Multiple-valued regenerative CMOS logic circuits with high-impedance output state

Background: Multiple-Valued Logic (MVL) is the non-binary-valued system, in which more than two levels of information content are available, i.e., L>2. In modern technologies, the dual level binary logic circuits have normally been used. However, these suffer from several significant issues such as the interconnection considerations including the parasitics, area and power dissipation. The MVL circuits have been proved to be consisting of reduced circuitry and increased efficiency in terms of higher utilization of the circuit resources through multiple levels of voltage. Innumerable algorithms have been developed for designing such MVL circuits. Extended form is one of the algebraic techniques used in designing these MVL circuits. Voltage mode design has also been employed for constructing various types of MVL circuits. Novelty: This paper proposes a novel MVLTRANS inverter, designed using conventional CMOS and pass transistor logic based MVLPTL inverter. Binary to MVL Converter/Encoder and MVL to binary Decoder/Converter are also presented in the paper. In addition to the proposed decoder circuit, a 4-bit novel MVL Binary decoder circuit is also proposed. Tools Used: All these circuits are designed, implemented and verified using Cadence® Virtuoso tools using 180 nm technology library.

This study presents new low‐power multiple‐valued logic (MVL) circuits for nanoelectronics. These carbon nanotube field effect transistor (FET) (CNTFET)‐based MVL circuits are designed based on the unique characteristics of the CNTFET device such as the capability of setting the desired threshold voltages by adopting correct diameters for the nanotubes as well as the same carrier mobility for the P‐ and N‐type devices. These characteristics make CNTFETs very suitable for designing high‐performance multiple‐ V th circuits. The proposed MVL circuits are designed based on the conventional CMOS architecture and by utilising inherently binary gates. Moreover, each of the proposed CNTFET‐based ternary circuits includes all the possible types of ternary logic, that is, negative, positive and standard, in one structure. The method proposed in this study is a universal technique for designing MVL logic circuits with any arbitrary number of logic levels, without static power dissipation. The results of the simulations, conducted using Synopsys HSPICE with 32 nm‐CNTFET technology, demonstrate improvements in terms of power consumption, energy efficiency, robustness and specifically static power dissipation with respect to the other state‐of‐the‐art ternary and quaternary circuits.

Multiple-valued reversible logic is an emerging area in reversible and quantum logic circuit synthesis. Multiple-valued reversible logic circuits can potentially reduce the width of the reversible or quantum circuit which is a limitation in current quantum technology. In this paper we propose a method to synthesize the multiple-valued reversible sequential circuits. Implementations for ternary D and T flip flops and edge triggered D flip flop are proposed. Synthesis of generalized fanout circuit and generalized r-valued T flip flop are also presented.

Current-mode CMOS circuits are receiving increasing attention. Current-mode CMOS multiple-valued logic circuits are interesting and may have applications in digital signal processing and computing. In this paper we review several of the current-mode CMOS multiple-valued logic (MVL) circuits that we have studied over the past decade. These circuits include a simple current threshold comparator, current-mode MVL encoders and decoders, current-mode quaternary threshold logic full adders (QFAs), current-mode MVL latches, current-mode latched QFA circuits, and current-mode analog-to-quaternary converter circuits. Each of these circuits is presented and its performance described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Over the last few decades, CMOS-based digital circuits have been steadily developed. However, because of the power density limits, device scaling may soon come to an end, and new approaches for circuit designs are required. Multi-valued logic (MVL) is one of the new approaches, which increases the radix for computation to lower the complexity of the circuit. For the MVL implementation, ternary logic circuit designs have been proposed previously, though they could not show advantages over binary logic, because of unoptimized synthesis techniques. In this paper, we propose a methodology to design ternary gates by modeling pull-up and pull-down operations of the gates. Our proposed methodology makes it possible to synthesize ternary gates with a minimum number of transistors. From HSPICE simulation results, our ternary designs show significant power-delay product reductions; 49 % in the ternary full adder and 62 % in the ternary multiplier compared to the existing methodology. We have also compared the number of transistors in CMOS-based binary logic circuits and ternary device-based logic circuits.

Presents the concept of algebraic division for multilevel logic synthesis of multi-valued logic (MVL). At first, an MVL algebraic division procedure is developed based on a basic set of gates. By introducing two MVL Boolean properties: identical and complementary into the division operation, the procedure is further improved to be a mix-algebraic division procedure, which can obtain more efficient algebraic division to facilitate multilevel logic synthesis of MVL functions. Experimental results show that, in average, the multilevel implementation cost for an MVL function can have 30.1% cost saving over the two-level implementation, and the improved mix-algebraic division procedure can have 19.4% cost saving over the algebraic division procedure. >

The geometry dependant threshold voltage of carbon nanotube FETs (CNFETs), has been often used to design a ternary logic family. However , for the last couple of decades , multiple-valued logic (MVL) such as ternary (base=3) or quaternary (base=4) logic styles has attracted considerable attention. MVL circuits can reduce the number of operations necessary to implement a particular mathematical function and further, have an advantage in terms of reduced area. As we progress into an era of nanotechnology , molecular devices are becoming promising alternatives to the existing silicon technology. Carbon nanotube field effect transistors (CNFETs) are being extensively studied as possible successors to silicon MOSFETs. Research has started in the earnest to understand the device physics of CNFETs as well as to explore possible circuit applications. Implementable CNTFET circuits have operational characteristics to approach the advantage of using MVL in voltage mode. In this paper through using of CNTFET characteristics, we presented new CNTFET circuit design to implement optimum quaternary Galois field logic.

Software-Defined Networking (SDN) revolutionizes network management by decoupling control plane functionality from data plane devices, enabling the centralized control and programmability of network behavior. This paper uses the ternary system to improve the Central Processing Unit (CPU) inside the SDN controller to enhance network management. The Multiple-Valued Logic (MVL) circuit shows remarkable improvement compared to the binary circuit regarding the chip area, propagation delay, and energy consumption. Moreover, the Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistor (CNTFET) shows improvement compared to other transistor technologies regarding energy efficiency and circuit speed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that a ternary design has been applied inside the CPU of an SDN controller. Earlier studies focused on Ternary Content-Addressable Memory (TCAM) in SDN. This paper proposes a new 1-trit Ternary Full Adder (TFA) to decrease the propagation delay and the Power-Delay Product (PDP). The proposed design is compared to the latest 17 designs, including 15 designs that are 1-trit TFA CNTFET-based, 2-bit binary FA FinFET-based, and 2-bit binary FA CMOS-based, using the HSPICE simulator, to optimize the CPU utilization in SDN environments, thereby enhancing programmability. The results show the success of the proposed design in reducing the propagation delays by over 99% compared to the 2-bit binary FA CMOS-based design, over 78% compared to the 2-bit binary FA FinFET-based design, over 91% compared to the worst-case TFA, and over 49% compared to the best-case TFAs.

Multiple-valued logic (MVL) circuits are one of the most attractive applications of the monostable-to-multistable transition logic (MML), and they are on the basis of advanced circuits for communications. However, a proper design is not inherent to the usual MML circuit topologies. This paper analyses the case of an MML ternary inverter, and determines the relations that circuit representative parameters must verify to obtain a correct behaviour.

This paper presents the design of a multiple-valued current-mode (MVCM) logic circuit with a low supply voltage for high-speed arithmetic systems at low power dissipation. A multiple-valued differential logic circuit (DLC) is used as a basic component to make a signal-voltage swing small yet driving capability large. The use of DLC enables high-speed operations with reduced device and interconnection counts at low power dissipation.

Multiple valued logic (MVL) is sought for designing high complexity, highly compact, parallel digital circuits. However, the practical realization of an MVL-based system is dependent on optimization of cost, which directly affects the optical setup. We propose a minimization technique for MVL logic optimization based on graphical visualization, such as a Karnaugh map. The proposed method is utilized to solve signed-digit binary and trinary logic minimization problems. The usefulness of the minimization technique is demonstrated for the optical implementation of MVL circuits.

A novel complimentary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) single-electron transistor (SET) hybrid architecture, named SETMOS, is proposed, which offers Coulomb blockade oscillations and quasi-periodic negative differential resistance effects at much higher current level than the traditional SETs. The Coulomb blockade oscillation characteristics are exploited to realize the multiple valued (MV) literal gate and the periodic negative differential resistance behavior is utilized to implement capacitor-less multiple valued static random access memory (MV SRAM) cell. The SETMOS literal gate is then used to build up other MV logic building blocks, e.g., transmission gate, binary to MV logic encoder, and MV to binary logic decoder. Analytical SET model simulations are employed to verify the functionalities of the proposed MV logic and memory cells for quaternary logic systems. SETMOS MV architectures are found to be much faster and less temperature-sensitive than previously reported hybrid CMOS-SET based MV circuits.

If basic quaternary logic circuits with low‐power consumption are designed in a simple way, they will be useful for high‐density VLSI implementations utilizing the feature of multivalued logic. This paper proposes a new low‐power quaternary CMOS logic circuit, which can be fabricated by a multilevel ion implant technique. The basic circuits realize functions defined by “([A‐Z]+)” and “([A‐Z]+)” operators. The circuit has two features which have not been observed so far. One is that the threshold detection of a multilevel input voltage can easily be realized by a multilevel ion implant technique. The other is that the design can be extended to any multivalued logic circuits, preserving the low‐power property, since CMOS analog switches are used for multiplexing the multivalued signals. Through the discussion of the mathematical properties of the basic operators, any combinational logic circuit can be synthesized in a very simple and systematic way. Finally, examples of the network synthesis are shown, and the operations are verified by the electronic circuit analysis program SPICE2.

A novel quaternary D-flip-flop is proposed by using dynamic source-coupled logic (SCL) for high performance processing element in VLSI system. Its key components, the threshold detectors, are based on differential-pair circuit (DPC). The combination of multiple-valued source-coupled logic and differential-pair circuit makes it low power and more compact. The performance is evaluated by HSPICE simulation with 0.18μm CMOS technology. The power dissipation, transistor numbers and delay are reduced to 71 percent, 90 percent and 84 percent respectively in comparison with a corresponding CMOS implementation.

Enhancing high-speed digital systems: MVL circuit design with CNTFET and RRAM