Nigerian Exceptionalism

Розглянуто особливості формування української національної ідентичності. Виявлено розмитість та амбівалентність національної ідентичності України на сучасному етапі її розвитку. Проаналізовано причини, що гальмують процеси завершення формування української нації. Обґрунтовано роль національної ідеї як чинника формування української національної ідентичності.

Author's Introduction Our article outlines the need to bring together the literatures on personal and cultural identity – which have thus far been disconnected from one another. As one develops a sense of personal identity (e.g., goals, values, and beliefs), does one also develop a sense of cultural identity (e.g., how the individual and the group are prioritized, as well as attachment to and affiliation with one's ethnic, cultural, and national group)? This question is becoming increasingly important as Western countries become more and more diverse and multicultural, and as the world becomes more and more international and global. Individuals of European descent in the United States, Canada, Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand, for example, are no longer insulated from other cultural streams. A generation ago, White Americans, for example, held dominion over the United States and over what ‘American culture’ was. With the advent of mass immigration of ethnic and cultural minorities, as well as globalizing technologies such as email, video conferencing, instant messaging, and virtual chatrooms, we are no longer insulated by our borders. Each of us is a citizen of the world, and this is becoming truer and truer over time. Thus, cultural identity and personal identity are increasingly likely to be related – and the ways in which they influence one another needs to be studied. How does my cultural position in my society (and in the world) influence who I am as a person? How do my cultural beliefs and worldviews influence my personal goals, values, and beliefs? Author Recommends Côté, James E., and Levine, Charles G. (2002). Identity formation, agency and culture: A social psychological synthesis . Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. This book discusses personal identity within the context of culture, and it clearly sets the stage for a discussion of how personal identity is affected by cultural processes. Arnett, Jeffrey Jensen. (2002). The psychology of globalization. American Psychologist , 57 , 774–783. This article discusses the ways in which globalization affects the personal and cultural identities of people around the world. In particular, the article stresses that individuals will be exposed to various cultural streams even if they never leave their countries of origin and do not come into direct contact with people from other parts of the world. The mass exportation of Western television programs, music, dress styles, fashion, and beliefs is leading people to ‘acculturate’ to Western values and behaviors. Bosma, Harke A., and Kunnen, E. Saskia. (2001). Determinants and mechanisms in ego identity development: A review and synthesis. Developmental Review , 21 , 39–66. This article reviews the ways in which personal identity is developed in ‘individualist’ and ‘collectivist’ contexts. In more individualistic contexts, personal identity is developed through active exploration of different alternatives, commitment to one or more of these, and an in‐depth evaluation of the commitment that has been made. In more collectivistic contexts, personal identity is developed through identification with the goals, values, and beliefs of significant others. This article was one of the first to address personal identity more broadly than through a Western lens. Matsumoto, David. (2003). The discrepancy between consensual‐level culture and individual‐level culture. Culture and Psychology , 9 , 89–95. This article argues that individualism and collectivism (and related constructs such as independence and interdependence) operate differently at the between‐individual level than at the between‐culture level. When studying the interface between personal identity and cultural identity, only individual‐level conceptions of cultural identity should be used. National‐level differences in cultural identity constructs tend to be fairly small – suggesting that most of the differences are between individual people. Schwartz, Seth J., Luyckx, Koen, and Vignoles, Vivian L. (editors, forthcoming). Handbook of identity theory and research . New York, NY: Springer. This forthcoming handbook will consist of state‐of‐the‐art summaries and reviews from some of the leading identity scholars in the world. Chapters will focus on many different domains of identity, including personal and cultural identity but also including national, religious/spiritual, sexual, gender, social, and vocational identity. The book will be an important resource both for students and for professors interested in the field of identity. Sample Syllabus Please add all or a portion of a syllabus that might adopt your article and present it in a broader context to the classroom. Eg. Topics for Lecture & Discussion Week 1 – Overview (What is Identity) Cote, James E. 1996. Sociological perspectives on identity formation: The culture‐identity link and identity capital. Journal of Adolescence . 19: 417–428. A framework for understanding identity formation in an interdisciplinary fashion by addressing the relationship between culture and identity. Grotevant, Harold D. 1987. Toward a process model of identity formation. Journal of Adolescent Research . 2: 203–222. Proposes a model for conceptualizing identity formation that is developmental, contextual and life‐span in scope. Four major components are as follows: individual characteristics, contexts of development, identity process in specific domains, and interdependencies among the identity domains. Weeks 2–4 Neo‐Eriksonian Identity Perspectives (Identity Status, Identity Style, Et Cetera) Berzonsky, Michael D. 1989. Identity style: Conceptualization and measurement. Journal of Adolescent Research . 4: 268–282. A conceptualization of three styles of personal problem solving and decision making – and information orientation that actively seeks and evaluates information, a normative orientation that focuses on internalized conventions, and a diffuse orientation that avoids action until affective cues dictate behavioral reactions. This study measures a validity of a self‐report measure of these styles. Meeus, Wim. 1996. Toward a psychosocial analysis of adolescent identity: An evaluation of the epigenetic theory (Erikson) and the identity status model (Marcia). Hurrelmann, Klaus (Ed.); Hamilton, Stephen F (Ed). (1996). Social problems and social contexts in adolescence: Perspectives across boundaries . (pp. 83–104). xiv, 299 pp. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter. This chapter discusses Erikson's identity theory and Marcia's identity status model, with application to adolescent identity. The author evaluates their empirical validity. Weeks 5–7 Social Identity Perspectives Worchel, Stephen; Morales, J. Francisco; Paez, Dario; Deschamps, Jean‐Claude (Eds.). 1998. Social identity: International perspectives. Social identity: International perspectives. xix, 263 pp. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. This books brings together the latest empirical and theoretical findings in the field of

Teaching and Learning Guide for: Framing Latina/o Immigration, Education, and Activism

This article discusses the structure of all-Russian national identity and the role of ethnocultural competence in its formation. The author analyzes the regulations that govern the state national policy of Russia, and the results of scientific research in the field of interethnic relations and the construction of identities. The multiculturalism of Russian society, which has developed as a result of the country’s historical development, requires citizens to be able to build a peaceful and constructive interethnic dialogue. Along with this, the state faced the task of consolidating the ethnic communities living in Russia into a single nation. Ethnocultural competence in this article is seen as a set of personal qualities that allow a person to establish successful interethnic communication. It can contribute to the solution of this task, if considered as a necessary condition for the formation of an all-Russian national identity and, therefore, one of the important focuses of the educational system. References Artemenko, O.I. 2006. Formirovanie identichnostey v mnogonatsionalnom rossiyskom obschestve: rol shkolnogo obrazovaniya [The formation of identities in multinational Russian society: the role of school education]. Vestnik rossiyskoy natsii, 3 (48): 24–41. Danilyuk, A.Ya., A.M. Kondakov, and V.A. Tishkov. 2009. Kontseptsiya duhovno-nravstvennogo razvitiya i vospitaniya lichnosti grazhdanina Rossii [The concept of spiritual and moral development and education of the personality of a citizen of Russia]. Moscow: Prosveschenie. Kuzmin, M.N. 1998. Polietnichnost rossiyskogo obschestva i zadachi sistemyi obrazovaniya kak instrumenta modernizatsii Rossii [The multi-ethnicity of Russian society and the tasks of the education system as a tool for modernizing Russia]. Moscow: INPO. Poshtareva, T.V. 2007. Formirovanie etnokulturnoy kompetentnosti uchaschihsya v polietnicheskoy obrazovatelnoy srede [Formation of ethnocultural competence of students in a multi-ethnic educational environment]. PhD diss., Drobizheva, L.M. 2009. Rossiyskaya identichnost v Moskve i regionah [Russian identity in Moscow and the regions]. Moscow: Institut sotsiologii RAN; MAKS Press. Tishkov, V.A. 2010. Rossiyskiy narod: kn. Dlya uchitelya [Russian people: a book for the teacher]. Moscow: Prosveschenie.

The Racial Horizon of Utopia: Unthinking the Future of Race in Late Twentieth-Century American Utopian Novels

The purpose of the article is to analyse the role and place of cinema in the formation and strengthening of modern Ukrainian identity; to study the main trends observed in the development of contemporary Ukrainian cinema in the direction of state-building and geopolitical processes, in particular in the context of the war that Russia unleashed against Ukraine in 2022; to examine the shortcomings that negatively affect the quality and perception of Ukrainian cinema in Ukraine and the world. Research methodology. To achieve the set goals and solve the tasks, the researchers used such diverse approaches and methods as analysis (to study contemporary popular films) and synthesis (to identify trends in the development of Ukrainian cinema), historical method (to clarify the historical realities of Ukraine’s development), literary analysis (to study literary sources that highlight identity in cinema). Scientific novelty. For the first time, contemporary Ukrainian cinema is analysed in terms of trends in the formation of national identity through feature films. The main components of Ukrainian national identity are identified: awareness of cultural heritage, understanding of one’s role in the collective identity, and active consumption of cultural and information space, including cinema. The role and place of cinema in the formation and strengthening of modern Ukrainian identity are analysed. Conclusions. It is determined that the formation of Ukrainian national identity is conditioned by history, language, culture, religion, territory, traditions, politics and education. The article has analysed the Ukrainian cinema space and found that there is a tendency to rethink classical works and appeal to Ukrainian culture as a means of forming national identity, as well as to cover the topic of war and heroic events in the history of Ukraine, which contributes to the self-identification of Ukrainians as courageous fighters for freedom and independence. The study also has identified shortcomings, such as the use of “trouser culture”, acting unprofessionalism and instability of cinematic development, which negatively affect the quality and perception of Ukrainian cinema.

Background. The current problem of modern science and philosophy is the formation of national identity, considering the transformation of the value system in the context of deglobalization. An attempt has been made to identify the factors determining the future position of Russia in the emerging multipolar world. Materials and methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study is the work of foreign and Russian authors devoted to the issues of globalization and deglobali-zation; information society; mediatization and networking; national identity; value orientations and life strategies. The use of the systematic, as well as a structural and functional approach enables comprehensively examining the problem of the formation of national identity with regard to the value transformations, taking into account the interconnection and interdependence of factors influencing the change in the structure of values of the Russians, including young people. In addition, the interdisciplinary approach allows including, along with philosophical concepts and categories, concepts of economics, political science, cultural studies, etc. Results. The author finds that deglobalization is a megatrend today that testifies to the changes in global development. Despite the differences in approaches to assessing the process of deglobalization, it is obvious that nowadays the processes of disintegration have affected almost all spheres of life. There is a fundamental shift in the global community towards a decentralized economic model that allows all countries to focus on their own interests and values. A mood of deep doubt has arisen in the social space regarding the flawlessness of the prospects for globalization. The threats and risks that lead to a deterioration of the position of the country in the global space are identified; the existing disadvantages that prevent the consolidation of various groups of the Russian population are outlined. The external factors that determine possible advantages and strengths, which may create favorable conditions for the formation of national identity, are determined. Conclusions. The analysis of historical, philosophical, scientific, theoretical and methodological sources shows the improvement of the social, economic and political climate in Russia. Favorable prerequisites for the formation of national identity as a condition of national security have developed in the public consciousness. Further promotion of Russian national interests in the international arena and awareness of national identity is a demonstration of the modern trend of deglobalization and therefore, despite fears and concerns of an isolationist nature, all this will contribute to strengthening national and societal security, as well as the successful development of the country, which coincides with the expectations of almost all segments of the population.

Cinema has been for many diasporic communities the privileged site of self-representation and sometimes of idealistic (re)construction of homeland. Over the past thirty years, Palestinian cinema has constituted a site for negotiation and circulation of values and behaviors that have contributed to the creation and perpetuation of Palestinian cultural and national identity against the systematic denial of such an identity by the Israeli occupier. I argue that the formation of a Palestinian identity has been and remains a continuous vital process rather than a final preshaped construct. However, the performative act of cultural identification has been more successful than the building of a national Palestinian state. Photography as well as cinema—fiction and documentary—has succeeded in establishing a recognizable cultural identity of the Palestinian people, while other discourses (political, ethnic, and religious) seem to have failed to achieve this goal. Diaspora becomes in this perspective a vehicle of change and a territory from which other forms of resistance emerge, including resistance to and critical dissociation from self-indulgent archaic value systems associated with ethnic, social, and historical identifications. I analyze in this essay Palestinian-Belgian filmmaker Michel Khleifi's documentary and feature films as sites of a diasporic reconstruction of identity. I then focus on iconic representations of the face (the portrait and the close-up) and the landscape (the panoramic establishing shots), arguing that photographers and filmmakers alike have made extensive use of the face and the landscape in order to authenticate the Palestinian reality and fetishize—through remembrance and material replacements—the lost land of Palestine.

After the Cold War era and globalization, the fall and division of some federal states also leaded to the need for redefining the relations between state and nation and citizen in the context of national cultureand subculture. It draws the attentions of the researchers with the rise of ethnic separatist nationalism, racism, xenophobia in the national, regional and global politics of post-national terms. It is a systemic change from the macro national state order into more non-state micro level actors as sub-national groups in the international system. Thus, new regimes and orders favor full liberalizations, politics, economics, democracy and human rights. Nowadays, Turkey tries to rewrite its constitution so as to deepen its democratic structure with the help of socio-political dynamics in post-election process. It will be designed as a social contract with the relations of state-society and individuals within the framework of universal democratic standards rather than ethnic, ideological, religious, gender exclusions. Our purpose in this article, to reconsider alternatives and discuss the various types of nationalist ideologies, ethnic versus civic nationalism, during the early Republican period after the Ottoman Legacy and the Millet system. Having expressing the political, social, cultural context of the terms (Turanism, Panturkism, Misak-i Milli) we have mentioned about national building process. At last, we elaborated the formation of new state identity, secular state and society, nationhood, citizenship, nationality and perceptions of the Turkish nation state model: one nation, one state, one language, one flag…

The article focuses on the impact of transformations in exhibition spaces on the formation of national cultural identity in Ukrainian society during the Russian-Ukrainian war. The research methodology is based on a systematic approach used to highlight the peculiarities of the formation of the exhibition and exposition space of Ukraine in the period from 2014 to 2024. Among the main methods used are the method of definitional analysis to analyze the concept of national and cultural identity, the method of source research and the method of comparative analysis to compare the state of the exhibition and exhibition space of Ukraine in the specified period. The scientific novelty is that it deepens the understanding that the transformations of the Ukrainian exhibition space in 2014-2024 caused by the Russian-Ukrainian war are becoming an important factor in the formation of national and cultural identity by promoting national unity and identification of Ukrainians with a particular nation. Conclusions. At the present stage, it can be stated that the transformations of the Ukrainian exhibition space in 2014-2024 have a significant impact on the formation of national and cultural identity. The consolidation of Ukrainians during the Russian-Ukrainian war is largely reflected in the works of artists who, despite wartime, actively present their work, which reflects the national culture of Ukrainians and the consequences of Russia's destruction of our country's cultural values. The themes of the Revolution of Dignity, Russian aggression, occupation of Crimea, events in Donbas and the full-scale invasion have gained particular importance in the cultural sphere and are now widely covered at art exhibitions, where visitors have the opportunity to feel their belonging to the Ukrainian nation through familiarization with the national culture and understanding the importance of preserving it during the Russian-Ukrainian war. Keywords: culture, national and cultural identity, exhibition space, personality, Ukrainian art, values.

The purpose of the article is to analyse the main aspects in the evolution of theatrical culture in Ukraine in the context of the formation and preservation of national identity. The research methodology is based on a combination of different approaches, including historical, sociocultural and artistic analysis of theatrical events and their interaction with political, sociocultural and economic factors. The historical approach enabled the author to trace the main stages of the development of theatrical culture in Ukraine, in particular the influence of political and social conditions on the formation of the national theatre. The artistic analysis enabled focusing on the aesthetic aspects of theatrical creativity, and the socio-cultural approach – to investigate the relationship between the theatre and society. Scientific novelty. The study is groundbreaking in its analysis of the impact of contemporary events, such as Euromaidan 2014 and the full-scale invasion of 2022, on Ukrainian theatre culture, as well as exploring the process of de-Russification in theatre. In addition, the article emphasises the role of individual artists and the development of modern drama, which underlines the theme of war and national identity. Conclusions. The process of formation of national identity in Ukraine in the context of historical events and cultural transformations was highlighted. Despite the various prohibitions of the desire to destroy national identity, the activities of outstanding national figures, in particular theatre figures, have always popularised Ukrainian culture. A promising direction in the development of theatre culture is to take into account all mental and ideological differences within the framework of Ukrainian values, since every Ukrainian is currently rethinking the question of their identity. The evolution of Ukrainian theatrical culture is an integral part of the process of formation and preservation of national identity. The theatre itself is an important tool of socio-cultural development, which helps Ukrainian society to realise its uniqueness and preserve its cultural heritage.

The article examines the relevance of historical memory research as a key factor in the formation of national identity and an instrument of state policy. At the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century, the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, in particular Bulgaria, faced the need to develop a balanced historical policy amid transformational processes. This study aims to identify and summarise the main political practices that shaped social consciousness in the post-communist period.The article analyses the influence of political elites on the formation of historical memory policy in Bulgaria in the context of the post-communist transformation of society. The goal is to identify and generalise the main dimensions of memory policy and political practices, and to determine their influence on the formation of historical consciousness and the national idea in the context of post-socialist changes. Special attention is paid to comparing Bulgaria’s experience with Ukrainian realities, which is relevant in the context of modern hybrid warfare and the fight against historical myths.The study is based on the analysis of historical, political, and social aspects of memory policy-making. Approaches are used that allow studying commemorative strategies, in particular regarding decommunization, revising the content of textbooks, and constructing a new national pantheon of heroes. The analysis includes the study of legislative initiatives (such as laws on the criminal nature of the communist regime and the decommunization of science), the activities of institutions (such as the Commission for the Opening of Documents and the Institute of National Remembrance), and public discussions.The influence of external factors, such as Russian information propaganda, is also taken into account. The study uses a comparative approach, comparing the Bulgarian experience with Ukrainian realities.For the first time, the influence of political elites on the politics of memory in Bulgaria after the fall of the communist regime was systematically analysed, focusing on the mechanisms and practices of decommunization, the revision of historical narratives, and the formation of a new national identity. It has been proven that these processes were not always straightforward, as society showed an ambiguous attitude towards the communist past, combining its criticism with a certain nostalgia for the past. It is studied how the politics of memory is used as a tool to ensure social unity and counter external threats. The role of historical myths in the formation of the «image of the enemy» and the manipulation of public opinion is revealed.An effective public policy of memory is an important tool for ensuring social unity and consolidation, contributing to the formation of a Bulgarian-centric national identity. Although the process of decommunization in Bulgaria was slow, it included important legislative steps, such as the recognition of the criminal nature of the communist regime. Political elites oriented towards European values played a key role in abandoning the socialist past and regaining power. At the same time, the existence of a pro-Russian political bloc indicates the use of historical memory to destabilise the country. The experience of Bulgaria shows that the revision of textbooks, the creation of a pantheon of heroes, and the fight against historical myths are key elements in the formation of a new historical consciousness.

Although literature on immigrants’ ethnic and racial identity formation has generally assumed the dominance of host-country schemas about race and ethnicity, recent scholarship argues that immigrants bring ideas of race and ethnicity from the home context that they assert in relation to host-country labels. In this paper, I ask, how do ethnic minority and majority immigrants from the same country of origin relate to host-country understandings of their national-origin group? I rely on 40 interviews with immigrants from Myanmar who bring diverse home-country ethnic identities that they must reconcile with the homogenising ethno-national label of ‘Burmese’. I find that most ethnic minority individuals contested the ethno-national label of ‘Burmese’; most ethnic majority individuals assumed it; and some ethnic minority and majority individuals constructed a more inclusive pan-ethnic national identity. Immigrants’ varied identity pathways were associated with mechanisms, including the extent and type of inter-ethnic interactions with co-nationals, and events in the home context. How immigrants relate to ethno-national labels is a process to be interrogated in other immigrant populations because it reveals how nation-building in the home context shapes immigrants’ identity formation, social networks and socioeconomic incorporation in the host context.

Reviewed by: Thomas: “Becoming Japanese”: Colonial Taiwan and the Politics of Identity Formation Julia Adeney Thomas Thomas: “Becoming Japanese”: Colonial Taiwan and the Politics of Identity Formation. By Leo T. S. Ching. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2001. English-language books on Japan’s colonial adventures are remarkably scarce, particularly considering the extent of the Japanese empire. By the end of the Meiji period (1868–1912), Japan had garnered a necklace of dependencies beginning with Hokkaido and Okinawa (areas now considered part of Japan proper) and extending to Taiwan in 1895 and Korea in 1905. By the 1930s and early ‘40s, large swathes of Asia were under Japanese control. After the 1945 defeat, however, Japan’s colonial empire vanished almost overnight, not just in fact but in public consciousness as postwar policies and scholarship focused instead on domestic development and relations with “the West.” Recently, however, scholars such as Brett Walker, Michael Molasky, Louise Young, Joshua Fogel, Mark Peattie, and the contributors to Thomas Lahusen’s essay collection have begun to place Japan in the context of global imperialism. We are beginning to understand the impetus and mechanisms of Japanese expansion, the response of the peoples who came under its control, and the legacies of those engagements, but there is still much to learn. For this reason, a book on Taiwan is warmly welcomed. In Becoming “Japanese”, Leo Ching’s focus is the “cultural dimension of Japanese colonialism and its legacy…”(10), rather than the structure or history of Taiwan’s economic, political, and military domination. Given the variety of peoples ranging from hill tribe aboriginals to mainland Chinese immigrants, from Japanese colonial administrators at home on Taiwan for fifty years to recent arrivals, no place could offer a richer arena for investigating the issue of cultural identity. We might expect this study to shed light on how various groups on Taiwan perceived themselves before falling under Japan’s jurisdiction, on how that self-perception changed through the dialectic of colonial identity formation, on the motives and instruments of those who articulated visions of “Taiwaneseness,” “Japaneseness,” “Chineseness,” or various hybrid identities, and on the political advantage to be gained through each articulation. It is disheartening then to read at the outset that this study intends to ignore “intra-ethnic divisions within the Taiwanese identity formation” and the “diverse groupings among Taiwanese aboriginals.”(12) Even more curious is the unexplained decision to ignore the period between 1895 and the 1920s, the first half of Japan’s rule. If we don’t understand the diversity of subject positions on Taiwan or the activities and ideas of the initial decades of colonization, how can we understand the effects of Japanese dominion, effects which, as Ching says, persist to this day? The book gets off to a slow start. Ching is concerned in Chapter 1 to bolster his study through reference to contemporary theory. He contends that national identities were formed through the engagement between colonizer and colonized, and that the dynamic between colonized and colonizer was more complex than a simple victim-aggressor model would suggest. More broadly, Ching announces that modernity was not the result of colonization, but, rather, that colonization was part of modernity. None of these positions will strike the readers of this journal as particularly original, nor are they expressed with fresh rhetorical force. One longs to get to the textures and tensions of Taiwan’s particular case, but this engagement is still some chapters off. In Chapter 2 on the “political movements in colonial Taiwan,” Ching tells us that it is “not my intention to provide a comprehensive account of the various developments and transformations of the political movements in colonial Taiwan.” (54) Indeed, he describes only one party at any length. Similarly, in Chapter 3, purportedly on assimilation (dooka) and “imperialization” (koominka), Ching states that his goal “is not to conduct a comprehensive and scrupulous analysis of dooka as manifested in specific social and cultural policies, nor do I intend to describe all the shifts and changes within Japanese thinking on dooka as a whole.” (97) Without scrupulous analysis of assimilation policies he dates to the 1920s, it is difficult to grasp the full...

The objective of this research was get an idea of a comprehensive and holistic understanding on the implementation and functions ofbaghandu song of the community of Siak Hulu Kampar regency in the implementation of IPS in elementary education. This research used Qualitative method. Data was collected by observation, interview and documentation. It used snowball sampling. The subjects were the elders of suku Pandan, the humanists who work at Melayu traditional organization at Siak hulu Kampar regency, Rebana groups and teachers who teach at elementary school of Desa Kubang Jaya of Siak hulu Kampar regency. The research finding showed that (1) implementation of community singing baghandu Siak Hulu Kampar regency was originally done by mothers who euthanize the children, singing bagandu also be held on the aqiqah (2) the function of Baghandu songs are: (a) for the moral formation (b) for educational transformation (c) for identity formation (d) as a bastion of the influx of foreign cultures (3) the application of Baghandu songs: (a) the means for national identity formation (b) increasing the quality of history and social sciences or learning resources, (c) as a means of preservation of local cultural heritage, especially the local Malay culture Kampar.