Model-Driven Development of Wireless Sensor Network Applications

Resource Management Approach to an Efficient Wireless Sensor Network

The area of Ambient Intelligence recently seems to be matured enough and widely accepted as one of the basic supporting technologies and approaches for human living environment enhancement. There are many interesting applications of wireless sensor networks coupled with ambient intelligence applications, mainly for the creation of indoor intelligent spaces. However, there are just a few of them aiming at the enhancement of outdoor environments in order to support human activities typical for wide-area spaces in open natural environments. There are also a number of useful applications of wireless sensor networks aiming at environmental monitoring, however, just a few of them, if any, are taking advantage of recent achievements of Ambient Intelligence. In our paper, we intend to go further with the ideas of how the Ambient Intelligence used in a wide manner in connection with wireless sensor networks throughout the open natural environment could be beneficial not only for early warning in case of possible disasters, but also as an important supporting tool for people located in outdoor areas due to various reasons, e.g. hitchhikers, hikers on difficult mountains tracks, or even workers in exacting outdoor workplaces (i.e., a coal mine). An idea of a large-scale Ambient Intelligence system based on a wide area wireless sensor network is presented, where the system should be able to monitor the environment, evaluate the collected data and, if necessary, inform the workers in the environment about possible threats and also give some hints for their rescue, using various communication devices.

The rapid advancement of programmable logic devices (PLDs) and field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) has enabled the development of adaptive VLSI architectures optimized for next-generation wireless communication systems. This research focuses on RFID and Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) applications, integrating AI-driven optimization techniques to enhance power efficiency, processing speed, and system adaptability. A hybrid AI-based hardware optimization technique, combining Reinforcement Learning (RL) and Genetic Algorithm (GA), is introduced to improve resource utilization and reduce latency. Additionally, an AI-Optimized Dynamic Frequency Scaling (DFS) technique is implemented to adjust FPGA operating frequencies in real-time, achieving a power reduction of 27.6% while maintaining high computational efficiency. Processor implementation for RFID-based power-saving appliances, reducing power consumption by 32.5% compared to conventional approaches. Hardware realization of an optimized anti-collision algorithm for RFID, achieving a 24.8% increase in tag identification speed. FPGA-based security architecture integrating lightweight cryptographic techniques, enhancing data security with a 96.2% encryption success rate and 25% lower hard-ware resource usage. Power-efficient WSN node implementation using an adaptive localization algorithm, reducing localization errors by 18.4% and extending node lifespan by 29.3%. Low-power CORDIC algorithm-based DPSK modem implementation with 32.1% lower latency in real-time signal processing applications. AI-Optimized DFS technique, reducing dynamic power consumption by 27.6% and improving computational throughput by 22.7%, making FPGA implementations more energy-efficient. The designs were developed using VHDL-based high-level hardware description, simulated in Xilinx ISE 14.3, and implemented on Virtex-5, Spartan-6, and Kintex-7 FPGA platforms. Performance evaluations and comparative studies with existing models confirm significant improvements in power efficiency, processing speed, and adaptability. The findings contribute to the development of high-performance, power-efficient, and scalable VLSI architectures for RFID and WSN applications, paving the way for next-generation secure and intelligent wireless communication systems.

In order to reduce or avoid the coal mine accidents, this paper proposes the application of wireless sensor networks (WSN) in the coal mine safety intelligent monitoring system, and discusses the principle and advantages of wireless sensor networks. According to the current situation of low level of intellectualization in coal mine safety monitoring system and the existing problems, this paper proposes the designing proposal and the monitoring mechanism of the coal mine safety intelligent monitoring system, discusses the feasibility, the method and the way of the application of the wireless sensor networks in the coal mine safety intelligent monitoring system.

The study introduced foreign and domestic situation of wireless sensor network technology in precision agriculture in detail. Applications of wireless sensor network are universal in foreign precision agriculture, however in its beginning stage in domestic agriculture. The function of domestic system based on wireless sensor network is usually positioning measurement and processing of agriculture elements, which does not meet final requirement of precision agriculture. The study designed a universal wireless sensor network for M2M combined intelligent communication technology and big agriculture machinery. The key technologies of wireless sensor network for M2M include development plan of ISA SP100.11a, spectrum technology based on DSSS, network technology based on net routing and low power radio frequency design, which can meet the real-time character, reliability, robustness and low energy consumption requirement of wireless communication in precision fruits. Moreover, the study presented several typical applications in precision fruits (including farming machine, water-saving irrigation machine and picking machine). With development of precision fruits in breadth and depth, integration application of wireless sensor network would have a widen prospect in the future.

We present a case study that considers the application of runtime verification technology to a wireless sensor application. The case study is performed using the SURGE TinyOS application for multi-hop routing, which executes on the Avrora TinyOS simulator. We discuss the problems we have encountered in the course of case study. The problems include unclear correctness properties for wireless network applications (indicating ad hoc development process) and inadequate tool support. A wireless sensor network usually comprises of a collection of tiny devices with built-in processors that can gather physical and environment information such as temperature, light, sound, etc., and communicate with one another over radio. Many wireless sensor network applications sit on top of an operating system called TinyOS and are mostly written in nesC, an extension of C that provides a component-based programming paradigm. Most of wireless sensor network applications are developed and tested on a simulator before they are deployed in the environment because testing and debugging directly on physical devices are very difficult, especially when the network consists of many nodes, and may not provide enough information for debugging. A simulator usually produces detailed execution information and can help find errors. However, even with the simulator and nesC, the current state of development tools for wireless sensor network still requires very low-level programming, which makes it hard for the developers to maintain a high-level view of the system operation. During the validation stage, lack of sophisticated debugging tools for sensor networks makes it difficult to make the connection between a high-level functional or performance requirement and a particular aspect of system implementation. This paper investigates a high-level approach to examine execution data from a simulator and analyze it using runtime verification. The technique 1) identifies and formally specifies high-level requirements for the system under development, 2) monitors a distributed wireless sensor network application using data provided by the simulator, and 3) checks for timing and dynamic properties to gain understanding of the relevant behaviors of wireless sensor nodes and to provide a systematic approach in finding bugs and errors. A particular runtime verification used inthis paper is MaC. MaC provides specification languages capable of expressing functional, timing, and probabilistic properties to specify requirements or patterns of errors. Properties can, for example, examine periodic behaviors or identify a faulty node. MaC then monitors and checks a wireless sensor network application against its specification by observing data produced by a simulator. The motivation for applying the monitoring and checking technique to check wireless sensor network applications is threefold: 1) raise the development level for wireless sensor network, 2) provide a mechanism for understanding high-level behaviors of the system in terms of low-level observation, and 3) provide a tool based on the acceptance of the state of the art development tool for sensor networks.

Wireless sensor networks consist of a large number of low-cost, low-power, and multifunctional sensor nodes that communicate over short distances through wireless links. Such sensor networks are ideal candidates for a wide range of applications such as monitoring of critical infrastructures, data acquisition in hazardous environments, industry control systems, vehicular networks, and military operations. Wireless sensor networks introduce new security challenges due to their dynamic topology, severe resource constraints, and absence of a trusted infrastructure. The purpose of this special issue is to publish high-quality research papers as well as review articles addressing recent advances of wireless sensor network security. In this special issue, we will explore the topic of security challenges and solutions for the wide application of wireless sensor networks in different areas, such as RFID and smart grid. RFID has been widely used in logistics and internet of things. Smart grid leverages sensor networks to better balance the load of the power grid. Both of them have great impact on the daily life and areweak points of thewhole economy,which attract the attention of terrorists. The feasible attacks and defense solutions are still not clear.The papers in this volume also cover several important foundational security services for wireless sensor networks, such as key management, key distribution, secure cluster formation, secure architecture for multihop communication, intrusion prediction, and secure localization. All these foundational security services are critical bases for application of wireless sensor networks. We hope that the papers in this volume engender further thinking about new security challenges for wireless sensor networks and even further “out-of-the-box” ideas about how to solve new security problems for wireless sensor networks.

Improving the dynamism of mobile agent applications in wireless sensor networks through separate itineraries

A 3-D cube antenna with application in wireless sensor network is presented in this letter. Employing microstrip-fed 3-D folded slot antenna topology, a horizontally polarized omnidirectional radiation pattern in azimuth plane was obtained. The structure that is compatible with 3-D printing was fabricated from RO3003 substrate and Objet VeroGray material. The interior of the cubic structure can be used to place electronic circuits of transceiver and sensor. Measurement results verify simulation, and a maximum gain of 1.95 dBi in the azimuth plane and bandwidth of 14% at the center frequency of 2.495 GHz were achieved. The cubic antenna has an edge length of 33 mm and covers the ISM 2.45-GHz frequency band, which has vast application in wireless sensor networks and telecommunication devices.

ABSTRACTReliability is a crucial aspect of time synchronization for industrial wireless applications in wireless sensor networks. Existing time synchronization algorithms often provide good synchronization in laboratory environments; however, outdoor environments with associated radio interference influence the performance of time synchronization. In this paper, we propose a random time source protocol for industrial wireless applications in wireless sensor network synchronization. Each synchronized node randomly selects its time source for each period in order to prevent reliance on a fixed time source because this may lead to resynchronization once the source fails. We have implemented the algorithm on the SIA2420 platform usingTinyOS, and the results show the reliability of our protocol. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

But, as the energy-efficiency is critical for periodical data gathering applications in wireless sensor networks, it has the highest priority in algorithms design; also the latency, packet loss, and throughput are important factors and should be addressed. This chapter proposes a routing protocol inspired by an energy-efficient cluster-based routing protocol called Energy-Aware Routing Protocol (EAP). The new enhanced protocol that is called Low Loss Energy-Aware Routing Protocol (LLEAP) enhances the performance of EAP in terms of some quality of service parameters by adding a second iteration for constructing the tree structure for multi-hop communication among cluster heads, by modifying the used weights of the cluster heads and parent node selection, and finally by selecting suitable aggregation method to decrease losses and delay. Simulation results showed that LLEAP significantly outperforms EAP in terms of packet loss percentage by on average 93.4%.

Internet of Things (IOT) is experiencing a super-fast growing phase. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), as the “five sense organs” and teleneuron of IOT, is developing fast along. Owing to the application-oriented characteristics of WSN, WSN applications may differ enormously in implementation methods. The WSN developers may have to rewrite the code for each and every application. Along with the increasing demand to WSN applications, WSN developers may have heavier tasks of programming for these applications. Thanks to TinyOS and NesC, an operating system and programming language designed especially for WSN, raises the WSN application's programming to a higher level. Large number of supported sensor hardware plus system provided and user-de-fined libraries eases WSN application programmers' jobs. How-ever, the massive amount of nodes' communication and networking, and security protection slows down the development pace. A unified and empirical WSN application implementation platform is one of the available solutions to the problem. This paper introduces an empirical WSN application implementation platform, which avails the WSN developers build an application with unified code template and network packet generation and processing strategies.

The wireless sensor network is an emerging technology, which is used to sense and monitor the environment. As the nodes are deployed in an open environment, the security is one of the essential factors. The cryptography techniques can ensure confidentiality, integrity and authentication. However, wireless sensor network also needs to deal with inside and outside attackers. To deal with outside attackers, attacks by compromised or malicious nodes, trust management system is suggested by many researchers in the area of wireless sensor network. Trust management system can be implemented in various applications for security management such as secure data aggregation, secure cluster head selection, trusted routing, access control, etc. Many researchers provide different kind of solutions for these secure applications based on trust management. However, to incorporate, all such applications on a single sensor node in the network, it is essential to design and develop a trust management system, which considers various aspects and applications of wireless sensor network. As a result, in this paper, we would like to propose a parameter and trust factor based secure communication framework and design a trust management system for wireless sensor networks. Our main contribution is to identify various parameters and trust factors which influences on trust in wireless sensor network and developing a framework for a trust management system based on various parameters and trust factors. The working of the proposed model is shown by simulation experiments conducted in MATLAB for the application of secure communication, data aggregation and intrusion detection in wireless sensor networks.

Wireless industrial sensor networks are wireless sensor networks which have been adapted to industrial applications. Most techniques for wireless sensor networks can be applied to wireless industrial sensor networks. However, for industrial applications of wireless industrial sensor networks, new requirements such as real-time, reliable delivery need to be considered. In this paper, we propose EARQ, which is a novel routing protocol for wireless industrial sensor networks. It provides real-time, reliable delivery of a packet, while considering energy awareness. In EARQ, a node estimates the energy cost, delay and reliability of a path to the sink node, based only on information from neighboring nodes. Then, it calculates the probability of selecting a path, using the estimates. When packet forwarding is required, it randomly selects the next node. A path with lower energy cost is likely to be selected, because the probability is inversely proportional to the energy cost to the sink node. To achieve real-time delivery, only paths that may deliver a packet in time are selected. To achieve reliability, it may send a redundant packet via an alternate path, but only if it is a source of a packet. Experimental results show that EARQ is suitable for industrial applications, due to its capability for energy efficient, real-time, reliable communications.

A new hierarchical belief-rule-based method for reliability evaluation of wireless sensor network