International standards in the sphere of cloud computing

Thirty years of international nuclear standards in ISO and IEC

The last decade has seen great emphasis being placed on improved safety in the workplace. Many national governments have produced safety legislation for industrial machinery. Part of the economic unification of Europe, has spawned the need to standardise many aspects of commercial business, including those regarding the provision of equipment for use in the workplace. The European Union has introduced safety legislation for machine tools in the form of the Machinery Directive (89/392/EEC). This legislation has been adopted, with the force of law, by all European Union countries (as of December 31, 1995) and within the various EFTA countries, as well.The Machinery Directive, like much of the safety related legislation in the EU, is based on the principle of risk assessment, and sets forth general requirements and limits for the protection of humans who work with, or near, the equipment. The implementation of the Directive has, in turn, caused a great need to define the interpretation of this legislation and to propose methods to meet its requirements. Further more, guidance has been sought by many on how to conduct risk assessment and how to confirm compliance.European standards organisations, CEN (Committee for European normalisation) and CENELEC (Comite de Normalisacion Electro-technique) have been in the process of developing a wide range of standards to assist with the implementation of the EU Directives. By agreement, and in co-operation with ISO (International Standards Organisation) and IEC (International Electrotechnical Committee), many standards are adopted or jointly developed for use as International Standards and European Norms. ISO and IEC international standards have been developed to meet the demand for greater detail and interpretation of the government requirements set forth in the 89/392/EEC and EN292. ISO 11553 is designed specifically for Laser Processing Machines in all industrial applications. The standard compliments the general machinery safety standard EN292 in Europe (which is Technical Report ISO/TR12100 internationally). The scope of ISO 11553 describes the hazards generated by laser processing machines and specifies safety requirements relating to radiation hazards (with reference to IEC 825) and associated hazards generated by laser processing (e.g. processing by-products)The last decade has seen great emphasis being placed on improved safety in the workplace. Many national governments have produced safety legislation for industrial machinery. Part of the economic unification of Europe, has spawned the need to standardise many aspects of commercial business, including those regarding the provision of equipment for use in the workplace. The European Union has introduced safety legislation for machine tools in the form of the Machinery Directive (89/392/EEC). This legislation has been adopted, with the force of law, by all European Union countries (as of December 31, 1995) and within the various EFTA countries, as well.The Machinery Directive, like much of the safety related legislation in the EU, is based on the principle of risk assessment, and sets forth general requirements and limits for the protection of humans who work with, or near, the equipment. The implementation of the Directive has, in turn, caused a great need to define the interpretation of this legislation an...

With the continuing growth of data communications — and especially the Internet and its integration with telecommunications — security matters have become increasingly important. In particular, the development of high-speed packet data communications over air interfaces and their folding into the overall converged networks present an ever increasing set of security issues for major network providers and for enterprise (information technology) environments as well. International and national standards bodies have thus focused on a broad range of subjects applicable to security. Over time, these major standards bodies have become interdependent. In this paper, we address the major efforts of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) through Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC 1) and also the efforts of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). We undertake specifically to explain the interdependence of efforts undertaken by these organizations, whose work defines the direction in the international data and telecommunications security standards in a significant way.

Confucius (Analects xiii:3) ‘It is not possible to have any valid argument until rigorously defined terms are agreed’. In radiation protection dosimetry, we perhaps need to take as the fundamental sources of our definitions for personal dosimetry and area monitoring, mainly those three committees—the Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM), which gives definitions for metrology generally; the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU), which gives basic physical quantities and units for ionising radiation; and the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) for quantities considering the health effect of ionising radiation, for example effective dose, equivalent dose and the quality factor/linear energy transfer function. The JCGM, chaired by the Director of the BIPM, is formed by the seven international organisations that had prepared the original versions of the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) and the International Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms in Metrology (VIM), namely the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM), the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) and the International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML). In 2005, the International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC) joined the seven founder international organisations. The Joint Committee took on the work of the ISO Technical Advisory Group 4 (TAG 4), which had developed the GUM and the VIM. Two of the organisations involved in the JCGM, ISO and IEC are also jointly revising the ISO 31 series of standards as the new 80 000 series on quantities and units.

Inadvertent C-arm Movements: Potential Cause of Patient and Staff Injury

Pallets are platforms used for materials handling in logistics. Standards setting at the international level, in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), created six pallet sizes (ISO 6780). The multiplicity of pallet sizes in one standard reflects a failure of standards setting. The focus of this study is on the international standardisation of pallet sizes in the ISO. This paper traces the process of standards setting in the ISO and examines the internal dynamics between major actors in the ISO Technical Committee to find out why and how multiple pallet sizes were adopted. In addition, this study analyses why different outcomes were derived in comparison with ISO containers, which is assessed as an international standard that has well-harmonised and modularised dimensions. This study contributes to the understanding of the complexities in standards setting at the international level through the lens of competition and cooperation among major countries participating in the ISO. It also provides implications for contemporary standardisation in the logistics systems and other industries.

ERP management information systems are widely used in the process of enterprise operation and development. By optimizing the allocation of management resources such as enterprise customers, project operations, material procurement, supply, and production, the utility of various resources in the enterprise is maximized, with integrated, systematic, and organizational management characteristics. Based on this, this article discusses cloud computing and ERP systems, analyzes the positive effects of cloud computing ERP systems on enterprises, and studies the specific applications of ERP systems in enterprises under cloud computing mode. At present, many large and medium-sized enterprises in China have established a complete ERP enterprise management information system. Considering the expansion of enterprise scale and the multiplication of enterprise management data, the existing ERP management information system has shown some limitations. With the rapid development of computer technology, the concept of cloud computing has been gradually promoted and applied. Based on the characteristics of cloud computing, ERP enterprise management information system began to consciously combine with the concept of cloud computing. This paper mainly introduces the characteristics and advantages of ERP enterprise management information system based on cloud computing mode, and analyzes its application effect in depth.

The recent advent of blockchain technology is anticipated to revolutionize the operational processes of several industries including banking, finance, real estate, retail and benefit governmental as well as corporate information management structures. The underlying principles of information immutability, traceability, and verifiability built-in blockchain transactions may lead to greater adoption of distributed crypto-ledger applications in auditing automation, compliance monitoring, and guaranteeing high assurance. This chapter discusses the contemporary applications of blockchain technology in information auditing, exploring aspects such as data recording, accuracy, verification, transparency, and overall value of a decentralized blockchain crypto-ledger for auditors. Opportunities for timeliness, completeness, and reconciliation in appraising regulatory compliance of organizations employing blockchain-based contractual frameworks are also investigated. The chapter reviews the existing and anticipated challenges blockchain applications pose to traditional regulatory compliance models and the inherent risks for businesses and stakeholders. We highlight the impact of operational concerns such as decentralized transactions, network complexity, transaction reversals, credential management, software quality, and human resources. Finally, the chapter provides perspective on assurance complexities involved in transforming from proprietary to blockchain-based framework while adhering to IT control obligations dictated by three major auditing standards Sarbanes Oxley Act (SOX), Control Objectives for Information Technologies (COBIT), and International Standardization Organization (ISO) /International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 27001.

Institutions Involved in Food Safety: International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

The aim of the paper is to give an overview of selected ongoing ISO standardization activities in the domain of geographic information dealing with BIM/GIS and 3D cadastre. The presented international standards have also a close relation to the activities (e.g. 3D spatial planning) from which the smart cities could benefit. In particular, in this paper the ISO 19152 Geographic information – Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) standard and ISO 19166 Geographic information – BIM to GIS conceptual mapping (B2GM) standard (still under development) are emphasized. Both mentioned standards are also strongly interrelated with each other. The ISO 19152 standard supports the smart registration of real estates by providing a conceptual schema incorporating 3D parcels, i.e. the 3D cadastre. 3D cadastre can provide the accurate, authoritative and unambiguous foundation for understanding the urban form. The second version of the ISO 19152 is also going to be extended to manage the spatial planning information. This enables 3D spatial planning in connection with the legal information, which is all together of big importance for building the smart cities. Furthermore, the ISO 19166 standard is going to provide a conceptual framework for transformation of BIM into GIS (at various level of details) and vice versa. This enables a wider use of existing detailed and semantically rich 3D digital BIM data in building of the 3D cadastre and smart cities GIS projects. Highlights for public administration, management and planning: • There are currently two running projects within International Organization for Standardization (ISO) from which the smart city should benefit – the international standard ISO 19166 BIM2GIS and ISO TR 23262 GIS (geospatial) / BIM interoperability. • There is an existing international standard ISO 19152 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) supporting the creation of the 3D cadastre. • The second version of the international standard ISO 19152, which is now under development, will bring a support for spatial planning and also the examples of technical encodings of LADM in BIM/IFC and CityGML.

Developments in service oriented architecture (SOA) have taken us near to the once fictional dream of forming and running an online business, such commercial activity in which most or all of its commercial roles are outsourced to online services. The novel concept of cloud computing gives a understanding of SOA in which Information Technology assets are provided as services that are extra flexible, inexpensive and striking to commercial activities. In this paper, we concisely study developments in concept of cloud computing, and debate the advantages of using cloud services for commercial activities and trade-offs that they have to consider. Further we presented a layered architecture for online business, and then we presented a conceptual architecture for complete online business working atmosphere. Moreover, we discuss the prospects and research experiments that are ahead of us in realizing the technical components of this conceptual architecture. We conclude by giving the outlook and impact of cloud services on both large and small businesses.

Starting in the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) in 1978 and now taken over by the newly established Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC 1) of ISO and the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission), standardisation for open systems interconnection (OSI) is now a maturing activity, both in terms of the development of the standards themselves and in terms of their use in IT systems and related equipment. Consequently, work on OSI standards can now be seen as progressing in four overlapped phases: 1. completion of an initial set of communication standards; 2. filling out/evolution of the initial set of communication standards; 3. development of functional standards defining the use of the initial set of standards to meet particular needs; 4. preparation for future developments.

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) jointly with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) recently added new profiles for broadcast video contribution and distribution to the JPEG 2000 standard with the publishing of ISO/IEC 15444–1:2004 Amd.3:2010 and Rec. ITU-T T.800 (2002)/Amd.3 (06/2010), an amendment to JPEG 2000 core coding system. This amendment represents a major step toward a transport system for studio contribution allowing JPEG 2000 equipment from different manufacturers to interoperate. The process relies on both existing standards and new amendments from two international standard organizations (ISO) with its working groups JPEG, MPEG, and SMPTE and was developed in cooperation with studios, broadcasters, and equipment vendors. The new amendment specifies three new profiles containing a selection of encoding parameters and newly defines rate limits over seven operating levels for video encoded with JPEG 2000. The profiles and operating levels create a basis for compliance test points to ensure equipment interoperability.

This paper explains the experience of an information technology (IT) solutions provider company about the integrated management of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)/International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 15504 based process assets library with other related IT standards, which are ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 20000, and ISO 9001:2008. In order to establish and execute an efficient and effective infrastructure, a companywide process improvement program has been conducted. The lessons that are learned from the execution of this process improvement program, key implementation, practices and major challenges are shared in this paper. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Medical electrical equipment must be tested in order to verify if they are constructed and designed according to safety prescriptions. The NBR (Norma Brasileira) IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) 60601 series is the normative standard set used by medical electrical test laboratories that follows the NBR ISO (International Standardization Organization) IEC 17025:2005 for this purpose in Brazil. The automation, measurement and control of the process is a key chalenge to improve the quality and productivity of test laboratories. This article presents an information system developed as a tool to aid test activities in a laboratory designed to test medical electrical equipment and improve the results of measurement of productivity. Some resourses to be included in this software are proposed in order to help the managers planning quality and productivity control.