Review on vulnerability analysis of power distribution network

This paper focuses on the modeling and analysis of different power distribution network (PDN) structures in 3D TSV ICs, including 3D full wave model and equivalent circuit model. In addition, a simplified equivalent circuit model of stacked PDN is proposed to analysis aspects influencing stacked PDN impedance, such as number of ground TSVs, number of TSV pairs and number of stacked layers. Analyses about how these aspects influencing total capacitance, inductance of stacked PDN and causing resonance in PDN self-impedance (Z <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sub> ) are made in detail. What's more, power noise in different stacked PDN structures is calculated and analyzed in time domain to evaluate their power integrity features. Analysis in this paper can offer instructions for the design and analysis of on-chip PDN.

This paper presents the analysis of power distribution network impedance and loop inductance of irregular parallel-plane structures and multi-slots plane-pair structures by using the plane-pair partial element equivalent circuit method(PPP). The influence of slot area occupancy rate (AOR) on impedance and loop inductance is investigated for various structures. The test structure is designed and fabricated to validate the influence of AOR on impedance and loop inductance of the PDN. The simulation and measurement of the structure impedance are performed up to 10GHz, and the good agreement are obtained between the simulation and the experiment.

In this paper, a communication assisted multi-agent system (MAS) is proposed for improving the voltage profile of distribution systems through proper estimation and control of reactive power. Since renewable energy sources (RESs) connected to distribution networks are highly unpredictable in nature, it is more important to maintain the voltage profile within the permissible limits during this atmospheric changes. The agents in the designed MAS improve the voltage stability which is mostly dominated by reactive power and coordinate their tasks through online information and power flow. The agents effectively estimates the adequate amount of reactive power from the topology of distribution network and maintain voltage stability where distributed static synchronous compensators (DSTATCOMs) are used to supply this reactive power. The main control approach is based on designing a linear quadratic regulator (LQR) with an integrator within the agent framework to control the DSTATCOM. The proposed scheme is validated by comparing it with the conventional PI controller and the simulation results show that the proposed scheme performs in a much better and smarter way even with communication delay.

The article considers separate studies and review articles on dynamic thermal rating system in power transmission lines and electrical equipment. Available researches of foreign authors are mainly devoted to forecasting algorithms, model-ing methodologies and implementation of dynamic thermal rating in order to increase the capacity of power transmis-sion lines. It is shown that for the tasks of planning and management of the electric power system in Russia, the need to study and coordinate domestic and foreign developments on the assessment of the capacity of power transmission lines and power distribution is currently relevant. The expansion of residential areas increases the load on electric distribution network due to the shift of maximum power consumption. The currently dynamically changing conditions of electricity consumption direct attention to the development of new technological concepts and the applicability of the existing approaches to assessing the capacity of electricity transmission lines to distribution networks. Available research on dynamic thermal rating in electric distribution networks has focused much attention on both the potential problems and benefits of its implementation in the integration of distributed generation based on the renewable energy sources, in particular wind generation. The ambiguous impact of dynamic thermal rating systems on the reliability of the electric distribution network and the need for their reasonable use, as well as a significant lack of research in relation to cable distribution networks and consistency in assessing their capacity depending on the cable insulation material are being not-ed. Few studies have verified the adaptation of the state-of-the-art approach of dynamic thermal rating of overhead transmission lines to cable lines for predicting parameters corresponding to operational objectives. The research results can be useful in the development and modernization of metering systems, in which new functions of power loss moni-toring and automated determination of distribution network reliability indicators are implemented, which will allow, within the framework of “smart grids”, to ensure the required level of reliability of power supply to consumers.

This paper concentrates on some of these new challenges that designers must face in power delivery. We will discuss QUALCOMM's effort with EDA vendors to develop power distribution network (PDN) analysis flows in order to address the power delivery issues in 3DICs, and emphasize the necessity of a standard reduced power model (SRPM) to enable the 3D PDN analysis flows.

Accurate device parameters play critical roles in calculation and analysis of power distribution network (PDN). However, device parameters are always affected by the operating status and influenced by manual entry; besides, the distribution area of PDN is very wide with many points, which brings more challenges to PDN parameter identification. Most of the proposed algorithms recently assume that the parameters of PDN contribute in a nonlinear probability space and optimize parameters by the power flow model with a loss function. Although these algorithms can achieve satisfying results in PDN analysis, the relationship between the power flow model and loss functions remains unclear. In this paper, the outputs of the power flow model have been analyzed firstly by experimental data, which includes the head and end voltages, as well as active and reactive power on the low-voltage side. It is revealed that the loss functions used by current algorithms are not suitable and reasonable for power flow model in PDN calculation, which constitutes one of the main findings of this work. Subsequently, this work proposes four novel loss functions combined with genetic algorithm (GA) and Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) to identify PDN parameters. Compared with the published algorithms, our experimental results show that the loss function defined in this paper can achieve better and more stable performance with about two times lower in MAE, RMSE, and RMPE evaluation functions to identify PDN parameters.

With increasing design complexity, as well as continued scaling of supplies, the design and analysis of power distribution networks poses a difficult problem in modern IC design. We propose several closed-form solutions for power distribution network optimization and analysis which explicitly take into consideration the mesh topology. An RLC model for on-chip power distribution networks is presented for array and wire bonded integrated circuits including inter block decoupling capacitors and impedances. One of the more common design techniques for power distribution networks PDN is the determination of the impedance & supply noise. Current-mode technique is used. By using this current mode technique noise and impedance, voltage is analyzed.

This paper addresses the modeling and analysis problems for power distribution networks (PDNs) in 3-D ICs. An on-chip distributed model is proposed for 3-D power grids, in which the details of metal layers are considered. The distributed model is demonstrated to be essential to identifying the unique noise behavior of 3-D PDNs. A lumped model is proposed based on the distributed model. The lumped model features the connection impedance between tiers and is proven to be useful for designers to understand the global effects of 3-D PDNs. Based on the models, an analysis flow is designed for 3-D PDNs in both frequency domain and time domain. With the analysis flow, the electrical characteristics of 3-D PDNs are studied systematically for the first time. The frequency-domain analysis identifies the global and local resonance phenomena in 3-D PDNs that are distinct from those in 2-D PDNs. The physical mechanisms behind the resonance phenomena are investigated. The time-domain analysis predicts the worst-case supply noise based on distributed current constraints. The “Rogue Wave” concept is introduced to explain the spatial and temporal relations of the worst-case on-chip noise responses in 3-D PDNs.

An FPGA based electromagnetic transient analysis of power distribution network

A semiconductor industry has been encountered a memory bandwidth bottleneck toward a high density and high bandwidth system. In order to overcome those limitations, a 3D stacked high bandwidth memory (HBM) based on a through silicon via (TSV) and fine pitch interposer technology is lately introduced. By adopting this structure, thousands numbers of input/output (I/O) channels with a fine pitch can be integrated on HBM interposer which enables a terabyte/s bandwidth system. On the HBM interposer, significant numbers of I/O are integrated and they tend to operate at the same time which leads to severe simultaneous switching noise (SSN). When SSN occurs, the performance of system can be heavily degraded. Total SSN is strongly related to the self-noise and transfer-noise. In this point of view, a proper PDN design to manage transfer noise which is closely related to transfer-impedance must be taken into account. The analysis of power distribution network (PDN) impedance of HBM interposer must be performed since it generally affects power supply to the chips as well as signal integrity (SI). In this paper, HBM interposer with five layers is designed to analyze PDN. For PDN impedance analysis, Z-parameters depending on the various physical dimensions are simulated and compared. PDN impedance of HBM interposer is simulated and analyzed in the interest of frequency range dominated by interposer PDN. In order to suppress SSN, we suggest a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) de-cap scheme which can be commonly available for HBM interposer to reduce PDN impedance. Based on the designed physical dimension and material properties of HBM interposer, we successfully shows the suppression of SSN.

This paper proposes a locally implicit latency insertion method (LILIM), which is a suitable method for the fast simulation of an arbitrary shaped power distribution network (PDN) modeled by triangular meshes. First, an efficient modeling method based on triangular mesh is reviewed and we refer to the limitation of the LIM for the meshed PDN analysis. Next, in order to overcome the problem, we formulate the LILIM by combining the efficient modeling and the locally implicit schemes. Finally, the numerical results show that the LILIM is applicable and efficient for the simulation of the PDN analysis.

There are several numerical methods for designing and analyzing new high-frequency micro- and millimeter- wave passive components in waveguide technology. Computer Aided Design (CAD) tools commonly used in the industry are based on different techniques such as Finite Element, Finite Differences, Moments and Mode-Matching methods. The aim of this paper is to compare the processing performance required by some of the commercially available CAD tools against an in-house software tool based on the Mode-Matching method, for the design of different structures of directional couplers with large number of ports. The results obtained show good agreement amongst the methods, the self-developed software tool based on the Mode- Matching method required less processing time than commercial available software indicating therefore that this method may be a good choice for complementing the analysis since it will also produce good results for designing and validating specific geometries of power distribution network devices with large number of ports.

This paper presents the implementation of a new LIM-SPICE simulator. The latency insertion method (LIM) is improved and integrated into SPICE as an accelerating option. Since LIM has linear computational complexity and is substantially faster than SPICE, the new LIM-SPICE simulator can simulate large linear networks with substantially higher speed within the SPICE simulation framework. In addition, mutual inductance between branches are handled by utilizing a K matrix formulation.

This work presents an analysis of the performance of surge suppression devices that currently are applied in power distribution network. Based on the Transmission Lines Method - TLM, numerical models for these devices have been created and their computational implementation made by using MATLAB™ codes. These models were simulated with some types of power surges and a comparison of results is made with measurements of actual devices and other methods of simulation obtained in the literature for verifying the efficiency of the proposed methodology. Also, it is presented some advantages over other methods for analysis of power distribution network, subjected to the effects of fast transients.

Air pollution prediction using LSTM deep learning and metaheuristics algorithms