Vehicle’s Direction Determination Protocol via VANET

In vehicular ad hoc networks (VANets), a precise localization system is a crucial factor for several critical safety applications. The global positioning system (GPS) is commonly used to determine the vehicles’ position estimation. However, it has unwanted errors yet that can be worse in some areas, such as urban street canyons and indoor parking lots, making it inaccurate for most critical safety applications. In this work, we present a new position estimation method called cooperative vehicle localization improvement using distance information (CoVaLID), which improves GPS positions of nearby vehicles and minimize their errors through an extended Kalman filter to execute Data Fusion using GPS and distance information. Our solution also uses distance information to assess the position accuracy related to three different aspects: the number of vehicles, vehicle trajectory, and distance information error. For that purpose, we use a weighted average method to put more confidence in distance information given by neighbors closer to the target. We implement and evaluate the performance of CoVaLID using real-world data, as well as discuss the impact of different distance sensors in our proposed solution. Our results clearly show that CoVaLID is capable of reducing the GPS error by 63%, and 53% when compared to the state-of-the-art VANet location improve (VLOCI) algorithm.

Road safety is an all-time global concern. Every day a large number of human lives are lost with many sustaining a disability as a result of their injury due to car accidents and delay in calling the rescue services. Recently, Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) have emerged as an efficient way of improving interpretation of transportation systems and enhancing travel safety. Accident detection systems are one of the most effective (ITS) tools. The accident detection system which based on Global Positioning System (GPS) and Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) can be accomplished though one or several sensors, the system can gather the information and coordinates of accident spot, then send this data to the rescue services center over a network link in the shortest time, In this paper, we propose an enhanced system that composed of a GPS receiver, Vibration sensor, GSM Modem and integrated with Vehicular AD-Hoc Network (VANET). The employment of (VANET) assists to increase the data delivery by providing a second path to send an emergency message to The Rescue Services Center (RSC) whenever an accident located at out of coverage area of GSM network. Simulation tested two of distance ranges among nodes (Long & Short) and the result shown that VANET modified algorithm based on average signal strength has the advantage of choosing the optimum route to deliver data and own enhanced ratio according to the distances (17.5% & 24.1%) by comparing with a maximum signal strength route.

Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a type of mobile ad hoc network (MANET) that forms vehicles as nodes. Routing is the basic fundamental requirement of VANET applications. Therefore, it is necessary to devise a routing protocol that fits well for rapid topology changes and disconnected network conditions. To address these specific needs of VANET, we present a novel greedy routing protocol for vehicular networks called VRPTA that suite well for both city environment and the high way environment. With the help of localisation system named global positioning system (GPS), the proposed protocol is designed to efficiently relay the data in the network by considering different scenarios like road traffic variation and various environment characteristics. The protocol communicates in between vehicles as well as vehicle to infrastructure whichever is applicable, thereby ensuring reliable transmission. In addition, we also consider the information about vehicles speed, direction and density of a city traffic configuration consisting of double direction roads, multi lanes and highway scenario. The work is implemented using NS2 simulator.

The vehicular ad hoc network is an emerging technology providing quick and cost-efficient communications in the automobile industry and great applications providing safety, driver assistance and comfort. Real-time information about a vehicle node’s position is based on assumptions acquired from various protocols and applications. One of the most popular technologies, the global positioning system (GPS), has been installed in vehicles to provide reasonable assumptions. A vehicular network depends on localization systems showing vehicle movement in critical areas. GPS systems have faced undesirable issues, such as information not always being available and not being robust enough for some applications. Different types of localization methods have been proposed, such as image/video localization, cellular localization and dead reckoning, to overcome GPS limitations. Data fusion for vehicle positioning is an emerging solution for robust and accurate techniques to replace previous techniques. In this paper, our discussion is based on localization requirements, localization applications and techniques, and the issues for vehicular ad hoc networks. Furthermore, we discuss how these localization techniques and data fusion are combined and used in safety applications to enhance network performance.

VANET (Vehicular Ad-hoc Network) is an ad-hoc wireless network which nodes are composed by mostly moving vehicles and infrastructure communications or access points along the road. It integrates adhoc networking, cellular technology, wireless LAN and other technologies, which include GPS(Global Positioning System), digital mapping, sensing technologies and advanced information processing tools to support Intelligent Traffic Systems (ITS). VANET is developed mainly to improve road safety and to increase the traffic efficiency. It is designed to support the exchange of warning messages among the vehicles to increase the passenger safety and other information related to VANET applications and services . To achieve these goals, there are several issues that should be addressed. One of these challenges is designing reliable and efficient Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol for VANET. Due to VANET’s distinguishing characteristics, such as high mobility of the nodes, dynamic network topology, enough battery power, high processing power, etc, the MAC protocols designed for MANET (Mobile Ad-hoc Network) are not suitable for VANET. The research community has been working to develop MAC protocols appropriate for this ad-hoc network by proposing new design or modifying the existing one.In this paper, the VANET’s architecture, characteristics, applications and standard are discussed and then a comprehensive study of several MAC protocols available in the literature is presented.

A vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a special kind of mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) that supports cooperative driving among communicating cars on the roads. There are several technologies involved in implementation of wireless communication in VANETs. These technologies include 3G cellular systems, long-term evolution (LTE), LTE Advanced, IEEE 802.16, and IEEE 802.11. This chapter focuses on 802.11-based wireless communication in VANETs. It reviews some presented methods for vehicle movement path prediction, and explains some algorithms are explained for performance improvement in opportunistic networks based on the predicted vehicle movements. The chapter considers the fact that communication in VANETs can be infrastructure-based or infrastructureless. It also reviews some methods to apply the predicted vehicles' position for improving communication in infrastructure-based and infrastructureless VANETs, respectively. Opportunistic routing algorithms can be classified according to their dependency on roadside infrastructure. The chapter presents the taxonomy of opportunistic routing in VANETs.

In this paper, a novel approach for improving vehicular positioning is presented. This method is based on the cooperation of the vehicles by communicating their measured information about their position. This method consists of two steps. In the first step, we introduce our cooperative map matching method. This map matching method uses the V2V communication in a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) to exchange global positioning system (GPS) information between vehicles. Having a precise road map, vehicles can apply the road constraints of other vehicles in their own map matching process and acquire a significant improvement in their positioning. After that, we have proposed the concept of a dynamic base station DGPS (DDGPS), which is used by vehicles in the second step to generate and broadcast the GPS pseudorange corrections that can be used by newly arrived vehicles to improve their positioning. The DDGPS is a decentralized cooperative method that aims to improve the GPS positioning by estimating and compensating the common error in GPS pseudorange measurements. It can be seen as an extension of DGPS where the base stations are not necessarily static with an exact known position. In the DDGPS method, the pseudorange corrections are estimated based on the receiver's belief on its positioning and its uncertainty and then broadcasted to other GPS receivers. The performance of the proposed algorithm has been verified with simulations in several realistic scenarios.

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) offer immense potential for revolutionizing modern transportation systems through real-time communication and interaction between vehicles and roadside infrastructure. These networks can significantly enhance traffic management, improve safety, and support various vehicular services. However, ensuring secure communication in VANETs remains a critical challenge due to the highly sensitive nature of the data exchanged, such as location and personal information. Current authentication schemes, including the ANEL scheme, exhibit vulnerabilities like data interception and tracking risks. In this paper, we propose a novel, efficient, and lightweight authentication scheme that leverages elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) and message mapping techniques to address these security issues. The proposed solution strengthens encryption, enhances privacy protection, and mitigates risks such as unauthorized access and man-in-the-middle attacks. Furthermore, the scheme offers scalability and distinguishes between regular and priority users, making it adaptable to various VANET applications. This approach significantly improves the overall security and privacy framework of VANET systems while ensuring the efficient use of computational resources in vehicular environments.

Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) technology enables communication between vehicles, or vehicles and road-side units (RSUs) through wireless communication devices installed on the vehicles. One of the most important goals of VANETs is providing safety applications for passengers. In addition, VANETs provide comfort applications to users. Guaranteeing a reliable and stable routing protocol over VANETs is a very important step. The proposed research attempts to improve routing protocols that decrease the end-to-end delay to suit VANET communication characteristics. In addition, it proposes analysis of the end-to-end delay probability distribution. More specifically, we derive a closed-form expression for the probability distribution of the re-healing delay in a VANET conditioned on the distance between two VANET clusters. Furthermore, we propose a closed-form expression for the probability distribution of the unconditional re-healing delay. Moreover, we develop a mathematical model to calculate the probability distribution of the end-to-end delay. On the other hand, using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) or drones in wireless communications and Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) has started to attract attention. We propose a routing protocol that uses infrastructure drones for boosting VANET communications to achieve a minimum vehicle-to-drone packet delivery delay. In addition, we propose a closed-form expression for the probability distribution of the vehicle-to-drone packet delivery delay on a two-way highway. Moreover, based on that closed-form expression, we can calculate the minimum drone density (maximum separation distance between two adjacent drones) that stochastically limits the worst case of the vehicle-to-drone packet delivery delay. Furthermore, we propose a drones-active service (DAS) that is added to the location service in a VANET. This service dynamically and periodically obtains the required number of active drones based on the current highway connectivity state by obtaining the maximum distance between each two adjacent drones while satisfying a probabilistic constraint for vehicle-todrone packet delivery delay. Our analysis focuses on two-way highway VANET networks with low vehicular density. The simulation results show the accuracy of our analysis and reflect the relation between the drone density, vehicular density and speed, other VANET parameters, and the vehicle-to-drone packet delivery delay. In addition, we propose a new routing protocol called multi-copy intersection-based routing (MCIR) for vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) in urban areas. MCIR is an intersectionbased routing protocol that forwards multiple copies of the packets in different road segments. Moreover, it is a beacon-less routing protocol with a carry-and-forward strategy. We show via simulation that the MCIR protocol is superior to other existing routing protocols, especially in low vehicular density scenarios. The results show that MCIR achieves a shorter end-to-end delay and a higher packet delivery ratio in urban VANET communications.

Evaluation of flooding schemes for real-time video transmission in VANETs

Localization in Vehicular Adhoc Networks (VANETs) has witnessed significant attention due the instantaneous failure of Global Positioning System (GPS). Performance of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) applications is based on efficient and reliable information dissemination techniques. Efficiency and reliability of information dissemination is dependent on the availability of accurate location information about vehicles. Most of the localization techniques suggested in the past are based on either real time radio signal measurement or Road Side Unit (RSU). Signal measurement is performed in terms of Time of Arrival (ToA) or Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) which is susceptible to measurement error due to the high mobility of vehicles in vehicular traffic environment. Availability of RSU can not be guaranteed. This paper proposes a Geometry based Inter Vehicle Distance (Geo-IVD) calculation techniques which can be utilized for information dissemination in VANETs. Geo-IVD is a cooperative technique which utilizes past and present knowledge about the vehicle. It utilizes mathematical geometry to calculate present unknown location of a vehicle. More specifically, Geo-IVD find the current unknown location of a vehicle considering two cases. In the first case, vehicle's current direction is considered to be the same or opposite from its past direction. In the second case, vehicle's current direction is considered different (other than opposite) from its past direction. Mathematical geometry is utilized to solve the problem of finding current location in both these cases. Simulations are carried out in ns2 and results are comparatively analyzed with that of the state-of-the-art technique: ToA-IVD. Analysis of results attests the superiority of Geo-IVD to the state-of-the-art technique.

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are based on network technology where cars act as mobile nodes to form a communication network. In VANETs, routing protocols have a significance regarding the overall network performance since they determine the way of sending and receiving packets between mobile nodes. Most of the protocols proposed for VANETs are adapted from Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) routing protocols. However, due to the specific characteristics of VANETs, especially high mobility, and dynamic topology, the routing protocols in ad hoc networks do not adapt immediately to VANETs. Therefore, secure routing of Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) against attacks, which are of various types, is still a challenging issue. This paper is going to present a synthesis of the most relevant protocols that have addressed the secure routing issue in VANETs. It also establishes a comparison regarding the offered features and the studied performance aspects through which it is notified that a security mechanism depends not only on the level of efficiency but also on the network constraints.

Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANET) are a proper subset of mobile wireless networks, where nodes are revulsive, the vehicles are armed with special electronic devices on the motherboard OBU (On Board Unit) which enables them to trasmit and receive messages from other vehicles in the VANET. Furthermore the communication between the vehicles, the VANET interface is donated by the contact points with road infrastructure. VANET is a subgroup of MANETs. Unlike the MANETs nodes, VANET nodes are moving very fast. Impound a permanent route for the dissemination of emergency messages and alerts from a danger zone is a very challenging task. Therefore, routing plays a significant duty in VANETs. decreasing network overhead, avoiding network congestion, increasing traffic congestion and packet delivery ratio are the most important issues associated with routing in VANETs. In addition, VANET network is subject to various security attacks. In base VANET systems, an algorithm is used to dicover attacks at the time of confirmation in which overhead delay occurs. This paper proposes (P-Secure) approach which is used for the detection of DoS attacks before the confirmation time. This reduces the overhead delays for processing and increasing the security in VANETs. Simulation results show that the P-Secure approach, is more efficient than OBUmodelVaNET approach in terms of PDR, e2e_delay, throughput and drop packet rate.

Vehicular ad-hoc Network (VANET) is an emerging mobile wireless ad hoc communication system applied on the roads, realizing multi-hop wireless communication between Vehicles to Vehicles, Vehicles to Roadside Infrastructure (RSI) and between RSIs. The Vehicle transmits the information to the nearest RSI that is connected to gateway either wirelessly or wired. The deployment of a roadside infrastructure is expensive and cannot be efficiently implemented using low-cost hardware. Power Line Communication (PLC) refers to the utilization of electricity transmission power lines for communication medium whilst simultaneously serving as a physical medium for realization of data transmission. PLC today are not only used for remote meter reading, home automation and other low-speed control systems but are also utilized at physical layer of Internet infrastructure. The power line is the only network that is available almost in any part of the inhabited area, hence can provide extensive coverage for VANET. In this article a scheme is proposed for power lines serve as a medium for transfer of information from RSI to RSI and RSI to Internet gateway. Standard equations are used to noise analysis and quantify the proposed approach as a cost effective deployment of PLC for VANET. Simulation results are provided for further investigations and research. It is evident that PLC with low data rate is suitable for transmission of smart car sensor data as compare to costly high-speed wireless medium.

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are a subset of mobile ad hoc networks that provide communication services between nearby vehicles and also between vehicles and roadside infrastructure. These networks improve road safety and accident prevention and provide entertainment for passengers of vehicles. Due to the characteristics of VANET such as self-organization, dynamic nature and fast-moving vehicles, routing in this network is a considerable challenge. Swarm intelligence algorithms (nature-inspired) such as ant colony optimization (ACO) have been proposed for developing routing protocols in VANETs. In this paper, we propose an enhanced framework for ACO protocol based on fuzzy logic for VANETs. To indicate the effectiveness and performance of our proposed protocol, the network simulator NS-2 is used for simulation. The simulation results demonstrate that our proposed protocol achieves high data packet delivery ratio and low end-to-end delay compared to traditional routing algorithms such as ACO and ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV).