Multipath Energy Efficient Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Network

Introduction: This article is the result of the research “Energy efficient routing protocols in wireless sensor network: Examine the impact of M-SEEC routing protocols on the lifetime of WSN with an energy efficient TABU optimization routing protocol”developed in the IKG, Punjab Technical University, India in 2019.Problem: The task of finding and maintaining routes in WSNs is non-trivialsince energy restrictions and sudden changes in node status cause frequent and unpredictable changes.Objective: The objective of this paper is to propose an energy efficient heterogeneous protocolwith the help of a hybrid meta-heuristic technique.Methodology: In the hybrid meta-heuristic technique, the shortest route has been selected and the data forwarded to the sink in a minimal time span,savingenergy and making the network more stable. To evaluate the technique, a new hybrid technique has been created where the data transmission is implemented from the beginning under MATLAB 2013a.Results: The proposed technique is better than the existing ones since the remaining energy in the network is increased by 62% compared to normal nodes in MSEEC, 65% compared to advanced nodes in MSEEC and 70% compared to super nodes in MSEEC. The network lifetime was also enhanced by 70.8% compared to MSEEC.Conclusion: The proposed protocol was found to be superior based on the average residual energy.This paper proposes an efficient routing mechanism towards the energy efficient network.Originality: Through this research, a novel version of MSEEC protocol is carried out using the TABU search mechanism to generate the functions of two neighbourhoods to detect the optimum path with the aim of maximizing the network lifetime in an area of 200×200m2.Limitations: The lack of other routing techniques falls under swarm intelligence.

Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) has mobile and battery operated nodes which can provide communication facility to users irrespective of any infrastructure and centralized control. It is a self-deployed and self-operated communication network having typical applications such as disaster relief, information exchange at conference or classroom and battle field communication etc. MANETs have many challenges such as limited battery power, lack of centralized control and security, the need for special routing protocols etc. Due to highly dynamic and dispersed nature of MANETs, routing becomes one of the important concerns in MANET. The network can get partitioned due to mobility and/or exhaustion of the nodes. Therefore, energy efficient routing is of great importance for the MANETs. This paper presents a simulation study of existing MANET routing protocols like AODV, DSR, and DSDV based on various metrics like packet delivery ratio (PDR), energy consumption, throughput, overheads, network lifetime and end to end delay to select a suitable protocol for further modification in order to improve the energy efficiency of the nodes. The simulation results show that the DSR protocol performs better than that of AODV and DSDV. Hence DSR protocol is modified based on an algorithm that considers the nodes' residual energy to extend the network lifetime. Implementation of modified protocol shows 22 % increase in the network lifetime and 13 % reduction in energy consumption.

In recent times, different routing protocols have been proposed in the Internet of Things enabled Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (IoT-UWSNs) to explore the underwater environment for different purposes, i.e., scientific and military purposes. However, high Energy Consumption (EC), End to End (E2E) delay, low Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and minimum network lifetime make the energy efficient communication a challenging task in Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN). The high E2E delay, EC and reliable data delivery are the critical issues, which play an important role to enhance the network throughput. So, this paper presents two energy efficient routing protocols namely: Shortest Path-Collision avoidance Based Energy Efficient Routing (SP-CBE2R) protocol and Improved-Collision avoidance Based Energy Efficient Routing (Im-CBE2R) protocol. At this end, both routing protocols minimize the probability of void hole occurrence and in return minimizes the EC and E2E delay. In both routing protocols, courier nodes are positioned at different strategic locations to keep the greedy forwarding continuous. The proposed routing protocols are also analyzed by varying the Packet Size (PS) and Data Rate (DR). Additionally, various simulations have been performed to authenticate the proposed routing protocols. Simulation results show that the proposed routing protocols outperform the baseline routing protocols in counterparts.

Energy is an important issue in MANET (Mobile Ad hoc Network). Nodes in network are working in presence of limited energy. So, energy efficient routing is needed for reducing energy consumption. Energy efficient routing schemes can greatly reduce energy consumption and extends the lifetime of the networks. Multipath routing protocol (AOMDV) having more than one path, if the first one is break then second provides the proper packet delivery, this causes reduced node energy consumption and the topology of MANETs always changes, due to the high mobility of nodes. This makes it more difficult to find the routes that message packets use when they are routed. The location based routing provides the location information of the destination to route a packet toward. This paper provides comparison and study on reduced energy consumption by using multipath protocol and performance which is evaluated by performance metrics in case of AOMDV and energy based AOMDV. Now here DREAM protocol is used with AOMDV to finding location of mobile nodes but not with energy but here measures their performance with both multipath protocols. I. INTRODUCTION A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a dynamic distributed system of mobile formed by means of multi-hop wireless communication without the use of any existing network infrastructure. MANET routing protocols can be classified into two classes. Proactive protocols, they requires the nodes to periodically exchange the table information to update the pre-determine routes between any pair of source destination nodes. Reactive protocols can establish routes only when they require. MANET routing protocols can be classified on the bases of the methods of delivery of data packets from source to destination. Single Path routing protocols learn routes and select a single best route to each destination. These protocols are incapable of load balancing traffic. Multi-path routing protocols learn routes and can select more than one path to a destination. These protocols are better for performing load balancing. This paper provides the comparison between results about Multipath routing in AOMDV (13), AOMDV with location and Energy with AOMDV.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are subject to node failures because of energy constraints, as well nodes can be added to or removed from the network upon application demands, resulting in unpredictable topology changes. Furthermore, due to limited transmission range of wireless sensor nodes, multiple hops are usually needed for a node to exchange information with other nodes or sink node(s). This makes the design of routing protocols in such networks a challenging task. In all proposed single path routing schemes a periodic low-rate flooding of data is required to recover from path failures, which causes consumption of scarce resources of the sensor node. Thus multipath routing schemes is an optimal alternative to maximize the network lifetime. Multipath routing schemes distribute the traffic across multiple paths instead of routing all the traffic along a single path, which spreads consumed energy evenly across the nodes within the network, potentially resulting in longer lifetimes. In this paper, we propose a robust and energy efficient multipath routing protocol (shortly abbreviated as REER). REER uses the residual energy, node available buffer size, and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) to predict the best next hop through the paths construction phase. REER examines two methods of traffic allocation; the first method uses a single path among the discovered paths to transfer the data message, when this path cost falls bellow a certain threshold, it then switches to the next alternative path. The second method is to split up the transmitted message into number of segments of equal size, add XOR-based error correction codes, and then transmit it across multiple paths simultaneously to increase the probability that an essential portion of the packet is received at the destination without incurring excessive delay. Through computer simulation, we evaluate and study the performance of our routing protocol and compare it with other protocols. Simulation results show that our protocol achieves more energy savings, lower average delay and higher packet delivery ratio than other protocols.

In recent years, with the increasing popularity of Internet technology and the advent of the 5G communication era, the applications related to mobile IoT have exploded, and wireless Ad Hoc network has received more and more attention. In traditional Ad Hoc networks, data are often transmitted between nodes in the form of "multi-hops", and the transmission range and available energy of nodes are limited. Thus, in Ad Hoc networks, a reliable and energy-efficient data transmission protocol is needed. In this paper, we studied the existing multipath routing protocols and proposed a multiple performances based routing protocol E <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> LR, ( residual Energy, Energy consumption, Loop, Routing protocol ) for the shortcomings of Ad Hoc networks. This protocol has the following improvements to the existing multi-path routing protocols: (1) In the route discovery process, depending on the energy level of the nodes, the nodes make three different decisions on the received RREQ packets: discard, randomly delayed forwarding, and immediate forwarding, to filter out the nodes with lower energy and thus improve the network performance. (2) When selecting available paths, try to select nodes whose lifetime are close to each other. This can reduce the number of interruptions in the transmission path and improve the stability of the transmission path during data transmission. (3) When transmitting data, multiple paths stored in the source node are recycled to transmit data, thus balancing the node energy. Simulation results show that the E2LR routing protocol can effectively reduce the frequency of route initiation, shorten the data transmission delay, reduce the packet loss rate in the network compared with existing multipath routing protocols.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) being special type of wireless communication networks, characterized via various specific features like Limited Memory, Energy, Less Processing power. In Wireless Sensor Networks, every sensor node actively participates in routing work by forwarding the packets from sender to receiver and the packet forwarding is entirely based on network topology. One of the most important issue surrounding WSNs is Energy Efficiency and Efficient Routing mechanism which should be dynamic and efficient enough to handle changing topologies. So, there is utmost need for optimization techniques which can lay the foundation of development of suitable routing protocol to attain energy efficiency and routing in sensor networks. Swarm Intelligence is one the most important technique which is highly considered for developing energy efficient routing protocols. Considering Swarm Intelligence, Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) technique is utilized to propose Energy Efficient protocol for WSN. In this paper, a Novel Energy Efficient Routing Protocol based on ACO for WSN is proposed i.e. IEEMARP (Improvised Energy Efficient Multipath Ant Based Routing Protocol). Hardcore testing of protocol proposed i.e. IEEMARP is done in different simulation scenarios using NS-2 simulator on varied parameters like Packet Delivery Ratio, Throughput, Routing Overhead, Energy Consumption and End-To-End Delay and performance is compared with other routing protocols like Basic ACO, DSDV, DSR, ACEAMR, Ant Chain, EMCBR and IACR. The results states that IEEMARP is almost 7 to 10 times better in different parameters. It has also been observed that IEEMARP routing protocol is also efficient in transmitting TCP packets.

Mobile Ad hoc networks(MANETs) are power constrained since nodes are operated with limited battery. A node not only sends it own packets but also packets of other nodes. However, the energy consumption during routing remains a key challenge. In this paper, we have proposed a multipath routing protocol which is referred here as energy efficient multipath routing (E2MR). The proposed approach uses a cost metric for path selection, which is a function of residual battery power and current traffic load at a node. Through extensive simulation, we have compared the proposed E2MR protocol with a few existing multipath routing protocols. From simulation results, it is observed that the proposed scheme has lower end-to-end delay, higher packet delivery ratio and higher residual energy level than other protocols.

Ad Hoc Routing with Distributed Ordered Sequences

Recent technological advances in communication sector have resulted in the development and improvement of wireless sensor networks consisting of low cost, low power and smaller multi-functional sensor units. Limited battery life of sensor nodes is one of the critical issues in wireless sensor networks. Energy dissipation for data transfer from nodes to base station is the crucial cause of energy depletion. A wide variety of routing protocols were introduced to increase the lifespan of the network and the most efficient scheme is clustering of nodes within the network that works on the principle of divide & conquer and data aggregation. This paper proposes an energy efficient routing protocol EEM-LEACH that discovers a multi-hop path with minimum communication cost from each node to the base station. If the communication cost for direct data transfer is minimum, nodes close to the base station can send data directly to the base station thereby preventing them from dying soon. Only nodes with maximum residual energy and minimum energy consumption can become cluster heads since each node's residual energy as well as average energy consumption is considered for the selection of cluster heads. No global information is needed because cluster formation and multi-hop path selection are distributed. As communication cost per packet is minimized and relay nodes have more residual energy, the network lifetime can be improved.

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are dynamic wireless networks that have no fixed infrastructures and do not require predefined configurations. In this infrastructure-less paradigm, nodes in addition of being hosts, they also act as relays and forward data packets for other nodes in the network. Due to limited resources in MANETs such as bandwidth and power, the performance of the routing protocol plays a significant role. A routing protocol in MATET should not introduce excessive control messages to the network in order to save network bandwidth and nodes power. In this paper, we propose a probabilistic approach based on Bayesian inference to enable efficient routing in MANETs. Nodes in the proposed approach utilize the broadcast nature of the wireless channel to observe the network topology by overhearing wireless transmissions at neighboring nodes in a distributed manner, and learn from these observations when taking packet forwarding decision on the IP network layer. Our simulation results show that our routing approach reduces the number of control message (routing overhead) by a ratio up to 20 % when the network size is 60 nodes, while maintaining similar average route establishment delay as compared to the ad-hoc on demand routing protocol.

Mobile ad hoc network-a revolutionary concept in itself, is a collection of wireless mobile nodes that are dynamically and arbitrarily located in a fashion that the interconnection between nodes are capable of changing in a continual basis. MANET has increasingly gained popularity, especially with the military and it is the aim and zeal of technology to upgrade its components and make them better and better. Mainly 4 or 5 types of conventional routing protocols of reactive, proactive or hybrid natures are used based on the requirements of the network. However power consumption in all these are rather high causing the transmission cost to increase. Thus, the quest for an energy efficient routing protocol in MANET to make its usage even better. In this paper we have tried to talk about newer energy efficient routing protocols. These take into consideration that in MANET, channel and energy capacity are scarce resources. Thus it is extremely important to enhance the lifetime of MANETs. Hence we have listed certain energy efficient protocols ideally suited for the current scenario.

The Mobile Ad-hoc network (MANET) uses the concept of Dynamic technology in the wireless network. The most important challenge in building of MANET is the power consumption by the nodes. According to the demand of present scenario different energy efficient routing protocol has come into existence that helps in increasing the life time of the battery. Emerging Trends in energy efficient routing protocols as the name suggest specify that many approaches like clustered, genetic algorithm and so on has came in existence that helps in increasing the network life time of energy efficient routing protocols. In this paper energy power aware routing (EPAR), energy power and life aware routing (EPLAR) and efficient power aware quality of service (QEPAR) protocols, Loose-virtual clustering Routing protocol for Power Heterogeneous named as (LRPH), Energy entropy Multipath Routing optimized algorithm based on Genetic Algorithm (EMRGA) are mentioned according to their Specifications. EPAR uses the Min-max formulation approach through which EPAR work more efficiently than AODV, DSR and DSDV. Another routing protocol known as EPLAR is more energy-efficient than EPAR due to its link stability. Also QEPAR works more efficiently than DSDV, DSR because its Quality of Service (QoS) is better than these existing protocols. Different routing protocols have different advantages over one another.

Power control algorithms for mobile ad hoc networks

In Mobile Ad-hoc networks (MANET), power conservation and utilization is an acute problem and has received significant attention from academics and industry in recent years. Nodes in MANET function on battery power, which is a rare and limited energy resource. Hence, its conservation and utilization should be done judiciously for the effective functioning of the network. In this paper, a novel protocol namely Energy Reduction Multipath Routing Protocol for MANET using Recoil Technique (AOMDV-ER) is proposed, which conserves the energy along with optimal network lifetime, routing overhead, packet delivery ratio and throughput. It performs better than any other AODV based algorithms, as in AOMDV-ER the nodes transmit packets to their destination smartly by using a varying recoil off time technique based on their geographical location. This concept reduces the number of transmissions, which results in the improvement of network lifetime. In addition, the local level route maintenance reduces the additional routing overhead. Lastly, the prediction based link lifetime of each node is estimated which helps in reducing the packet loss in the network. This protocol has three subparts: an optimal route discovery algorithm amalgamation with the residual energy and distance mechanism; a coordinated recoiled nodes algorithm which eliminates the number of transmissions in order to reduces the data redundancy, traffic redundant, routing overhead, end to end delay and enhance the network lifetime; and a last link reckoning and route maintenance algorithm to improve the packet delivery ratio and link stability in the network. The experimental results show that the AOMDV-ER protocol save at least 16% energy consumption, 12% reduction in routing overhead, significant achievement in network lifetime and packet delivery ratio than Ad hoc on demand multipath distance vector routing protocol (AOMDV), Ad hoc on demand multipath distance vector routing protocol life maximization (AOMR-LM) and Source routing-based multicast protocol (SRMP) algorithms. Hence, the AOMDV-ER algorithm performs better than these recently developed algorithms.