Integration of 5G, VANETs and Blockchain Technology

Vehicular Ad hoc Network(VANET), an infusive area for the development of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS), is going to be a significant communication pattern in our moving life. Data dissemination is an important part of VANETs. The demand of disseminate commercial advertisements in moving cars emerges. To satisfy the demand of shopping in car, we proposed a new data dissemination scheme in this paper. Our scheme aims at disseminating the shopping information cached in RSUs. We adopt the Information Centric Network (ICN) in forward mechanism and take both pull-based and push-based in to account. At the same time, our communication model combines V2V and V2I. In this way, our scheme improves the performance of traditional data dissemination and makes in-car shopping a reality. In addition, in order to avoid broadcast storm and the waste of resources, Distance Based Forwarding (DBF) is employed in broadcasting when vehicle desire a content unit. A computing method of XOR is also adopted in RSUs to avoid information redundancy. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol outperforms existing protocols in terms of the request success ratio, request-response delay, message overhead and collision rate.

The integration of 5G and VANET will result in an intelligent transportation system. Relay of 5G data from mobile networks to VANET which is greatly underutilized can reduce the burden on mobile networks. Wireless technology has been used in vehicles or better known as the Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET). One of the keys to the success of sending data on VANET is the Path Selection Algorithm which is the task of the routing protocol. The routing protocol that is widely used in research in the VANET environment is AODV (Adhoc On-Demand Distance Vector), because among other protocols, AODV is the most suitable and suitable for implementation in the VANET environment, and AODV is also one of the reactive routing protocols. This study includes an increase in the performance of a routing protocol, so in this study, the SIN (Static Intersection Node) is added to the RSU (Road-Side Unit) which is located at an intersection. Which functions as a repeater that helps send data packets to other vehicles around it so that it can increase the Packet Delivery Ratio and minimize Packet Loss and End to End Delay. The focus of this research is to determine the most ideal Static Intersection Node position as well as the most effective number of Static Intersection Nodes.

Past few decades have witnessed large increase in number of vehicles on roads due to which the traffic safety needs have also become complex and hence necessary to be taken care of. Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are becoming an asset for achieving all these goals. VANETs provide applications like driver assistance, passenger comfort and vehicle safety. Apart from its general characteristics due to the dynamic nature of road environments and traffic patterns, communication linkage among vehicles in VANETs suffers breakage problem hence requires a very reliable routing protocol. To manage the communication efficiently many routing protocols are already available for MANETs which can be further used for routing and communication among vehicles in VANETs, but characteristics of these two networks (VANET and MANET) are very different, so there is requirement to enhance these MANET routing protocols so that those can be used in VANETs. When we use some existing routing protocols in VANET then number of link breakage are surprisingly high because mobility is higher in VANETs as compared to MANETs. So this paper presents advanced version of an existing MANET routing protocol for better performance in VANET environment. The new routing protocol has removed problem of large number of routing error messages which was existing in AODV routing protocol. Protocol proposed in this paper has better results as compared to AODV and paper has also shown results of simulation and also elaborated the findings.

As urban populations grow, cities face increasing challenges in developing transportation systems that are both efficient and secure. Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) provide a promising solution by enabling real-time communication between vehicles and infrastructure, improving road safety and optimizing traffic flow. However, VANETs encounter issues related to data integrity, privacy, and scalability. The integration of blockchain technology offers a secure, decentralized framework for data sharing and identity verification. This chapter introduces a blockchain-enhanced VANET architecture that tackles these challenges by, Proof-of-Work (PoW) consensus for VANETs, enabling vehicles and infrastructure nodes to share computational efforts with the help of collabrative mining. This approach addresses the resource constraints and real-time requirements typical in VANET environments. enhancing security, reducing traffic delays, and improving system resilience, offering a transformative approach to urban mobility.

With the development of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) and 5G communication technology, Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) are playing an increasingly important role in enhancing road safety, improving traffic efficiency and providing online entertainment experience [1]. However, the information insecurity brought by the traditional centralized mode of VANETs is still a very challenging problem. To solve this problem, a 5G-enabled hierarchical network in VANETs is proposed through the research of blockchain and 5G technology. On this basis, a data sharing scheme based on Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) algorithm is proposed, which realizes data storage and transmission effectively with its characteristics of data immutability and decentralization. The ideal expected result is that the scheme realizes data storage effectively and the security of data transmission and ensures the reliable transmission of data with lower computing time.

Transport plays a fundamental role in the economic development for big cities. Quito, the capital of Ecuador, presents serious mobility problems, with a significant amount of traffic both in the city center and in its main access roads. The detailed proposal in this article aims to link Quito with several new generation technologies such as Internet of Things (Iot), Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) standard for heterogeneous sensor communication, and a system of real-time notifications using the communications protocol Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT). These technologies will be used for the development of an Intelligent Transport System (ITS) that takes advantage of the massive deployment of smartphones in the society as main sources of information, including Arduino and Raspberry modules to check efficient communication. This ITS bases its operation on the paradigm of the Crowdsensing, which allows to reflect more accurately the reality of the object of study when more collaborators use the system; reaching up to 30% improvement in the situational consciousness of the environment variable, the traffic.

The intensive development of digital technologies, their active implementation in the field of transport and logistics necessitates the study of their impact on the transport system, in particular on the level of its intellectualization. This will allow us to determine which technologies of Industry 4.0 need to be implemented first of all in order to achieve the best parameters for the development of intelligent transport systems. In this regard, the paper analyzes various tech-nologies of Industry 4.0, identifies possible ways of their application to solve problems in the context of the functioning of intelligent transport systems and their elements. Based on the analysis, possible parameters of the impact of technologies on the development of intelligent transport systems are identified, which include physical and environmental safety of transport, information security, speed and accuracy of decision-making, physical safety of transport, resource efficiency, convenience and comfort, the presence of an entertainment component, etc. Based on the compari-son of the identified parameters with specific types of digital technologies, it is determined which technologies have a greater impact on the intellectualization of transport systems. These technologies include the Internet of Things, augmented reality AR and cloud solutions. The parameters that are more susceptible to the effects of digital technologies are also determined: the safety and efficiency of transport systems. The results obtained are of practical importance for the development of strategic solutions in the implementation of the concept of Industry 4.0 in the field of transport and logistics.

A vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) plays an important role in the development of intelligent transportation systems; named data networking (NDN) has been considered one of the promising paradigms for next-generation Internet owing to its content-centric attributes. Thus, NDN-based VANET is emerging as a technique used in intelligent transportation system (ITS). In this study, a vehicle-tracking-based data packet forwarding (VTDF) strategy is proposed to solve the data-packet-forwarding problem in a continuously changing network topology environment caused by the mobility of the vehicle. Simulation results show that VTDF outperforms other related strategies in terms of average delay, handover delay, and delivery ratio.

Vehicular ad-hoc network VANET is an important technology for future development of intelligent transportation systems. Due to the highly-dynamic nature of vehicular nodes, network topology changes very frequently which complicate the routing of data packets. A number of routing protocols have been developed by various researchers. Hop count is a key parameter in evaluating the performance of a routing protocol. Number of hops required in directional routing protocols is more in comparison to other routing protocols. For a city vehicular traffic scenario we propose an improved direction-based location aided routing D-LAR protocol that we call distance and direction-based location aided routing DD-LAR protocol. A mathematical model for DD-LAR protocol has been developed to examine its performance on path duration and hop count metric. Simulations have been done in MATLAB and from the results, it can be seen that DD-LAR routing protocol shows significant performance improvement over D-LAR and LAR in terms of reducing the hop count and maximising the path duration.

The exploration of Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) has garnered attention from scholars and businesses alike because of their changing structure and expected traffic flow patterns. VANETs offer an avenue to boost road safety by offering drivers up-to-the-minute updates and predictions regarding road conditions. As a version of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) VANETs consist of units that can communicate wirelessly and share information. This study explores elements of VANET (Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks) such, as structures and functions of networks connection points and the issues and methods used for guiding traffic efficiently to create a secure and dependable communication network system. Key indicators of performance like how many packets delivered (Packet Delivery Ratio. PDR) packet losses experienced during transmission processes are carefully analyzed to gauge the overall reliability of the system. Additionally, the research includes a comparison among routing strategies employed in VANET environments such as those based on network topology information or geographical location details, versus approaches centered around organized clusters of vehicles. Highlighting how these differ from methodologies typically seen in traditional cellular networks. This paper provides insights into how different routing protocols work in networking paradigms by examining different perspectives.

A stable and reliable routing mechanism for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) is an important step toward the provision of long data transmission applications, such as file sharing and music download. Traditional mobile ad hoc network (MANET) routing protocols are not suitable for VANET because the mobility model and environment of VANET are different from those of traditional MANET. To solve this problem, we proposed a new stable routing algorithm, called stable directional forward routing. The novelty of the proposed routing protocol is its combining direction broadcast and path duration prediction into ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing protocols, which including: (1) Nodes in VANET are grouped based on the position, only nodes in a given direction range participating in the route discovery process to reduce the frequency of flood requests, (2) Route selection is based on the link duration while not the hops or other metrics to increase the path duration, (3) Route discovery is executed before the path expiration in order to decrease the end to end delay. The performance of the new scheme is evaluated through extensive simulations with Qualnet. Simulation results indicate the benefits of the proposed routing strategy in terms of decreasing routing control packet, reducing the number of link-breakage events, improving the packet delivery ratio and decreasing the end-to-end delay.

A Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) is the technology that uses moving cars as nodes in a network to create a mobile network. VANETs turn every participating car into a wireless router, allowing cars of each other to connect and create a network with a wide range. VANETs are developed for enhancing the driving safety and comfort of automotive users. The VANETs can provide wide variety of service such as Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) e.g. safety applications. Many of safety applications built in VANETs are required real-time communication with high reliability. One of the main challenges is to avoid degradation of communication channels in dense traffic network. Many of studies suggested that appropriate congestion control algorithms are essential to provide efficient operation of the network. However, most of congestion control algorithms are not really applicable to event-driven safety messages. In this paper we propose congestion control algorithm as solution to prevent congestion in VANETs environment. We propose a complete validation method and analyse the performance of our congestion control algorithms for event-driven safety messages in difference congested scenarios. The effectiveness of the proposed congestion control algorithm is evaluated through the simulation using Veins simulator.

A Vehicular Ad hoc NETwork (VANET) is a type of mobile Peer-To-Peer wireless network that allows providing communication among nearby vehicles and between vehicles and nearby fixed roadside equipment. The lack of centralized infrastructure, high node mobility and increasing number of vehicles in VANETs result in several problems discussed in this paper, such as interrupting connections, difficult routing, security of communications and scalability. Existing system for VANET communication is proved to have several drawbacks. We have proposed a mechanism in order to provide secure and efficient communication in VANET environment. We overcome the drawbacks of the existing system by using Malicious Vehicular Analyzer algorithm and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC). Using these algorithms, malicious messages are identified. It also detects the accident and other problems in the path of the vehicles. Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) algorithm is used for stronger security during communication.

The rapid expansion of Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) has amplified concerns regarding data security, integrity, and privacy. This paper presents SECURIDE, a Secure Intelligent Data Exchange for Connected Vehicles that provides a comprehensive encryption–decryption framework for safeguarding multimedia data and communication channels in VANETs. The system integrates three encryption methods—AES with RSA‐based key management, ChaCha20, and Salsa20—to enable comparative analysis under uniform conditions. Real‐time encryption is performed on captured data, which are securely stored on both a local Single Board Computer (SBC) and remotely on a secure cloud platform. Access control is reinforced through password verification, multi‐factor authentication (MFA), and local private key management. Experimental evaluation demonstrates that Salsa20 delivers the best performance with a total encryption upload time of 0.4255 s and throughput of 0.69 MB/s, confirming its suitability for real‐time VANET operations. ChaCha20 achieved comparable results (0.4534 s, 0.68 MB/s), while AES showed notable efficiency gains after machine learning (ML) based optimization. Integration of a RandomForest ML model reduced CPU load and enhanced throughput across all algorithms, validating the potential of ML‐assisted cryptographic optimization for securing next‐generation VANET environments.

A comparative classification of information dissemination approaches in vehicular ad hoc networks from distinctive viewpoints: A survey