Machine Learning: Building Intelligence from Patterns

PurposeThe first transmission of coronavirus to humans started in Wuhan city of China, took the shape of a pandemic called Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), and posed a principal threat to the entire world. The researchers are trying to inculcate artificial intelligence (Machine learning or deep learning models) for the efficient detection of COVID-19. This research explores all the existing machine learning (ML) or deep learning (DL) models, used for COVID-19 detection which may help the researcher to explore in different directions. The main purpose of this review article is to present a compact overview of the application of artificial intelligence to the research experts, helping them to explore the future scopes of improvement.MethodsThe researchers have used various machine learning, deep learning, and a combination of machine and deep learning models for extracting significant features and classifying various health conditions in COVID-19 patients. For this purpose, the researchers have utilized different image modalities such as CT-Scan, X-Ray, etc. This study has collected over 200 research papers from various repositories like Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, etc. These research papers were passed through various levels of scrutiny and finally, 50 research articles were selected.ResultsIn those listed articles, the ML / DL models showed an accuracy of 99% and above while performing the classification of COVID-19. This study has also presented various clinical applications of various research. This study specifies the importance of various machine and deep learning models in the field of medical diagnosis and research.ConclusionIn conclusion, it is evident that ML/DL models have made significant progress in recent years, but there are still limitations that need to be addressed. Overfitting is one such limitation that can lead to incorrect predictions and overburdening of the models. The research community must continue to work towards finding ways to overcome these limitations and make machine and deep learning models even more effective and efficient. Through this ongoing research and development, we can expect even greater advances in the future.

Chemical heuristics have been fundamental to the advancement of chemistry and materials science. These heuristics are typically established by scientists using knowledge and creativity to extract patterns from limited datasets. Machine learning offers opportunities to perfect this approach using computers and larger datasets. Here, we discuss the relationships between traditional heuristics and machine learning approaches. We show how traditional rules can be challenged by large-scale statistical assessment and how traditional concepts commonly used as features are feeding the machine learning techniques. We stress the waste involved in relearning chemical rules and the challenges in terms of data size requirements for purely data-driven approaches. Our view is that heuristic and machine learning approaches are at their best when they work together.

Today’s security attacks on computer networks are becoming more complex and severe, which has prompted security researchers to use a variety of machine learning techniques to safeguard the information and reputation of their clients. Detecting network infiltration has long been a difficult task. Machine learning advancements have raised the way for improving intrusion detection systems (IDS). This development has led to intrusion detection’s integration into network security. Using supervised machine learning techniques, intrusion detection has attained great detection accuracy. However, it is unlikely that a machine learning (ML) classifier will be able to correctly identify all attacks, particularly obscure ones.An approach based on deep learning is presented for more precise intrusion detection. This review article presents an extensive survey and classification of deep learning-based intrusion detection techniques with an emphasis on these approaches. The main background ideas about the IDS architecture and several machine and deep learning approaches are initially presented. Then, it categorizes these schemes based on the many types of methodologies each one employs. It explains how accurate intrusion detection is achieved through the use of machine and deep learning networks. The researched IDS frameworks are then fully analysed, with final thoughts and suggested directions for the future underlined.

Image-based plant disease detection is among the essential activities in precision agriculture for observing incidence and measuring the severity of variability in crops. 70% to 80% of the variabilities are attributed to diseases caused by pathogens, and 60% to 70% appear on the leaves in comparison to the stem and fruits. This work provides a comparative analysis through the model implementation of the two renowned machine learning models, the support vector machine (SVM) and deep learning (DL), for plant disease detection using leaf image data. Until recently, most of these image processing techniques had been, and some still are, exploiting what some considered as "shallow" machine learning architectures. The DL network is fast becoming the benchmark for research in the field of image recognition and pattern analysis. Regardless, there is a lack of studies concerning its application in plant leaves disease detection. Thus, both models have been implemented in this research on a large plant leaf disease image dataset using standard settings and in consideration of the three crucial factors of architecture, computational power, and amount of training data to compare the duos. Results obtained indicated scenarios by which each model best performs in this context, and within a particular domain of factors suggests improvements and which model would be more preferred. It is also envisaged that this research would provide meaningful insight into the critical current and future role of machine learning in food security

A comprehensive review on detection of plant disease using machine learning and deep learning approaches

Background/aimsTo investigate the feasibility and accuracy of using machine learning (ML) techniques on self-reported questionnaire data to predict the 10-year risk of cataract surgery, and to identify meaningful predictors of...

Machine and deep learning are used worldwide. Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) are playing an increasingly important role in the healthcare sector, particularly when combined with big data analytics. Some of the ways that ML and DL are being used in healthcare includePredictive Analytics,Medical Image Analysis,Drug Discovery,Personalized Medicine,and Electronic Health Records (EHR) Analysis.It has become one of the advanced and popular tool forcomputer sciencedomain.' Theadvancementof ML and DL forvariousfieldshas opened new avenues for research and development. It could revolutionize prediction and decision-makingcapabilities. Due to increased awarenessabout the ML and DL in the healthcare, it has become one of the vital approaches for thesector. High-volumeof unstructured, and complex medical imaging data from health monitoring devices, gadgets, sensors, etc. Is the biggest trouble forhealthcare sector. The current study uses analysis to examine research trends inadoption of machine learning and deep learningapproaches in the healthcare sector. The WoS database for SCI/SCI-E/ESCIjournals areused as the datasetsfor the comprehensive analysis. Apart from these various search strategy are utilised for therequisitescientificanalysis of the extracted research documents. Bibliometrics R statistical analysis is performed for year-wise, nation-wise, affiliation-wise, research area, sources, documents, and authorbased analysis. VOS viewer software is used to create author, source, country, institution, global cooperation, citation, co-citation, and trending term co-occurrence networks. ML and DL, combined with big data analytics, have the potential to revolutionize healthcare by improving patient outcomes, reducing costs, and accelerating the development of new treatments, so the currentstudy will help academics, researchers, decision-makers, and healthcare professionals understand and direct research.

Optimisation and interpretation of machine and deep learning models for improved water quality management in Lake Loktak

<span lang="EN-US">The rapid development of information and communication technologies has increased the demand for internet-facing devices that require publicly accessible internet protocol (IP) addresses, resulting in the depletion of internet protocol version 4 (IPv4) address space. As a result, internet protocol version 6 (IPv6) was designed to address this issue. However, IPv6 is still not widely used because of security concerns. An intrusion detection system (IDS) is one example of a security mechanism used to secure networks. Lately, the use of machine learning (ML) or deep learning (DL) detection models in IDSs is gaining popularity due to their ability to detect threats on IPv6 networks accurately. However, there is an apparent lack of studies that review ML and DL in IDS. Even the existing reviews of ML and DL fail to compare those techniques. Thus, this paper comprehensively elucidates ML and DL techniques and IPv6-based distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. Additionally, this paper includes a qualitative comparison with other related works. Moreover, this work also thoroughly reviews the existing ML and DL-based IDSs for detecting IPv6 and IPv4 attacks. Lastly, researchers could use this review as a guide in the future to improve their work on DL and ML-based IDS.</span>

Simple SummaryWheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding programs mainly focus on improving grain yield, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, and end-use quality traits. End-use quality and processing traits are the combinations of various predefined parameters. Genomic selection (GS) opens the potential for selecting improved end-use quality lines. This study explored the potential of the machine and deep learning-based GS models for predicting end-use quality traits in wheat. Deep models were superior to traditional statistical and Bayesian models under all the prediction scenarios. The high accuracy observed for end-use quality traits in this study support predicting them in early generations, leading to the advancement of superior genotypes to more extensive grain yield trails.Breeding for grain yield, biotic and abiotic stress resistance, and end-use quality are important goals of wheat breeding programs. Screening for end-use quality traits is usually secondary to grain yield due to high labor needs, cost of testing, and large seed requirements for phenotyping. Genomic selection provides an alternative to predict performance using genome-wide markers under forward and across location predictions, where a previous year’s dataset can be used to build the models. Due to large datasets in breeding programs, we explored the potential of the machine and deep learning models to predict fourteen end-use quality traits in a winter wheat breeding program. The population used consisted of 666 wheat genotypes screened for five years (2015–19) at two locations (Pullman and Lind, WA, USA). Nine different models, including two machine learning (random forest and support vector machine) and two deep learning models (convolutional neural network and multilayer perceptron) were explored for cross-validation, forward, and across locations predictions. The prediction accuracies for different traits varied from 0.45–0.81, 0.29–0.55, and 0.27–0.50 under cross-validation, forward, and across location predictions. In general, forward prediction accuracies kept increasing over time due to increments in training data size and was more evident for machine and deep learning models. Deep learning models were superior over the traditional ridge regression best linear unbiased prediction (RRBLUP) and Bayesian models under all prediction scenarios. The high accuracy observed for end-use quality traits in this study support predicting them in early generations, leading to the advancement of superior genotypes to more extensive grain yield trails. Furthermore, the superior performance of machine and deep learning models strengthens the idea to include them in large scale breeding programs for predicting complex traits.

BackgroundRecently, machine learning (ML) has been transforming our daily lives by enabling intelligent voice assistants, personalized support for purchase decisions, and efficient credit card fraud detection. In addition to its everyday applications, ML holds the potential to improve medicine as well, especially with regard to diagnostics in clinics. In a world characterized by population growth, demographic change, and the global COVID-19 pandemic, ML systems offer the opportunity to make diagnostics more effective and efficient, leading to a high interest of clinics in such systems. However, despite the high potential of ML, only a few ML systems have been deployed in clinics yet, as their adoption process differs significantly from the integration of prior health information technologies given the specific characteristics of ML.ObjectiveThis study aims to explore the factors that influence the adoption process of ML systems for medical diagnostics in clinics to foster the adoption of these systems in clinics. Furthermore, this study provides insight into how these factors can be used to determine the ML maturity score of clinics, which can be applied by practitioners to measure the clinic status quo in the adoption process of ML systems.MethodsTo gain more insight into the adoption process of ML systems for medical diagnostics in clinics, we conducted a qualitative study by interviewing 22 selected medical experts from clinics and their suppliers with profound knowledge in the field of ML. We used a semistructured interview guideline, asked open-ended questions, and transcribed the interviews verbatim. To analyze the transcripts, we first used a content analysis approach based on the health care–specific framework of nonadoption, abandonment, scale-up, spread, and sustainability. Then, we drew on the results of the content analysis to create a maturity model for ML adoption in clinics according to an established development process.ResultsWith the help of the interviews, we were able to identify 13 ML-specific factors that influence the adoption process of ML systems in clinics. We categorized these factors according to 7 domains that form a holistic ML adoption framework for clinics. In addition, we created an applicable maturity model that could help practitioners assess their current state in the ML adoption process.ConclusionsMany clinics still face major problems in adopting ML systems for medical diagnostics; thus, they do not benefit from the potential of these systems. Therefore, both the ML adoption framework and the maturity model for ML systems in clinics can not only guide future research that seeks to explore the promises and challenges associated with ML systems in a medical setting but also be a practical reference point for clinicians.

Background and Objectives: Intraoperative hypotension (IOH) is of great importance in preventing diseases such as postoperative myocardial infarction, acute kidney injury, and mortality. This study aimed to develop and validate machine learning and deep learning models that predict IOH using both biosignals and personalized clinical information for each patient. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective observational study, we used the VitalDB open dataset, which included intraoperative biosignals and clinical information from 6388 patients who underwent non-cardiac surgery between June 2016 and August 2017 at Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea. The predictive performances of models trained with four waveforms (arterial blood pressure, electrocardiography, photoplethysmography, and capnography) and clinical information were evaluated and compared at time points at 5 min before the hypotensive event. To predict hypotensive events during surgery, we developed two predictive models: machine learning and deep learning. In total, 2611 patients were enrolled in this retrospective study. Machine and deep learning algorithms were developed and validated using raw waveforms and clinical information as inputs. Results: Gradient boosting machine showed predicted IOH with an AUROC and accuracy of 0.94 (0.93–0.95) and 0.88 (0.86–0.89). A hybrid CNN-RNN model also showed similar performance with an AUROC and accuracy of 0.94 (0.93–0.95) and 0.88 (0.87–0.89). Conclusions: This study developed and validated machine and deep learning models to predict IOH using waveform data and covariate values. In the future, we anticipate that the results of our study will contribute to predicting IOH in real time in the operating room and reducing the occurrence of IOH.

The machine learning (ML) and Internet of things (IoT) technologies are increasingly focussed on decision tree classification algorithm. Its use is expanding through numerous fields, solving incredibly complex problems. DTCA is also being used in medical health data using computer-aided diagnosis to identify chronic kidney diseases like cancer and diabetes. Deep learning is a class of machine learning that utilizes neural networks to solve problems and learn unsupervised from unstructured or unlabelled data. The DL used to deep stacked auto-encoder and softmax classifier methods is applied for CKD. In this work, based an R Studio and Python Colab software using random forest, SVM, C5.0, decision tree classification algorithm, C4.5, ANN, neuro-fuzzy systems, classification and clustering, CNN, RNN, MLP is used to predict multiple machine and deep learning techniques, discover an early diagnosis of CKD patients. In this work, classify the chronic kidney disease various stages are identified.KeywordsDecision tree classification algorithmComputational decision support systemChronic kidney diseaseDeep and machine learning algorithmsIoT and CKD stages

This review explores the use of machine learning (ML) techniques for detecting pests and diseases in crops, which is a significant challenge in agriculture, leading to substantial yield losses worldwide. This study focuses on the integration of ML models, particularly Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), which have shown promise in accurately identifying and classifying plant diseases from images. By analyzing studies published from 2019 to 2024, this work summarizes the common methodologies involving stages of data acquisition, preprocessing, segmentation, feature extraction, and prediction to develop robust ML models. The findings indicate that the incorporation of advanced image processing and ML algorithms significantly enhances disease detection capabilities, leading to the early and precise diagnosis of crop ailments. This can not only improve crop yield and quality but also reduce the dependency on chemical pesticides, contributing to more sustainable agricultural practices. Future research should focus on enhancing the robustness of these models to varying environmental conditions and expanding the datasets to include a wider variety of crops and diseases. CNN-based models, particularly specialized architectures like ResNet, are the most widely used in the studies reviewed, making up 42.36% of all models, with ResNet alone contributing 7.65%. This highlights ResNet’s appeal for tasks that demand deep architectures and sophisticated feature extraction. Additionally, SVM models account for 9.41% of the models examined. The prominence of both ResNet and MobileNet reflects a trend toward architectures with residual connections for deeper networks, alongside efficiency-focused designs like MobileNet, which are well-suited for mobile and edge applications.

Enabled by a rich ecosystem of Machine Learning (ML) libraries, programming using learned models , i.e., Software-2.0 , has gained substantial adoption. However, we do not know what challenges developers encounter when they use ML libraries. With this knowledge gap, researchers miss opportunities to contribute to new research directions, tool builders do not invest resources where automation is most needed, library designers cannot make informed decisions when releasing ML library versions, and developers fail to use common practices when using ML libraries. We present the first large-scale quantitative and qualitative empirical study to shed light on how developers in Software-2.0 use ML libraries, and how this evolution affects their code. Particularly, using static analysis we perform a longitudinal study of 3,340 top-rated open-source projects with 46,110 contributors. To further understand the challenges of ML library evolution, we survey 109 developers who introduce and evolve ML libraries. Using this rich dataset we reveal several novel findings. Among others, we found an increasing trend of using ML libraries: The ratio of new Python projects that use ML libraries increased from 2% in 2013 to 50% in 2018. We identify several usage patterns including the following: (i) 36% of the projects use multiple ML libraries to implement various stages of the ML workflows, (ii) developers update ML libraries more often than the traditional libraries , (iii) strict upgrades are the most popular for ML libraries among other update kinds, (iv) ML library updates often result in cascading library updates, and (v) ML libraries are often downgraded (22.04% of cases). We also observed unique challenges when evolving and maintaining Software-2.0 such as (i) binary incompatibility of trained ML models and (ii) benchmarking ML models. Finally, we present actionable implications of our findings for researchers, tool builders, developers, educators, library vendors, and hardware vendors.