Model Checking Cyber-Physical Energy Systems

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) integrate computation with physical processes. For the last years, CPS have been in the focus of research and are getting adopted in multiple domains like health care, automotive and smart factories. The use of CPS promises dynamic adaption of systems to changing environmental and economic conditions through autonomous CPS decisions based on the physical process. In industrial process automation, research and adoption of CPS have to account for the severe safety restrictions that dominate the system design in this domain. To transfer the benefits of CPS application to process automation, the CPS must be able to formally verify the safety of its autonomous reconfiguration decisions. This paper proposes a domain model for safety-critical CPS in industrial process automation to serve as foundation for formal CPS algorithms.

Integrating the computing process and the physical process, cyber-physical systems (CPS) pose many challenges to the system analysis and modeling. While most of the existing work focuses on developing the precise and formal model of CPS, little attentions have been given to the early requirements analysis and modeling which focuses on what the users' requirements are and what the software and physical domains of CPS will do to meet the users' requirements. In this paper, we provide an approach for early requirements analysis and modeling of CPS. This approach proposes to build the structure model to capture the system architecture, and the goal model to capture the refinement relationships between the users' requirements and the assumptions and requirements on the domains in CPS. These models help to build a clear understanding about CPS between the users and the designers and pave the way to define the precise and formal model. What these models are and how to build them are illustrated through a cruise control system.

Security and Privacy Aspect of Cyber Physical Systems

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) involve communication, computation, sensing, and actuating through heterogeneous and widely distributed physical devices and computational components. The close interactions of these systems with the physical world places events as the major building blocks for the realization of CPS. More specifically, the system components and design principles should be revisited with a strictly event-based approach. In this paper, a concept lattice-based event model for CPS is introduced. Under this model, a CPS event is uniformly represented by three components: event type, its internal attributes, and its external attributes. The internal and external attributes together characterize the type, spatiotemporal properties of the event as well as the components that observe it. A set of event composition rules are defined where the CPS event composition is based on a CPS concept lattice. The resulting event model can be used both as an offline analysis tool as well as a run-time implementation model due to its distributed nature. A real-life smart home example is used to illustrate the proposed event model. To this end, a CPS event simulator is implemented to evaluate the developed event model and compare with the existing Java implementation of the smart home application. The comparison result shows that the event model provides several advantages in terms of flexibility, QoS support, and complexity. The proposed event model lay the foundations of event-based system design in CPS.

“The Internet has made the world “flat” by transcending space. […] The Internet has transformed how we conduct research, studies, business, services, and entertainment.” [1] Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are engineered systems that are built from, and depend upon, the seamless integration of computational algorithms and physical components. Advances in CPS will enable capability, adaptability, scalability, resiliency, safety, security, and usability that will far exceed the embedded systems of today. CPS technology will transform the way people interact with engineered systems. “CPS have a highly disruptive effect on market structures. They will fundamentally change business models and the competitive field of today […]” [2] Usability is a driving force for the rapid take-up and acceptance of these Cyber-physical systems. [2] In this paper we define CPS and highlight the importance of usability for CPS. Then we describe two different cases and provide different methods how to improve the usability of CPS.

Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) are engineered solutions obtained through the seamless integration of computational algorithms and physical components. Nowadays, they are entitled to drive innovation and competition in different fields such as agriculture, building design and automation, energy, healthcare, transportation and, above all, industrial manufacturing. In fact, CPS technology is going to transform the way people interact with engineered systems — just as the Internet has transformed the way people interact with information. Among CPS technologies, measurement and networking ones play a fundamental role, being enrolled as the natural bridge between the cyber and physical components of a CPS. A number of interconnected sensors and transducers are claimed to give inner and outer, local measurement data that, once processed through suitable algorithms and analytics, have to provide reliable information about the effectiveness of the whole CPS and its interaction with the external world, as well as its health status for maintenance and troubleshooting purposes. So, great attention has to be paid to network models and architectures, to sensor forms and functions, in order to make CPSs properly integrate the continuous and the discrete, compounded by the uncertainty of open environments. The paper aims at opening a preliminary discussion on the role and features of measurement and networking technologies in CPS application fields, with special regard to industrial manufacturing, within a scientific community traditionally close to instrumentation and measurement (IM) issues, in order to stimulate and encourage useful and fruitful cross-fertilization. After some details concerning the general structure of a CPS, its typical architectural model and main features, a special focus is put on CPSs involved in industrial manufacturing along with measurement and networking facets. Some considerations about major measurement challenges that the CPS self-awareness feature poses in maintenance and troubleshooting operations are then drawn. Concluding remarks are finally reported.

Cyber-Physical System (CPS) is a symbol of the fourth industrial revolution (4IR) by integrating physical and computational processes which can associate with humans in various ways. In short, the relationship between Cyber networks and the physical component is known as CPS, which is assisting to incorporate the world and influencing our ordinary life significantly. In terms of practical utilization of CPS interacting abundant difficulties. Currently, CPS is involved in modern society very vastly with many uptrend perspectives. All the new technologies by using CPS are accelerating our journey of innovation. In this paper, we have explained the research areas of 14 important domains of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) including aircraft transportation systems, battlefield surveillance, chemical production, energy, agriculture (food supply), healthcare, education, industrial automation, manufacturing, mobile devices, robotics, transportation, and vehicular. We also demonstrated the challenges and future direction of each paper of all domains. Almost all articles have limitations on security, data privacy, and safety. Several projects and new dimensions are mentioned where CPS is the key integration. Consequently, the researchers and academicians will be benefited to update the CPS workspace and it will help them with more research on a specific topic of CPS. 158 papers are studied in this survey as well as among these, 98 papers are directly studied with the 14 domains with challenges and future instruction which is the first survey paper as per the knowledge of authors.

Cyber-Physical System (CPS) involves the combination of physical processes with computation and communication systems. The recent advancements made in cloud computing, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), healthcare sensors, etc. tend to develop CPS as a proficient model for healthcare applications especially, home patient care. Though several techniques have been proposed earlier related to CPS structures, only a handful of studies has focused on the design of CPS models for health care sector. So, the proposal for a dedicated CPS model for healthcare sector necessitates a significant interest to ensure data privacy. To overcome the challenges, the current research paper designs a Deep Learning-based Intrusion Detection and Image Classification for Secure CPS (DLIDIC-SCPS) model for healthcare sector. The aim of the proposed DLIDIC-SCPS model is to achieve secure image transmission and image classification process for CPS in healthcare sector. Primarily, data acquisition takes place with the help of sensors and detection of intrusions is performed using Fuzzy Deep Neural Network (FDNN) technique. Besides, Multiple Share Creation (MSC) approach is used to create several shares of medical image so as to accomplish security. Also, blockchain is employed as a distributed data storage entity to create a ledger that provides access to the client. For image classification, Inception v3 with Fuzzy Wavelet Neural Network (FWNN) is utilized that diagnose the disease from the applied medical image. Finally, Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA) is utilized to fine tune the parameters involved in WNN model, thereby boosting its classification performance. A wide range of simulations was carried out to highlight the superiority of the proposed DLIDIC-SCPS technique. The simulation outcomes confirm that DLIDIC-SCPS approach demonstrates promising results in terms of security, privacy, and image classification outcomes over recent state-of-the-art techniques.

Cyber Physical Systems (CPS), widely used in pervasive computing, integrate computation in the cyber world with control of physical processes. Developing CPS is challenging because interactions between physical and cyber components are complex and often unpredictable. Traditional debugging techniques can detect bugs in the cyber world, but bugs introduced from physical components and induced by limitations in the software interface to physical hardware are still difficult to detect. My research will capture the state of art and the state of the practice in verification and validation of CPS. Based on this, I will design middleware that combines models of the physical world with programming-language based assertions to help developers to design, develop, and debug robust CPS applications with ease.

This paper presents definitions characterizing the concepts regarding cyber-physical systems and dependability. Cyber-physical systems incorporate computing, communication and storage capabilities with monitoring and/or control of entities in the physical world in a dependably, securely, efficiently and real-time way. The challenges of cyber-physical system research are concerning: real-time system abstractions; robustness, safety and security; QoS composition; and nor least dependability. Dependability is first introduced as a global concept that subsumes the usual attributes of reliability, availability, safety, integrity and maintainability. The paper aims to define research challenges to achieve the dependability in cyber-physical hydropower systems. The significant challenge of the dependability in cyber-physical hydropower systems is evaluation of the system behavior in terms of interdependencies between cyber and physical components of the system.

Cyberphysical system is the integration of physical space (equipment, devices and people) with computing, communication and control systems (cyberspace). The National Institute of Standards and Terminology (NIST) has defined CFS as cyberphysical systems (CFS), which are designed systems built on the continuous integration of computational algorithms and physical components. Improving the CFS provides greater opportunities for performance, adaptability, scalability, stability, security and usability, far exceeding today's simple embedded systems. CFS technology will transform the interaction of people with the engineering system [1, 2]. Today, cyberphysical systems exist in various fields, such as automotive, aerospace, civil, railway, medical. Large productions seek to increase the availability of the asset, while reducing maintenance costs through cyberphysical systems. With the development of the industry and the use of systems in production, the proposed maintenance is used constantly to avoid failures. CFS maintenance is performed when certain indicators signal that the condition of the system has deteriorated. One way to solve this problem is to provide systems with resistance properties. Such systems are able to recover quickly and continue to function in changing conditions [3-9]. Therefore, the urgent task is to develop approaches that will predict the resilience of cyberphysical systems based on cloud computing. It is necessary to build methods and tools that will monitor the condition of the CFS and predict the timely replacement of their components that may fail. The application of the process of predicting the resilience of cyberphysical systems using cloud-oriented increases the effective reliability and availability of cyberphysical systems in its life cycle by identifying future failures and reducing unscheduled maintenance. The forecasting process involves the assessment of the useful life, and the implementation of a post-forecast decision on maintenance measures in accordance with the rules. The method of predicting the resilience of cloud-oriented cyberphysical systems allows to determine the state of the cyberphysical systems using cloud computing. The mechanism used to reduce the cost of maintenance and detailed planning of maintenance operations, the apparatus of genetic algorithms.

Automation and the digital transformation have become important factors in the energy sector, as modern energy systems increasingly rely on communication and information technology to combine smart controls with hardware infrastructure. With the emergence of cyber-physical systems (CPS) as a trans-disciplinary field, such modern energy systems can be classified as cyber-physical energy systems (CPES), integrating the related research and development within a broader scope. An important aspect of the research and development related to CPS is to bridge the gap between the traditional engineering domains and computer science. This is especially true for CPES, where the related engineering domains have in the past come up with proven and reliable methods for designing even large and complex systems. However, existing modeling and simulation tools still struggle to cover all aspects of CPES. Hence, a combination of universal modeling languages and established, domain-specific tools (such as grid simulators and telecommunication simulators) is necessary. New methods, tools and algorithms are needed that are compact, computationally inexpensive, potentially self-organizing and intrinsically stable if applied to real energy systems.

Autonomy has been touted to be a major asset of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) and its components. By intertwining non-physical and physical processes they seamlessly integrate interdependent computational and physical components. In this contribution we take a closer look on structural constellations of CPS and their components that refer to autonomy. We also take into account development aspects and demonstrate encoding autonomy aspects into a behavior-centered representation scheme for digital twins. It features encapsulation on various layers of abstraction in the course of design and choreography for self-contained while networked operation of CPS as System-of-Systems. As digital twin models created in the course of CPS design activities can be executed automatically, the implementation and adaptation of CPS (components) is intertwined with design activities. Consequently, users can act as designers and experience CPS behavior through digital twin execution interactively. Critical elements, such as managing private data in healthcare, can be monitored and adapted to individual needs.

Context: Cyber-physical systems (CPS) seamlessly integrate computational and physical components. Adaptability, realized through feedback loops, is a key requirement to deal with uncertain operating conditions in CPS. Objective: We aim at assessing state-of-art approaches to handle self-adaptation in CPS at the architectural level. Method: We conducted a systematic literature review by searching four major scientific data bases, resulting in 1103 candidate studies and eventually retaining 42 primary studies included for data collection after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: The primary concerns of adaptation in CPS are performance, flexibility, and reliability. 64% of the studies apply adap- tation at the application layer and 24% at the middleware layer. MAPE (Monitor-Analyze-Plan-Execute) is the dominant adaptation mechanism (60%), followed by agents and self-organization (both 29%). Remarkably, 36% of the studies combine differ- ent mechanisms to realize adaptation; 17% combine MAPE with agents. The dominating application domain is energy (24%). Conclusions: Our findings show that adaptation in CPS is a cross-layer concern, where solutions combine different adaptation mechanisms within and across layers. This raises challenges for future research both in the field of CPS and self-adaptation, including: how to map concerns to layers and adaptation mechanisms, how to coordinate adaptation mechanisms within and across layers, and how to ensure system-wide consistency of adaptation.

Construction of approximate reasoning model for dynamic CPS network and system parameter identification