先秦两汉诗歌山水审美意象的书写探究

There was a long debate on the question of the study of the Book of Songs. In that debate, there were two main theses. One of them was to revere the study in the Han Dynasty and to follow the point of Mao Heng and Cheng Hsuan then affirming the value of the foreword of the Book of Songs; other one was to revere the study in Sung Dynasty and to follow the point of Chu Hsi then refute the value of the foreword of the Book of Songs. Ku Tungkao was deeply worried about this situation. He comprehend all the theses then write Mao shih ting ku and Mao shih lei shih to the use of correcting the misunderstanding and inducting. These two books plated a carrying on and inspiring role in the study of Book of songs in the early Ching Dynasty. This paper was focused on the analysis of Ku’s study of the Book of Songs to investigate its characteristics, value and influence. There are six chapters in this paper. The first chapter is the introduction to expound the intention to research, the method of research and the commentary on the resent research. The second chapter is the investigation into two points. One is the growing of the study of the Book of songs; other one is the formation of the fashion of textual study. The study of the Book of songs was diversified by these two points. Then, the most important influence of the textual research of the Book of songs was caused by its scholium. This chapter is also the investigation into the importance of the study of things and systems in the early Ching Dynasty for it caused a deep influence of the academic approach in Ching Dynasty. The third chapter is about Ku’s brief biographical sketch, study, literary works, friends and teachers so that we can know more about him and his academic research. In this chapter, the second paragraph is about these two books, Mao shih ting ku and Mao shih lei shih. Through the versions and general form of these two books, I describe Ku’s intension to write; through the analysis of these two books, I understood Ku’s writing method. The forth chapter is about Ku’s explanation method to the Book of songs. It’s about how he quoted many words of others, checked everywhere to find the main point of the Book of songs. In this chapter, I investigated Ku’s point of view about the study of Book of songs in Mao shih ting ku. The fifth chapter is the investigation of Ku’s stubby of things and systems in Mao shih lei shih. He quoted many people’s words to find the true meaning of the Book of songs. His investigation was well-knit and with original discovery. The last chapter is the conclusion. This chapter is about Ku’s research result, academic achievement in the study of the Book of songs and contribution.

The origin of “tai ” (Chinese high-platform architecture) dated considerably early. Shiji (Historical Records) indicates the existence of “Lu tai” in Shang dynasty, and Shijing (Book of Songs) records the existence of “Ling tai” in Zhou dynasty, which shows us that we can trace it’s presence back at the time of the Three Generations. In the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring states period, there were a lot of tais, and during Qin-Han times, the continuous development of tai made it finally an important type of architectures in ancient China. However if we observe this “tai” before Han more closely, we could discover that the “Ling tai” of the Zhou dynasty differs from the later “Tai” during the Spring and Autumn period, there are changes of its inner quality and its function. Xong Yang, a poet in Han Dynasty, qualifies the “Ling tai” as a good building whereas the “Zhang-hua tai” in the period of the Spring and Autumn as bad. This article attempts not only to clarify some basic conceptions of “tai” architecture, but also, by using the example of “Ling tai “ and “Zhang-hua tai” as models, to contextualize the development of the Chinese high-platform architectures from pre-Qin to Han dynasty.

Confucianism plays an important role in modern Chinese culture. Research have found the suppression of women in Confucianism and the role of women in Chunqiu. However, there is still a lack of knowledge about the relationship between early Confucianism in Chunqiu and women. Therefore, this study focuses on an overall description of the expectations for women of early Confucianism by examining the primary sources, such as Biographies of Exemplary Women, Zuo Zhuan and The Book of Songs, as well as existing research. The study finds that women were expected to be chaste, obedient, intellectual and righteous for the benefit of their husbands or of their states, sharing a lower social status. These expectations differ from reality, in which these traits were not regarded as important. Confucianism promotes the customary separation between two genders, in pursuit of courtesy for the social order. As for the limitations, this research has not deliberately distinguished the difference of expectations from Confucianism in Chunqiu and Han dynasty, leaving a gap for future research.

Because Confucianism after the Han dynasty became characterized as sacred and quasi-religious, few have clearly pointed out the hidden power relations behind the working of Confucianism. This article investigates these hidden power relations and considers the process of how Confucianism contributed to the formation of the Han Empire's imperialist ideology.Although Confucianism has strong idealist characteristics, it has a pragmatic side. Previous Confucians have tended to extract new thought and meaning pertinent to their historical moment by reinterpreting the Confucian classics. If one examines this self-adjustment of Confucianism by viewing it as apostasy, it is not easy to uncover its specific features. If one reads the literature and traces how the theories have changed, it is also impossible to touch upon the problems not mentioned in the text itself. Therefore it is important to uncover the meanings by reading in between the lines to discover the problems not directly stated in the literature or pointed out by the author.This paper focuses on how Han Confucianism developed into the core of imperialist ideology and examines several aspects of this process. In particular, it explores the hidden power relations behind the seemingly dignified Confucian theories. For example, it will examine the interdependence and interplay between Confucian ideas, imperial rule, and Confucianists' interests. The key areas explored are:1. The establishment of an imperial system and the featuring of Confucian values. How Shu Suntong and Lu Jia's suggestions for governance, ”Qichaoyi” (institutional rules for the court of emperors) and ”Yishunshouzhi” (sustain reign by accommodating subjects), provided Confucians with many opportunities.2. How ”shi” (gentlemen) defined themselves and pursued group power before the rise of Confucianism. This section examines how the zaoshi class, shi class, and shijiao (The Confucian Principle of Cultivation through The Book of Poetry) was structured in Hanshi Waizhuan (The Outer Commentary to the Book of Songs by Master Han).3. The pursuit of the proper order of ceremonies and rites and the establishment of imperialist ideology. Investigates Jia Yi and Dong Zhongshu's accomplished missions.4. Further discussion of imperialist ideology. Explores how imperial power interfered with right to interpret Confucianism in Baihutong (Treatise on the politico-philosophical discussions in the White Tiger Hall) thought.5. System of rites reforms, study of Confucian classics and maintaining rule: investigates the implications of the rise and fall of Temple of Prefecture and Kingdom in Western Han Dynasty.The Confucian class gradually obtained more controlling power in political-society through their promotion of Confucianism as part of the imperialist ideology. Youshi (itinerant literati) became shidaifu (scholarly gentry), a class that ruled the country with the emperor, with the power to counterbalance imperial power. The Confucian class became a new cultural bourgeoisie. Although the Confucian ideal still existed, it became a force that the imperial court had to contend with, and its high-sounding theories were no longer so pure. Confucian theories had now become intertwined with maintenance of the imperial system and protecting the rights of the shi class. Therefore, these aspects cannot be overlooked when reading these Confucian theories.

The Book of Songs ()The Book of Songs, also Shijing or the Classic of Poetry, was the first poetry collection in China, originally known as Shi or Shi 300.It was honored as a classic text in the Western Han Dynasty and was also called one of the Five Classics, together with The Book of Documents, The Book of Rites, The Book of Changes, and The Spring and Autumn Annals.It became important material for later generations to understand early social forms and literary features of China.The Book of Songs, which consists of 305 chapters, originated between the early Western Zhou Dynasty and the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period.

The Book of Songs ()The Book of Songs, also Shijing or the Classic of Poetry, was the first poetry collection in China, originally known as Shi or Shi 300.It was honored as a classic text in the Western Han Dynasty and was also called one of the Five Classics, together with The Book of Documents, The Book of Rites, The Book of Changes, and The Spring and Autumn Annals.It became important material for later generations to understand early social forms and literary features of China.The Book of Songs, which consists of 305 chapters, originated between the early Western Zhou Dynasty and the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period.

This article presents a theoretical model based on a synthesis of psychological (the word psyche means soul) theories regarding components of the human spirit, human spirituality, and the development of spiritual well-being, with a focus on the relationship between stress and human spirituality. These components include an insightful relationship with both oneself and others, a strong personal value system, and a meaningful purpose in one's life. Additional aspects include a model for spiritual growth (seasons of the soul) and various aspects of one's life experience that hinder or promote greater spiritual growth. Based on this model, holistic nurses may integrate these concepts into their world view of holistic healing and include the health of the human spirit as a greater part of the holistic wellness paradigm.

I am grateful for the financial contributions provided by the Canadian Indigenous of Health Research (CIHR), Institute of Indigenous Peoples Health and Gender and Health, with First Nations Health Authority, the Canadian Nurses Foundation, and the University of Victoria.

Crop coefficients (Kc) are important for the development of irrigation schedules, but few studies on Kc focus on saline soils. To propose the growth-stage-specific Kc values for sunflowers in saline soils, a two-year micro-plot experiment was conducted in Yichang Experimental Station, Hetao Irrigation District. Four salinity levels including non-salinized (ECe = 3.4–4.1 dS·m–1), low (ECe = 5.5–8.2 dS·m–1), moderate (ECe = 12.1–14.5 dS·m–1), and high (ECe = 18.3–18.5 dS·m–1) levels were arranged in 12 micro-plots. Based on the soil moisture observations, Vensim software was used to establish and develop a physically-based water flow in the soil-plant system (WFSP) model. Observations in 2012 were used to calibrate the WFSP model and acceptable accuracy was obtained, especially for soil moisture simulation below 5 cm (R2 > 0.6). The locally-based Kc values (LKc) of sunflowers in saline soils were presented according to the WFSP calibration results. To be specific, LKc for initial stages (Kc1) could be expressed as a function of soil salinity (R2 = 0.86), while R2 of LKc for rapid growth (Kc2), middle (Kc3), and mature (Kc4) stages were 0.659, 1.156, and 0.324, respectively. The proposed LKc values were also evaluated by observations in 2013 and the R2 for initial, rapid growth, middle, and mature stages were 0.66, 0.68, 0.56 and 0.58, respectively. It is expected that the LKc would be of great value in irrigation management and provide precise water application values for salt-affected regions.

Although internet has brought great convenience for people's life, there are still some negative elements in internet culture, which influence college students' moral emotion construction. This paper puts forward how to use internet culture to build college students' moral emotions, in order to push the value of internet culture forward in a better way and to realize the shaping of college students' moral emotions.

Evapotranspiration (ET) is an important hydrological variable for better irrigation management, water budgeting, and runoff estimation which should be estimated as precisely as possible both in space and time. However, most of the available crop coefficient-based ET computation methods provide point-scale estimates which need upscaling to apply at the catchment or command area scale. This study evaluates the applicability of the simplified surface energy balance index (S-SEBI) method to compute the spatially distributed daily ET in the Kangsabati reservoir command in eastern India considering the crop coefficient-based coupled Hargreaves–Samani (ETc_HG) method as the benchmark. The study is based on two major crops of paddy and potato in the Rabi season of 2015 at 100 surveyed ground truth locations in the selected command area having different crop growth stages and using the site-specific Landsat 8 images on three cloud-free dates. The S-SEBI method shows improved ET estimates during the crop development stage characterized by higher canopy cover than that during the initial crop development stage with lesser canopy cover that traps less radiation. Results revealed that S-SEBI-based ET estimates correlated well with ETc_HG with r and RMSE value of 0.06 and 1.13 mm/day (initial stage), 0.71 and 0.52 mm/day (development stage) and 0.77 and 0.52 (maturity stage) for paddy. The r and RMSE value for potato is found to be better during the development stage (0.43, 0.69 mm/day) than the initial stage (0.17, 0.64 mm/day) in a similar trend with paddy. Therefore, the crop coefficient-based method could be advantageous at point-scale with adequate data availability conditions, whereas the S-SEBI method could be used in data-scarce areas to estimate the spatially distributed ET values.

Alison Hawthorne Deming's Zoologies: On Animals and the Human Spirit is a collection of essays on the general theme of the relationship between humanity and other animals. A fine example of anthrozoology literature, Deming's “bestiary for the twenty-first century” gives a good, broad overview of ideas to be covered within this interdisciplinary field (8). Treating subjects as disparate as lobsters, feral children, and rabbits on Mars, the book discusses the mundane to the outlandish at the categorical junction of humans and animals. The book goes further than many current anthrozoological works by covering radical conceptual terrain such as extinct species, animals and technology, mythical creatures and cryptozoology, and the very boundary—if it in fact exists—between the beautiful and the beastly. While such a hodgepodge, which includes several previously published works, may seem a bit disjointed to those hoping for a smooth and predictable storyline, I found myself always eagerly anticipating the next pithy yet poetic chapter. Moreover, Deming brings the relevance of many vignettes into clearer focus by including accounts from her own lived experiences. The author of Zoologies has been thinking about animals for a long time and in many different and interesting contexts, as is evidenced in selections such as “Dog Tags,” “Field Notes on Hands,” and “Vervet.” Such variety gives the reader a sense that, far from being fanciful fabrications, these essays are about the real and often unpredictable encounters—sometimes only mental, sometimes also physical—that so often characterize human–animal interactions.

The purpose of writing this article is to describe what added challenges people like us who are living with chronic pain are experiencing during the COVID-19 pandemic. We explore what this challenging time means to us and how it affects our lives, along with providing insight into our experiences. This is not a research study, but instead an article that shares perspectives from people with lived experience of chronic pain. Our narratives are presented to create an awareness of the plight for people already living with challenging health conditions and how the COVID-19 pandemic has added additional layers of vulnerability. While these stories offer brief accounts of some of the challenges we face, they also provide glimmers of hope that others with similar challenges can look to for inspiration. We also hope that our stories and reflections provide discussion points and perhaps even case studies for clinicians and policymakers who are working to strengthen clinical care and health systems for people with chronic conditions during pandemics such as COVID-19. Sharing our lived experiences with chronic pain during this global crisis may also spark critical conversations among all chronic pain stakeholders to ensure that we could continue to provide excellent care, strong self-management support and optimal health policy-making as this pandemic continues to unfold and for consideration for future health emergencies.

In the book The Enlightenment (Iluminarea), Father Iacob Ghergheluca teaches us how a spiritual man behaves. He is a model of love who practices the equality principle and loves all men. He is also s model of self acceptance who has discovered the presence of love within himself and offers it to the entire world. Enlightenment begins with self knowledge and it implies a metamorphosis of the creator consciousness that changes life experiences and life itself, as the consciousness is able to change the world. How to cite: Purcaru, A. R. (2017). Father's Teachings: The Ethical Conduct of The Spiritual Man; The Enlightenment. Logos Universality Mentality Education Novelty, Section: Philosophy and Humanistic Sciences, V (2), 52-59. https://doi.org/10.18662/lumenphs.2017.0502.06

This study aims to identify concepts and clinical indicators that evidence spiritual distress in patients. Integrative review was the method adopted for the development of the study. In the initial stage, 82 studies were found in the following databases PUBMED, COCHRANE, CINAHL, LILACS and North American Nursing Diagnosis Association Conference Proceedings and 18 were selected. The descriptors used were spirituality and nursing diagnosis in addition to the term spiritual distress. Literature review (38.9%) and articles with level of evidence IV (27.8%) were the predominant types of study. The analysis of the articles revealed that the identified concepts of spiritual distress presented common and related elements to the human being subjective and individual response to life experiences, which harm the human spiritual dimension. Defining spiritual distress is a complex task since it depends on the perspective of those evaluating it, limiting in this way, its generalization. However, knowledge regarding the constructs that guide the understanding of human spirituality can base the nursing care in its spiritual dimension, thus providing theoretical support for the diagnosis.