Nanoelectronics Based Adaptive VLSI Architectures for RFID with Optimized Dynamic Frequency Scaling (DFS) Technique

Internet of Things (IOT) is experiencing a super-fast growing phase. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), as the “five sense organs” and teleneuron of IOT, is developing fast along. Owing to the application-oriented characteristics of WSN, WSN applications may differ enormously in implementation methods. The WSN developers may have to rewrite the code for each and every application. Along with the increasing demand to WSN applications, WSN developers may have heavier tasks of programming for these applications. Thanks to TinyOS and NesC, an operating system and programming language designed especially for WSN, raises the WSN application's programming to a higher level. Large number of supported sensor hardware plus system provided and user-de-fined libraries eases WSN application programmers' jobs. How-ever, the massive amount of nodes' communication and networking, and security protection slows down the development pace. A unified and empirical WSN application implementation platform is one of the available solutions to the problem. This paper introduces an empirical WSN application implementation platform, which avails the WSN developers build an application with unified code template and network packet generation and processing strategies.

Resource Management Approach to an Efficient Wireless Sensor Network

In order to reduce or avoid the coal mine accidents, this paper proposes the application of wireless sensor networks (WSN) in the coal mine safety intelligent monitoring system, and discusses the principle and advantages of wireless sensor networks. According to the current situation of low level of intellectualization in coal mine safety monitoring system and the existing problems, this paper proposes the designing proposal and the monitoring mechanism of the coal mine safety intelligent monitoring system, discusses the feasibility, the method and the way of the application of the wireless sensor networks in the coal mine safety intelligent monitoring system.

Developing Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) applications is not an easy task, since it demands different expertise and knowledge. To address this problem, we propose a model-driven approach to build WSN applications. It promotes the separation of concerns between two levels of requirements involved: (i) domain experts, with no knowledge on WSN platforms, contribute to the development of applications, (ii) network experts, with no knowledge on the application domain, program nodes to meet application requirements. Our approach also promotes the reuse of software artifacts: an application model can be reused on different sensor platforms and a platform model can be reused for different WSN applications.

We present a case study that considers the application of runtime verification technology to a wireless sensor application. The case study is performed using the SURGE TinyOS application for multi-hop routing, which executes on the Avrora TinyOS simulator. We discuss the problems we have encountered in the course of case study. The problems include unclear correctness properties for wireless network applications (indicating ad hoc development process) and inadequate tool support. A wireless sensor network usually comprises of a collection of tiny devices with built-in processors that can gather physical and environment information such as temperature, light, sound, etc., and communicate with one another over radio. Many wireless sensor network applications sit on top of an operating system called TinyOS and are mostly written in nesC, an extension of C that provides a component-based programming paradigm. Most of wireless sensor network applications are developed and tested on a simulator before they are deployed in the environment because testing and debugging directly on physical devices are very difficult, especially when the network consists of many nodes, and may not provide enough information for debugging. A simulator usually produces detailed execution information and can help find errors. However, even with the simulator and nesC, the current state of development tools for wireless sensor network still requires very low-level programming, which makes it hard for the developers to maintain a high-level view of the system operation. During the validation stage, lack of sophisticated debugging tools for sensor networks makes it difficult to make the connection between a high-level functional or performance requirement and a particular aspect of system implementation. This paper investigates a high-level approach to examine execution data from a simulator and analyze it using runtime verification. The technique 1) identifies and formally specifies high-level requirements for the system under development, 2) monitors a distributed wireless sensor network application using data provided by the simulator, and 3) checks for timing and dynamic properties to gain understanding of the relevant behaviors of wireless sensor nodes and to provide a systematic approach in finding bugs and errors. A particular runtime verification used inthis paper is MaC. MaC provides specification languages capable of expressing functional, timing, and probabilistic properties to specify requirements or patterns of errors. Properties can, for example, examine periodic behaviors or identify a faulty node. MaC then monitors and checks a wireless sensor network application against its specification by observing data produced by a simulator. The motivation for applying the monitoring and checking technique to check wireless sensor network applications is threefold: 1) raise the development level for wireless sensor network, 2) provide a mechanism for understanding high-level behaviors of the system in terms of low-level observation, and 3) provide a tool based on the acceptance of the state of the art development tool for sensor networks.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are spatially dispersed systems with self-configuring sensor nodes connected via a wireless medium. The applications of WSNs are growing exponentially regardless of their known shortcomings. The very first applications of WSNs were military and surveillance based and even now military applications form a major portion of WSN applications. Due to the aforementioned reason and the sensitive nature of the data collected by WSNs, security has become a prime concern. This paper is focused on various issues present in WSNs with a minor emphasis on security.

Wireless sensor networks consist of a large number of low-cost, low-power, and multifunctional sensor nodes that communicate over short distances through wireless links. Such sensor networks are ideal candidates for a wide range of applications such as monitoring of critical infrastructures, data acquisition in hazardous environments, industry control systems, vehicular networks, and military operations. Wireless sensor networks introduce new security challenges due to their dynamic topology, severe resource constraints, and absence of a trusted infrastructure. The purpose of this special issue is to publish high-quality research papers as well as review articles addressing recent advances of wireless sensor network security. In this special issue, we will explore the topic of security challenges and solutions for the wide application of wireless sensor networks in different areas, such as RFID and smart grid. RFID has been widely used in logistics and internet of things. Smart grid leverages sensor networks to better balance the load of the power grid. Both of them have great impact on the daily life and areweak points of thewhole economy,which attract the attention of terrorists. The feasible attacks and defense solutions are still not clear.The papers in this volume also cover several important foundational security services for wireless sensor networks, such as key management, key distribution, secure cluster formation, secure architecture for multihop communication, intrusion prediction, and secure localization. All these foundational security services are critical bases for application of wireless sensor networks. We hope that the papers in this volume engender further thinking about new security challenges for wireless sensor networks and even further “out-of-the-box” ideas about how to solve new security problems for wireless sensor networks.

The study introduced foreign and domestic situation of wireless sensor network technology in precision agriculture in detail. Applications of wireless sensor network are universal in foreign precision agriculture, however in its beginning stage in domestic agriculture. The function of domestic system based on wireless sensor network is usually positioning measurement and processing of agriculture elements, which does not meet final requirement of precision agriculture. The study designed a universal wireless sensor network for M2M combined intelligent communication technology and big agriculture machinery. The key technologies of wireless sensor network for M2M include development plan of ISA SP100.11a, spectrum technology based on DSSS, network technology based on net routing and low power radio frequency design, which can meet the real-time character, reliability, robustness and low energy consumption requirement of wireless communication in precision fruits. Moreover, the study presented several typical applications in precision fruits (including farming machine, water-saving irrigation machine and picking machine). With development of precision fruits in breadth and depth, integration application of wireless sensor network would have a widen prospect in the future.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consist of a large number of small, low data rate and inexpensive nodes that communicate in order to sense or control a physical phenomenon. The major difference between the WSN and the traditional wireless network is that sensors are very sensitive to energy consumption. Moreover, the performance of the sensor network applications highly depends on the lifetime of the network and we expect the lifetime of several months to several years. Thus, energy saving is crucial in designing long-lived wireless sensor networks. Many researchers have focused on developing energy efficient cluster based protocols for WSNs, but there has not been much research on event driven WSNs and, their focus is on continuous driven networks. In this paper, we propose a modified algorithm of Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol which is a well known energy efficient clustering algorithm for WSNs. Our modified protocol called “Adaptive and Energy Efficient Clustering Algorithm for Event-Driven Application in Wireless Sensor Networks (AEEC)” is aimed at prolonging the lifetime of a sensor network by balancing energy usage of the nodes. AEEC makes the nodes with more residual energy have more chances to be selected as cluster head. Also, we use elector nodes which take the responsibility of collecting energy information of the nearest sensor nodes and selecting the cluster head. We compared the performance of our AEEC algorithm with the LEACH protocol using simulations .

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), comprising of tiny nodes with limited energy, computational and communication resources, are being widely used in various application areas ranging from pollution and weather monitoring to military. Even though every application may not require data to be exchanged in a secure manner, few WSN applications may have certain security requirements. The data is encrypted by a sender and sent over the wireless links and the same is decrypted at the receiver. To meet this purpose, symmetric key cryptographic (SKC) algorithms may be used. Such SKC primitives require keys to be made available before carrying out the data transfer between the nodes. Alternately, Public Key Cryptographic techniques, such as RSA algorithm can be considered. Even though, RSA is a popular algorithm providing good security level, it is computationally intensive involving large key sizes. The RSA can not be used in WSNs, as the nodes have limited resources. Presently, it is infeasible to implement the RSA algorithm using any of the WSN nodes commercially available. Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC), another public key cryptographic (PKC) algorithm providing same level of security with smaller key size requirements, can be used as an alternative in order to provide security in WSN applications. ECC encryption and decryption use domain parameters, which includes the Generator point to be published. In most of the outdoor WSN applications, the deployment of the nodes is random and the nodes could be captured and an attacker could launch man-in-middle (MIM) attack, and break the public key thereby leading to security breach in the network. A technique to overcome such an attack is proposed in this work and the same is compared with two other similar approaches.

THE USE OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS IN AGRICULTUTE A TOOL FOR A SUSTAINABLE FOOD SUPPLY IN THE ARAB WORLD In this paper some ideas of how to apply the technological advancement of the wireless sensor networks (WSN) in agriculture as a tool for food security is discussed. This will include some examples where the technology can be applied, what changes can this technology brings to the traditional farming, which can help within the solution of the Arab World food security problems. This will help the region to develop and be part of the global strategy for the World food security. WSN features of having a low power consummation nature with different options of using different energy sources will make it as the just technology suitable in a remote and less or without infrastructural bases environment for many countries within the region. The applications of WSN which are suitable for the purpose will be discussed. Keywords: WSN, Food Security, Agriculture in Arab region, WSN Farmer Kits Tool, Energy Sources. Introduction Arabic countries are naturally rich, many countries within the region have a wide virgin land. But unfortunately some of these countries have been a focus in term of food shortages for long time which cause by many factors like land degradation, water crisis, land deals, climate change, agricultural disease, governing system, wars, population growth, land use change, living style change, high prices and lack of technology. As technology has rational parts in solving the most difficult problems for today's society, WSN can be applied in agriculture to reduce or solve this problem. Use of WSN in Agriculture as a solution As traditional farming is the lead in the region, people use their own human sense to perceive the surrounding to investigate the soil and predict the weather. But the remote sensing of the WSN as an activity of recording, observing, perceiving objects or events, wirelessly these happenings are processes and analyzed in a real time. The idea of applying this technology is to be adopted in different applications shortly can be said here. *Soil Investigation by using the specialized soil test sensor detectors to determine the fertility of soil nutrient deficiencies, elements like Nitrogen is very important for plants. *Weather Prediction by using a web data from WSN can be transmitted enabling a remote online interactive retrieval access, and then these data can be shared with the farmers. *Detection of ground water using WSN the level and the amount of sufficient water can be detected before planting. *Using the WSN the water and the area can be controlled during irrigation which will help in reducing the energy consumption. *Food storage system will be advanced by the use of WSN in knowing usage validity time and the space of storing. *Knowing where how and when to deliver what kind of product by using WSN will help in the logistical distribution of crops. *Farming Dissemination by using an integrated WSN tool kit messages can be disseminated.

Real-time Digital Signal Processing (DSP) applications in wireless sensor network are often multi-rate in nature. These multi rate attributes provide additional significant opportunities in network design for achieving higher energy efficiency, besides traditional approaches of saving energy. In this paper, we propose a novel multi rate sensor network scheme to take advantage of power scaling for saving energy consumption. It can be easily synthesized into existing wireless sensor network MAC protocols, providing multi rate service for upper layer, and achieving communication energy efficiency. By monitoring a desirable BER threshold as the critical system parameter, the quality of received multi-rate data is assured. Based on this BER and the corresponding modulation scheme, the SNR at receiver end can be derived. The transmission power can be supplied optimally according to this SNR and the channel attenuation between sender and receiver. This dynamic power scaling scheme can lead to optimal energy efficiency since it demands that only a necessary amount of communication energy be consumed for multi-rate DSP applications. Our simulation shows that this multi data rate scheme with dynamic power scaling achieves energy saving significantly

Error control coding improves reliability and efficiency of wireless communication systems. This research delves into the latest advancements in error control coding schemes for wireless communication systems, with a specific focus on their application within the domain of Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) such as Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) systems, LoRa energy-efficient hardware design, random access control systems, and wireless sensor networks. In the context of LPWANs, particularly NB-IoT systems, we investigate the adaptive coding and modulation (ACM) in NB-IoT systems, which adapts coding rates and modulation techniques to changing channel circumstances. Comprehensive analysis of the literature review shows that the proposed approaches are more energy efficient and less error-prone than fixed coding and modulation schemes. Using Cell Design Methodology (CDM), Single Error Correction (SEC) codes are optimized for energy efficiency. Power and energy efficiency have improved in standard CMOS and CDM logic systems. This impacts IoT devices, memory storage, and security systems. Next, Forward Error Correction (FEC) is examined for ALOHA-based random-access control systems wherein packet loss rate and spectral efficiency metrics are mathematically calculated. FEC is beneficial, especially when time and frequency synchronization diverge. Monte Carlo simulations studied in the literature shows that FEC improves satellite communication systems. This review establishes benefits of FEC, notably in satellite communications systems. In addition, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) error control techniques and network reliability and performance are examined along with Convolutional, Turbo, Low density parity check codes(LDPC), and Polar error correction coding (ECC) methods. We learn about their benefits, drawbacks, and implementation challenges by assessing their efficacy, efficiency, and applicability in wireless sensor networks (WSN) applications. This study further highlights advancements of energy-efficient error control coding when, integrated into network designs alongwith the trade-offs between efficacy and intricacy to help improve wireless communication networks. Finally, this study summarizes current error control coding approaches for wireless communication systems. We provide insights into improving reliability, energy conservation, and efficacy by examining ACM, CDM, FEC, and error correction coding (ECC) across varied domains including LPWAN and IoT technologies with earnest hope to facilitate researchers, engineers, and professionals working in the field of error control coding in wireless communication.

Wireless network of wearable biomedical sensors by human body shows great potential to enhance the biometrics performance significantly. Meanwhile, it poses prominent characteristics and challenges to physicians and engineers for its particular medical application as compared to other application of wireless sensor networks (WSN). Mobility pattern plays an important role in designing the wireless body sensor networks (WBSN) and will also affect the accuracy of modeling WBSN in health care application. Much of the mobility scenarios generated in current work of wireless body sensor networks has used fairly simple models to generate the mobile topological graph, which bear little resemblance to the actual mobility patterns. This paper is the first attempt to investigate the mobility model in WBSN based on the existing mobility models in wireless data networks and ad hoc networks. We first briefly review the existing mobility models in related research areas such as wireless ad hoc network and cellular networks. Further on, we propose a dedicated and more realistic mobility model named BAMM (Body Area Mobility Model) for wireless body sensor networks by concentrating on the unique characteristics of WBSN and finally study the effects of mobility on the performance of WBSN by simulation experiments.

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technology has the potential to have impact on many aspects of Precision Agriculture (PA). However, current WSN applications in Precision Agriculture all adopt the traditional client/sever model, data are sent from the source to the destination, because of hugeous data, high concurrency and strong signal interference in Precision Agriculture and the extremely limited sensor network resources, such client/sever model hampers WSN applications in Precision Agriculture.[ This paper presents a mobile-based agent of wireless sensor network model MAPA, MAPA avoids the large agricultural intermediate data transmission through migrating the computing to the resource source, and consequently it prolongs the sensor network lifetime and promotes the WSN applications in Precision Agriculture.