution of the ISS and which can potentially lead to the failure of the system. The ISS still primarily relies on traditional systems engineering (SE) methodology which lacks the necessary flexibility to deal with the emergent challenges of the ISS system. This paper proposes applying SoSE to the ISS which we suggest can mitigate these issues and provide a framework for future space research and exploration.

Developing new businesses is one of the important activities in Japanese companies. There have been many training programs or professional services for developing new businesses in this country. However, most of them have been designed for large enterprises that are rich in resources. On the other hand, small and midsized enterprises (SMEs) that are poor in resources have little access to such programs or services. Meanwhile, SMEs comprise 99.7 % of the total number of Japanese companies. In order for Japan’s economy to have sustainable growth, business development in SMEs is critically important. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a system to design training programs for developing new businesses for SMEs. It employs systems engineering methodology with participatory systems analysis. The evaluation result indicates that this system is quite effective and means a lot for SMEs. By applying systems engineering in service design, our study shows that the designed programs could provide high customer satisfaction, even if they were designed by nonprofessionals.