Monitors and concurrent Pascal

Concurrent Pascal as a simulation language

The programming language Concurrent Pascal can be used for the construction not only of small memory‐resident operating systems but also of moderate size swapping systems. If a few amendments are made to the kernel, it is possible to provide a virtual memory management as a part of the CPASCAL program. This approach was taken in the construction of a small time‐sharing system called MUSIC (Multi‐User System In Concurrent Pascal), the design of which is briefly sketched, along with some considerations about the language.

The paper describes a new programming language for structured programming of computer operating systems. It extends the sequential programming language Pascal with concurrent programming tools called processes and monitors. Section I explains these concepts informally by means of pictures illustrating a hierarchical design of a simple spooling system. Section II uses the same example to introduce the language notation. The main contribution of Concurrent Pascal is to extend the monitor concept with an explicit hierarchy Of access' rights to shared data structures that can be stated in the program text and checked by a compiler.

The concept of “protection” in programming languages refers to the ability to express directly in the language the desired access control relationships for all objects defined in the language. The use of such mechanisms as data types, scope, parameter passing mechanisms, routines as parameters, abstract data types, and capabilities in Pascal, Concurrent Pascal, Euclid, Clu, and Gypsy are explored via a simple example which embodies many protection problems. The usefulness of language defined and enforced protection mechanisms to the process of formal verification is discussed.

This is a description of the single-user operating system Solo written in the programming language Concurrent Pascal. It supports the development of Sequential and Concurrent Pascal programs for the PDP 11/45 computer. Input/output are handled by concurrent processes. Pascal programs can call one another recursively and pass arbitrary parameters among themselves. This makes it possible to use Pascal as a job control language. Solo is the first major example of a hierarchical concurrent program implemented in terms of abstract data types (classes, monitors and processes) with compile-time control of most access rights. It is described here from the user’s point of view as an introduction to another paper describing its internal structure.

Dear Editor, I read the review article ‘Principles of Physics in Surgery: The Laws of Flow Dynamics Physics for Surgeons—Part I’ by Srivastava et al. [1] in July–August 2009 issue, pages 182–187 with great interest. The authors have very well summarized the various laws of physics applicable to haemodynamics. I am a regular reader of the Indian Journal of Surgery, but the publication of this ‘Review Article’ raises certain issues, which I believe should be considered by the editorial board. The title of the article gives an impression as if the laws of physics cited are applicable only to surgery. On the contrary, the authors could have used the word ‘Medical Science’ rather than surgery, because these laws are applicable to haemodynamics with which all clinical specialties have to deal with and not only surgeons. The article is nothing but a summary of well-established facts and chapters published in various text books of physics and physiology. A look at the reference list clearly brings this to light: Of the 17 references, 11 are textbooks and 6 of these are from only two textbooks [2, 3]. I wish to bring forth the fact, that the laws and their applications summarized are taught to undergraduate (MBBS) medical students during their first year of graduation, and hence it is difficult to believe that surgeons are unaware of these basic principles and a review article is required. A review article should not be just a mere presentation of facts that are well documented. It’s hard to believe that a journal like Indian Journal of Surgery has published nothing more than textbook knowledge as a review article. This letter should be viewed as a healthy comment for the growth and betterment of Indian medical journals in general.

Objective: The world was confronted with an illness 'COVID-19', caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. This novel coronavirus is highly contagious and in just a few months has become a serious threat to human health all over the world. The mainstay in the management of corona viral infections has been supportive care, nutrition, and preventing secondary infections in the absence of any antiviral agent or vaccine. The best way of preventing COVID-19 infection is by enhancing an individual's body immunity. Hence the main objective of this study is to bring forward to the concept of immunity in Ayurveda for preventing COVID-19. Data Source: Different Ayurvedic samhitas and text books, modern medical books, research papers in different journals and internet sources were referred to understand the concept of ojas, immunity and COVID-19. Review Methods: To compile the available literatures on immunity and COVID-19. • To compile the importance of ojas and vyadhikshamatva. • To compile the importance of Ayurvedic concept of immunity in prevention of COVID-19. Results and Conclusion: The best way of preventing COVID-19 infection is by enhancing an individual's body immunity. Ojas is considered as responsible for Vyadhikshamatva (immunity). An adequate exposition of the concept of ojas concerning immunity is essential during this COVID-19 pandemic.

Goodbye <i>International Journal of Andrology</i>, welcome <i>Andrology</i>!

There is an ongoing discussion within the research field of mathematics education regarding the utilization of the history of mathematics within mathematics education. In this paper we consider problems that may emerge when the historical epistemology of mathematics is paralleled to students’ conceptual developments in mathematics. We problematize this attempt to link the two fields on the basis of Grattan-Guinness’ distinction between “history” and “heritage”. We argue that when parallelism claims are made, history and heritage are often mixed up, which is problematic since historical mathematical definitions must be interpreted in its proper historical context and conceptual framework. Furthermore, we argue that cultural and local ideas vary at different time periods, influencing conceptual developments in different directions regardless of whether historical or individual developments are considered, and thus it may be problematic to uncritically assume a platonic perspective. Also, we have to take into consideration that an average student of today and great mathematicians of the past are at different cognitive levels.

Current estimates of the contribution of education to economic growth have been questioned because they ignore the interaction of education with ability. Whether the neglect of ability differences in the analyses of the income-education relationship results in estimates that are too high was considered in an earlier paper by one of the authors (Griliches 1970), and a negative answer was conjectured. In this paper, we pursue this question a bit further, using a new and larger body of data. Unfortunately, a definitive answer to this question is hampered both by the vagueness and elasticity of "education" and "ability" as analytical concepts and by the lack of data on early (preschooling) intelligence. The data examined in this paper are based on a 1964 sample of U.S. military veterans. The variables measured include scores on a mental ability test, indicators of parental status, region of residence while growing up, school years completed before service, and school years completed during or after service. These have allowed us to inquire into the separate effects of parental background, intelligence, and schooling. The basic problem and analytical framework can be set out very simply. Let income be a linear function of education and ability, or, Y a + P1E + P(2G + u, where Y is income, E is education, G is ability,

Ayurveda is an ancient science, it helps to promote and preserve the fitness of a healthy individual and also provide the various treatment for the diseases. Environmental pollution is the major problem in the present situation. Pollution is a continuous process in which pollutants gets collected and stored, which later cause harm to the natural environmental constituents. This issue of pollution should be taken very seriously, as it harms the natural elements of earth such as air, water which are responsible for life on earth. The presence of these in undesirable quantity animals including human being and plants could not survive. Environmental pollution consist of mainly air water and soil pollution. Agadtantra (Ayurvedic toxicology) is the 6th branch of Ashtang Ayurved which deals with the poison i.e. its identification, types of poison from mineral, plant and animals as well as artificial poison and its treatment. The concept of environmental pollution had been described in the various text and classical books. In Ayurveda Acharyas had briefly describes the environmental health in Dincharya, Rutucharya and Janpadodhvansa. The review article is a primary approach to find out the solution for upcoming environmental pollution through ancient science.

Adaptations of children's texts occur because of assumptions that children lack the knowledge and experience of adults and have only a limited capacity to assimilate the unfamiliar and the foreign. Translators should be aware of the stylistic features and modes of address appropriate for different age groups. In recent decades translators have generally demonstrated a greater faith in children's ability to accommodate difference. Since the youngest children hear stories rather than read them, sound and rhythm play a vital role as they discover the power of language and narrative. Translators address the visual element when rendering captions to line drawings or vignettes, or attempting to preserve the intricate relationship between image and text in the modern picture book. Current developments in research into the translation of children's literature are interdisciplinary and aim to contribute to an understanding of theoretical issues, historical developments, and professional practice in the translation of children's books.

In 1981 Bangladesh celebrated its first decade of independence. This milestone was marked by a sharp increase in publications about the new nation. Authors are fascinated and not a little surprised that the “international basketcase” of 1971 has survived a vast array of economic, social, and political afflictions. The authors are also concerned about the continuing survival of Bangladesh. Current writing is concentrated on either its political history or problems of economic development and represents a major contribution to filling gaps in our knowledge of Bangladesh. Unfortunately, although most contemporary authors have limited experience in Bangladesh, they do have well-developed theoretical perspectives that guide their constructions of Bangladeshi reality. Current writing proffers Weberian, neoclassical economic, and Marxist interpretations of Bangladesh. Little fresh, in-depth, culturally sensitive, representative reporting of Bangladeshis' own interpretations of the present and aspirations for the future is being done. Academia is failing the majority of Bangladeshis by not taking seriously their ideas, aspirations, and abilities.

The word CRYOTHERAPY is a mixture of two words, “cryos” meaning “cold” and “therapeia” meaning “cure”. It widely used in the treatment of sports injury, strains, tendonitis, surgical extractions, periradicular surgeries etc. but now-a-days it is used in endodontics to treat post endodontic pain. This review article is aimed to summarise its historical development, importance, mechanism of action and uses in contemporary era with its limitations. A comprehensive data analysis was done using very popular data base “Google Scholar” only for the year 2024-25. After detailed inspection, conclusion can be drawn that cryotherapy is very beneficial, easy to apply, cost-effective, reduces usage of analgesics and antibiotics and enhances anaesthetic effect and healing response. Although cryotherapy application has some limitations but still it is gaining popularity amongst endodontists.

Invited Commentary: Role of the Radiologist in Pregnancy-associated Cancer.