Localization-Based System Challenges in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks: Survey

This paper describes radio interference analysis between Global Positioning System (GPS) and Industrial Scientific Medical (ISM) equipment. Due to increase of the usage of ISM equipment, the potential possibility of interference from ISM equipment to GPS system which used for safety life has been increasing. For the interference analysis between ISM equipment and GPS system, the scenario that GPS receiver operates in close to ISM equipment was set up. Then, protection distance between GPS receiver and ISM equipment was calculated in order to protect GPS system. The analysis result will be helpful for providing stable operation of GPS system.

Past few decades have witnessed large increase in number of vehicles on roads due to which the traffic safety needs have also become complex and hence necessary to be taken care of. Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are becoming an asset for achieving all these goals. VANETs provide applications like driver assistance, passenger comfort and vehicle safety. Apart from its general characteristics due to the dynamic nature of road environments and traffic patterns, communication linkage among vehicles in VANETs suffers breakage problem hence requires a very reliable routing protocol. To manage the communication efficiently many routing protocols are already available for MANETs which can be further used for routing and communication among vehicles in VANETs, but characteristics of these two networks (VANET and MANET) are very different, so there is requirement to enhance these MANET routing protocols so that those can be used in VANETs. When we use some existing routing protocols in VANET then number of link breakage are surprisingly high because mobility is higher in VANETs as compared to MANETs. So this paper presents advanced version of an existing MANET routing protocol for better performance in VANET environment. The new routing protocol has removed problem of large number of routing error messages which was existing in AODV routing protocol. Protocol proposed in this paper has better results as compared to AODV and paper has also shown results of simulation and also elaborated the findings.

In vehicular ad hoc networks (VANets), a precise localization system is a crucial factor for several critical safety applications. The global positioning system (GPS) is commonly used to determine the vehicles’ position estimation. However, it has unwanted errors yet that can be worse in some areas, such as urban street canyons and indoor parking lots, making it inaccurate for most critical safety applications. In this work, we present a new position estimation method called cooperative vehicle localization improvement using distance information (CoVaLID), which improves GPS positions of nearby vehicles and minimize their errors through an extended Kalman filter to execute Data Fusion using GPS and distance information. Our solution also uses distance information to assess the position accuracy related to three different aspects: the number of vehicles, vehicle trajectory, and distance information error. For that purpose, we use a weighted average method to put more confidence in distance information given by neighbors closer to the target. We implement and evaluate the performance of CoVaLID using real-world data, as well as discuss the impact of different distance sensors in our proposed solution. Our results clearly show that CoVaLID is capable of reducing the GPS error by 63%, and 53% when compared to the state-of-the-art VANet location improve (VLOCI) algorithm.

This paper presents an adaptive learning method for data fusion in autonomous\ndriving vehicles. The localization is based on the integration of Inertial\nMeasurement Unit (IMU) with two Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) Global Positioning\nSystem (GPS) units in an adaptive Kalman filter (KF). The observability\nanalysis reveals that $i$) integration of a single GPS with IMU does not\nconstitute an observable system; $ii$) integration of two GPS units with IMU\nresults in a locally observable system provided that the line connecting two\nGPS antennas is not parallel with the vector of the measured acceleration,\ni.e., the sum of inertial and gravitational accelerations. The latter case\nmakes it possible to compensate for the error in the estimated orientation due\nto gyro drift and its bias without needing additional instruments for absolute\norientation measurements, e.g., a magnetic compass. Moreover, in order to cope\nwith the fact that GPS systems sometimes lose their signal and receive\ninaccurate position data, the self-tuning filter estimates the covariance\nmatrix associated with the GPS measurement noise. This allows the KF to\nincorporate GPS measurements in the data fusion process heavily only when the\ninformation received by GPS becomes reliably available.\n

Road safety is an all-time global concern. Every day a large number of human lives are lost with many sustaining a disability as a result of their injury due to car accidents and delay in calling the rescue services. Recently, Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) have emerged as an efficient way of improving interpretation of transportation systems and enhancing travel safety. Accident detection systems are one of the most effective (ITS) tools. The accident detection system which based on Global Positioning System (GPS) and Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) can be accomplished though one or several sensors, the system can gather the information and coordinates of accident spot, then send this data to the rescue services center over a network link in the shortest time, In this paper, we propose an enhanced system that composed of a GPS receiver, Vibration sensor, GSM Modem and integrated with Vehicular AD-Hoc Network (VANET). The employment of (VANET) assists to increase the data delivery by providing a second path to send an emergency message to The Rescue Services Center (RSC) whenever an accident located at out of coverage area of GSM network. Simulation tested two of distance ranges among nodes (Long & Short) and the result shown that VANET modified algorithm based on average signal strength has the advantage of choosing the optimum route to deliver data and own enhanced ratio according to the distances (17.5% & 24.1%) by comparing with a maximum signal strength route.

With the proliferation of vehicular technology, modern vehicles are fortified with ever more electronic maneuvers. This advancement ratifies the evolution of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)to provide services like shared travel, smart driving, on-the-go Internet, etc. As a traditional application of ITS, a Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) enables smart communication between vehicle nodes and network infrastructures to provide various expedient services such as road safety, data sharing, traffic management, parking assistance, entertainment, route recommendation, mobile payment, and even cloud applications. The high-speed mobile nodes (vehicles) in VANET perform very differently from other wireless communication networks and have a set of distinct features such as frequent link disconnection, highly dynamic topology, limited coverage area, and heterogeneous system architecture that may affect the performance and service quality of the VANET significantly. With this motivation, this work attempts to develop distributed cooperative cluster-based IDS to identify potential cyberattacks in VANET effectively. Firstly, this work develops a stable and reliable clustering method named Fuzzy Logic-based Clustering (FLC) to create a collaborative and reliable communication environment. A new fuzzy logic-based CH node selection algorithm is also developed based on node degree, average velocity difference, and relative velocity of the vehicle to create a more robust clustering structure with minimum cost in VANET

Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a type of mobile ad hoc network (MANET) that forms vehicles as nodes. Routing is the basic fundamental requirement of VANET applications. Therefore, it is necessary to devise a routing protocol that fits well for rapid topology changes and disconnected network conditions. To address these specific needs of VANET, we present a novel greedy routing protocol for vehicular networks called VRPTA that suite well for both city environment and the high way environment. With the help of localisation system named global positioning system (GPS), the proposed protocol is designed to efficiently relay the data in the network by considering different scenarios like road traffic variation and various environment characteristics. The protocol communicates in between vehicles as well as vehicle to infrastructure whichever is applicable, thereby ensuring reliable transmission. In addition, we also consider the information about vehicles speed, direction and density of a city traffic configuration consisting of double direction roads, multi lanes and highway scenario. The work is implemented using NS2 simulator.

VANET (Vehicular Ad-hoc Network) is an ad-hoc wireless network which nodes are composed by mostly moving vehicles and infrastructure communications or access points along the road. It integrates adhoc networking, cellular technology, wireless LAN and other technologies, which include GPS(Global Positioning System), digital mapping, sensing technologies and advanced information processing tools to support Intelligent Traffic Systems (ITS). VANET is developed mainly to improve road safety and to increase the traffic efficiency. It is designed to support the exchange of warning messages among the vehicles to increase the passenger safety and other information related to VANET applications and services . To achieve these goals, there are several issues that should be addressed. One of these challenges is designing reliable and efficient Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol for VANET. Due to VANET’s distinguishing characteristics, such as high mobility of the nodes, dynamic network topology, enough battery power, high processing power, etc, the MAC protocols designed for MANET (Mobile Ad-hoc Network) are not suitable for VANET. The research community has been working to develop MAC protocols appropriate for this ad-hoc network by proposing new design or modifying the existing one.In this paper, the VANET’s architecture, characteristics, applications and standard are discussed and then a comprehensive study of several MAC protocols available in the literature is presented.

Locating a vehicle is important for diverse reasons and applications. Currently, locating a vehicle is being performed through Global Positioning System (GPS). The GPS is a space navigation system which provides the location information of a mobile transceiver device. Nevertheless, GPS would fail if there is an obstructed line of sight between the mobile transceiver and the satellites, such as tall buildings which can be found in urban cities. In this paper, an alternative system is introduced to be used in urban cities instead of the GPS. The introduced system uses a Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) to locate a vehicle on roads. Although VANET is a new networking technology which is still under research, it has been assumed that it is available and providing a valid communication between vehicles and the road side infrastructure. At the end of the paper, a set of results of the simulated and implemented system is shown and discussed.

A Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is an essential component of intelligent transportation systems in the building of smart cities. A VANET is a self-configure high mobile and dynamic potential wireless ad-hoc network that joins all vehicle nodes in a smart city to provide in-vehicle infotainment services to city administrators and residents. In the smart city, the On-board Unit (OBU) of each vehicle has multiple onboard sensors that are used for data collection from the surrounding environment. One of the main issues in VANET is energy efficiency and balance because the small onboard sensors can’t be quickly recharged once installed on On-board Units (OBUs). Moreover, conserving energy stands out as a crucial challenge in VANET which is primarily contingent on the selection of Cluster Heads (CH) and the adopted packet routing strategy. To address this issue, this paper proposes distance and energy-aware clustering algorithms named SOMNNDP, which use a Self-Organizing Map Neural Network (SOMNN) machine learning technique to perform faster multi-hop data dissemination. Individual Euclidean distances and residual node energy are considered as mobility parameters throughout the cluster routing process to improve and balance the energy consumption among the participating vehicle nodes. This maximizes the lifetime of VANET by ensuring that all intermediate vehicle nodes use energy at approximately the same rate. Simulation findings demonstrate that SOMNNDP improves Quality of Service (QoS) better and consumes 17% and 14% less energy during cluster routing than distance and energy-aware variation of K-Means (KM) and Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) called KMDP and FCMDP respectively.

Over the past few years, there has been significant research interest in field of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). Wireless communication over VANETs supports vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication. Such innovation in wireless communication has improved our daily lives through road safety, comfort driving, traffic efficiency. As special version of MANETs, VANETs bring several new challenges including routing and security challenges in data communication due to characteristics of high mobility, dynamic topology. Therefore, academia and the auto mobile industry are taking interest in several ongoing research projects to establish VANETs. The work presented here focuses on communication in VANETs with their routing and security challenges along with major application of VANETs in several areas.

Localization in Vehicular Adhoc Networks (VANETs) has witnessed significant attention due the instantaneous failure of Global Positioning System (GPS). Performance of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) applications is based on efficient and reliable information dissemination techniques. Efficiency and reliability of information dissemination is dependent on the availability of accurate location information about vehicles. Most of the localization techniques suggested in the past are based on either real time radio signal measurement or Road Side Unit (RSU). Signal measurement is performed in terms of Time of Arrival (ToA) or Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) which is susceptible to measurement error due to the high mobility of vehicles in vehicular traffic environment. Availability of RSU can not be guaranteed. This paper proposes a Geometry based Inter Vehicle Distance (Geo-IVD) calculation techniques which can be utilized for information dissemination in VANETs. Geo-IVD is a cooperative technique which utilizes past and present knowledge about the vehicle. It utilizes mathematical geometry to calculate present unknown location of a vehicle. More specifically, Geo-IVD find the current unknown location of a vehicle considering two cases. In the first case, vehicle's current direction is considered to be the same or opposite from its past direction. In the second case, vehicle's current direction is considered different (other than opposite) from its past direction. Mathematical geometry is utilized to solve the problem of finding current location in both these cases. Simulations are carried out in ns2 and results are comparatively analyzed with that of the state-of-the-art technique: ToA-IVD. Analysis of results attests the superiority of Geo-IVD to the state-of-the-art technique.

Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) plays a vital role in the intelligent transportation system (ITS). When a vehicle receives a message through network, the CRL (certificate revocation list) checking process will operate before certificate and signature verification. After successful authentication, a CRL list is created based on authentication. This CRL is used to verify whether a vehicle node can be permitted for communication in the VANET network. But when using CRL, a huge amount of storage space and checking time is needed. So we proposed a method without the CRL list. It mentions a key management list to overcome large storage space and checking time. Even it reduced the access delay. For access permission we can do an authentication system based digital novel signature authentication (DNSA) for each vehicle in the VANET with the RSU unit or with other participant node vehicles in the communication as per the topology. We can perform an efficient and secured communication in VANET.

Current IEEE 802.11p which is suggested for vehicle to vehicle communication supports one hop communication. Thus, it has a limitation to carry out efficient data dissemination. In this thesis, we suggest LTE-D2D based vehicle network to provide efficient data dissemination in the vehicle environment. In this network architecture, we use name based message with IP packet options and we put the intermediate vehicle node called ‘super vehicle node’ and each normal vehicle node in the cell requests data to the super vehicle node. The super vehicle node responses data to the normal vehicle node. Performance analysis is based mathematical modeling. We compare LTE cellular network to LTE-D2D based vehicle network about throughput according to packet delivery time. ※ 본 연구는 미래창조과학부 및 정보통신산업진흥원의 IT융합 고급인력과정 지원사업의 연구결과로 수행되었음 (NIPA-2014-H040114-1005) First Author : Soongsil University, School of EE, adgirlyh@dcn.ssu.ac.kr, 학생회원 ° Corresponding Author : Soongsil University, Schoo of EE younghan@ssu.ac.kr, 종신회원 논문번호:KICS2014-12-492, Received December 16, 2014; Revised March 13, 2015; Accepted March 13, 2015 I. 서 론 최근 사물 간 통신에 대한 관심이 늘어나면서 이에 대한 응용으로 차량 간 통신에 대한 연구도 활발히 진 행되고 있다. 따라서 이제 차량은 단순히 이동 수단 기능만이 아닌 안전과 오락을 위한 정보 제공의 기능 까지 담당하게 되었다. 이에 따라 앞으로 차량 통신에 서 발생되는 트래픽 량이 더욱 증가할 전망이다. 늘어 나는 트래픽은 기지국에 많은 부하를 가져올 수 있기 때문에 이를 효과적으로 관리하기 위한 차량 네트워 크 내 정보 전달 방법에 대한 연구가 필요하다. 차량 네트워크 기술은 VANET(Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks)이라고 한다. VANET 기술은 IEEE 802.11a/g 기술을 기반으로 하며 현재 IEEE 802.11p 기술을 표준으로 한다. 따라서 차량 네트워크에 대한 많은 제안들은 802.11p를 사용하여 한 홉 전송을 통 논문 / LTE-D2D 차량 네트워크에서 정보 전달 방법 603 한 차량과 차량 간 통신을 수행한다. 하지만 IEEE 802.11p를 사용하는 VANET에서는 한 홉 전송으로 인해 정보의 전송 범위가 한정적이다. 또한 무선 링크 를 통해 동적으로 움직이는 차량 간 통신 환경에 맞게 빠른 속도를 지원하기 위해 인증 절차를 생략하여 보 안상에 문제가 있을 수 있다 . 본 논문에서는 근거리 통신 기술 중 LTE-D2D 기 술을 사용하여 기존 LTE 기지국과의 연동을 통해 넓 은 커버리지를 제공할 수 있는 차량 네트워크 구조를 제안한다. 또한 차량 네트워크에서 효율적인 정보 전 달을 위해 버스, 화물차와 같은 중간 차량 노드의 역 할을 추가하였다. 이를 통해 일반적으로 기지국을 거 쳐 LTE 코어망까지 정보를 요청하고 응답받던 메시 지 수행 과정을 중간 차량 노드가 일부 담당할 수 있 도록 설정하였다. 전송되는 메시지의 형태는 기존 IP 패킷 옵션을 지닌 이름 기반의 정보 메시지를 사용하 여 자연재해와 같이 통신망이 끊어진 긴급 상황에서 도 효과적인 정보 전달이 가능하도록 설계하였다. 본 논문의 2장에서는 제안한 네트워크 구조와 관련 된 연구로 VANET의 개념과 VANET에서 사용되는 근거리 통신 기술인 802.11p와 LTE-D2D, 정보 전달 과 관련된 ICN 기술에 대해 설명하고 3장에서는 LTE-D2D 차량 네트워크에서 정보 전달 방법에 대해 제안한다. 4장에서는 기존 LTE 셀룰러 네트워크와 LTE-D2D 차량 네트워크에서의 데이터 처리율 비교 를 통해 제안한 방법의 성능을 분석한다. 끝으로 5장 에서 결론을 맺는다.

The application of mobile communication technology to support road traffic constitutes a challenging, but at the same time very promising working area for research and development. Services reach from vehicular safety applications including collision and other safety warnings to non-safety applications like real-time traffic congestion and routing information, high-speed tolling, mobile infotainment, and many others. The creation of high-performance, highly reliable, highly scalable, and secure wireless vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) technologies, though, presents an extraordinary challenge to the wireless research community: a high degree of communication reliability is needed under unfavorable channel conditions. Clearly, the specificity of VANETs in terms of mobility behavior and applications scenarios and requirements makes VANET research an exciting and demanding application- and purpose- driven sub-discipline of wireless networking. In this talk, we discuss the challenges and opportunities of VANETs in metropolitan scales. A concrete case in Shanghai was also studied.