Scheduling Cells with Multiple Output Ports for Input-Queued Switches

The function of power divider is to divide to power from one input port into the divided power at multiple output ports, or to combine the power from multiple ports into the combined power at one output port. The goal of this study is to design a millimeter-wave power divider operating at the range from 32 GHz to 34 GHz. The return loss at each port and the isolation between from output ports are required to be greater than 15 dB. The insertion loss need to be less than 3.1 dB. The concept of E-plane bifurcated waveguide is proposed to implement this millimeter-wave power divider because of the concerns about operation at high-frequencies and high-power handling, capacity. A resistive film is placed inside the bifurcated waveguide in order to meet the specifications of the proposed power divider. In addition, impedance transformation is employed at output ports to convert the output waveguide to standard waveguide.

Although epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) media have emerged as a promising platform for power dividers, the majority of existing designs are confined to fixed power splitting. In this work, two dynamically tunable power dividers using waveguide ENZ media are proposed by precisely modulating the internal magnetic field and the widths of the output waveguides. The first approach features a mechanically reconfigurable ring-shaped ENZ waveguide. By continuously re-distributing the magnetic field within the ENZ tunneling channels utilizing rotatable copper plates, arbitrary power division among multiple output ports is constructed. The second design integrates a rectangular-loop ENZ cavity into a substrate-integrated waveguide, with four positive–intrinsic–negative diodes embedded to dynamically activate specific output ports. This configuration steers electromagnetic energy toward output ports with varying cross-sectional areas, enabling on-demand control over both the power division and the number of output ports. Both analytical and full-wave simulation results confirm dynamic power division, with transmission efficiencies exceeding 93%. Despite differences in structure and actuation mechanisms, both designs exhibit flexible field control, high reconfigurability, and excellent transmission performance, highlighting their potential in advanced applications such as real-time wireless communications, multi-input–multi-output systems, and reconfigurable antennas.

Most Network-on-Chip routers dedicate a set of buffers to the input and/or output ports. This design decision leads to buffer underuti-lization especially when running applications with non-uniform traffic patterns. In order to maximize resource usage for performance and energy gains, we present a synchronous and elastic buffer implementation of a router architecture called Roundabout with intrinsic resource sharing. Roundabout is inspired by real-life traffic roundabouts and consists of lanes shared by multiple input and output ports. Roundabout offers performance improvement of 61% for uniform traffic pattern and up to 88% for non-uniform traffic pattern over the Hermes router, a typical input buffered router. In terms of power, it consumes 24% less than the Hermes router. Roundabout provides a highly parametric architecture that can produce different router configurations with varying topological trade-offs for performance gains without sacrificing area.

This paper presents a novel, scalable, and modular multiport power electronic topology for the integration of multiple resources. This converter is not only scalable in terms of the integration of multiple renewable energy resources (RES) and storage devices (SDs) but is also scalable in terms of output ports. Multiple dc outputs of a converter are designed to serve as input to the stacking modules (SMs) of the modular multilevel converter (MMC). The proposed multiport converter is bidirectional in nature and superior in terms of functionality in a way that a modular universal converter is responsible for the integration of multiple RES/SDs and regulates multiple dc output ports for SMs of MMC. All input ports can be easily integrated (and controlled), and output ports also can be controlled independently in response to any load variations. An isolated active half-bridge converter with multiple secondaries acts as a central hub for power processing with multiple renewable energy resources that are integrated at the primary side. To verify the proposed converter, a detailed design of the converter-based system is presented along with the proposed control algorithm for managing power on the individual component level. Additionally, different modes of power management (emulating the availability/variability of renewable energy sources (RES)) are exhibited and analyzed here. Finally, detailed simulation results are presented in detail for the validation of the proposed concepts and design process.

The rising computational demand of modern workloads has renewed interest in energy-efficient paradigms such as neuromorphic and analog computing. A fundamental operation in these systems is matrix-vector multiplication (MVM), ubiquitous in signal processing and machine learning. Here, we demonstrate MVM using inverse-designed metastructures that exploit heat conduction as the signal carrier. The proposed approach is based on a generalization of effective thermal conductivity to systems with multiple input and output ports: The input signal is encoded as a set of applied temperatures, while the output is represented by the power collected at designated terminals. The metastructures are obtained via density-based topology optimization, enabled by a differentiable thermal transport solver and automatic differentiation, achieving an accuracy $>99\%$ in most cases across a pool of matrices with dimensions $2\times2$ and $3\times3$. We apply this methodology -- termed thermal analog computing -- to realize matrices relevant to practical tasks, including the discrete Fourier transform and convolutional filters. These findings open new avenues for analog information processing in thermally active environments, including temperature-gradient sensing in microelectronics and thermal control systems.

As traffic volumes carried by optical networks continue to grow by tens of percent year over year, we are rapidly approaching the capacity limit of the conventional communication band within a single-mode fiber. New measures such as elastic optical networking, spectral extension to multi-bands, and spatial expansion to additional fiber overlays or new fiber types are all being considered as potential solutions, whether near term or far. In this tutorial paper, we survey the photonic switching hardware solutions in support of evolving optical networking solutions enabling capacity expansion based on the proposed approaches. We also suggest how reconfigurable add/drop multiplexing nodes will evolve under these scenarios and gauge their properties and relative cost scalings. We identify that the switching technologies continue to evolve and offer network operators the required flexibility in routing information channels in both the spectral and spatial domains. New wavelength-selective switch designs can now support greater resolution, increased functionality and packing density, as well as operation with multiple input and output ports. Various switching constraints can be applied, such as routing of complete spatial superchannels, in an effort to reduce the network cost and simplify the routing protocols and managed pathway count. However, such constraints also reduce the transport efficiency when the network is only partially loaded, and may incur fragmentation. System tradeoffs between switching granularity and implementation complexity and cost will have to be carefully considered for future high-capacity SDM–WDM optical networks. In this work, we present the first cost comparisons, to our knowledge, of the different approaches in an effort to quantify such tradeoffs.

In a multicast packet switching system, multiple output ports can send out packets simultaneously by means of the packet copying function. In realizing such a switching system, the transmission pattern must be determined for successively arising transfer requests, so that the number of transmitted packets is maximized, while satisfying the constraints. This paper considers the one-shot scheduling problem formulated by Chen and colleagues, where all copies of the same packet are sent at the same time, and proposes a new solution method using a neural network. In the proposed solution method using the neural network, the binary neuron, which is suited to the digital techniques and hardware implementation, is employed together with the synchronous update scheme. In order to improve the convergence performance and the accuracy of the solution, an operational equation with an additional heuristic term and a coefficient setting procedure taking account of transfer requests are proposed. By simulations for cases of up to 1000 ports, it is shown that the proposed solution method using the neural network is better in deriving the solution than the conventional method. It is also shown that the considered problem is NP-hard. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electron Comp Jpn Pt 3, 83(3): 12–21, 2000

A portable universal solar charging station is an innovative solution designed to provide off-grid power to a wide range of electronic devices in various environments. This compact and lightweight system harnesses solar energy to generate electricity, making it an eco-friendly alternative to traditional charging methods. With multiple output ports, it is compatible with a variety of devices such as smartphones, laptops, cameras, and portable appliances. The station is equipped with high- efficiency solar panels that charge the built-in battery, ensuring reliable power availability even in remote or outdoor locations. Its portability and ease of use make it ideal for camping, emergency situations, or outdoor activities. The solar charging station offers a sustainable energy solution that reduces dependence on fossil fuels and promotes renewable energy use, contributing to environmental conservation. Its versatility, convenience, and energy efficiency make it an essential tool for people seeking reliable power on the go

The design for two high fill-factor CCD arrays for optical signal processing applications is described. The imaging registers have 1024 x 1024 and 512 x 512 pixels and achieve virtually 100 percent optical fill factor through the use of substrate thinning and back illumination. High frame-rate readout is obtained by the use of a dual storage register and multiple floating-diffusion output ports resulting in reduced readout frequency. On-chip correlated double sampling amplifiers are implemented to reduce the readout noise and simplify off-chip analog signal processing. Both chips include antiblooming drain structures and ESD protection circuits.

Port partitioning and dynamic queueing for IP forwarding

This paper is about high capacity switches and routers that give guaranteed throughput, rate and delay guarantees. Many routers are built using input queueing or combined input and output queueing (CIOQ), using crossbar switching fabrics. But such routers require impractically complex scheduling algorithms to provide the desired guarantees. We explore how a buffered crossbar-a crossbar switch with a packet buffer at each crosspoint-can provide guaranteed performance (throughput, rate, and delay), with less complex, practical scheduling algorithms. We describe scheduling algorithms that operate in parallel on each input and output port, and hence are scalable. With these algorithms, buffered crossbars with a speedup of two can provide 100% throughput, rate, and delay guarantees.

The scheme of quantum teleportation, where Bob has multiple $(N)$ output ports and obtains the teleported state by simply selecting one of the $N$ ports, is thoroughly studied. We consider both the deterministic version and probabilistic version of the teleportation scheme aiming to teleport an unknown state of a qubit. Moreover, we consider two cases for each version: (i) the state employed for the teleportation is fixed to a maximally entangled state and (ii) the state is also optimized as well as Alice's measurement. We analytically determine the optimal protocols for all the four cases and show the corresponding optimal fidelity or optimal success probability. All these protocols can achieve the perfect teleportation in the asymptotic limit of $N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$. The entanglement properties of the teleportation scheme are also discussed.

An analytical model for the performance analysis of a novel input access scheme for an ATM switch is developed and presented in this paper. The interconnection network of the ATM switch is internally nonblocking and is provided with N input queues per each input port for a switch of size N × N. That is, each input port maintains a separate queue for each output port so as to reduce the head-of-line (HOL) blocking of conventional input queuing switches. Each input is allowed to send just one cell per slot time, and each output port is allowed to accept just one cell per slot time. Under saturated conditions the switch was analyzed and a closed-form solution for the maximum throughput is derived. Using a tagged input queue approach, an analytical model for evaluating the switch performance under an i.i.d. Bernoulli traffic for different offered traffic loads is developed. The switch throughput, mean cell delay, and cell loss probability are computed from the analytical model. The accuracy of the analytical model is verified using simulation.

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is the recommended transport technique for the Broadband ISDN by CCITT (I.121). Many switches have been proposed to accommodate the ATM that requires fast packet switching capability [1-8]. The proposed switches for the Broadband ISDN can be cLassified as input queueing or output queueing type. The input queueing type have a throughput performance which is approximately 58 percent that of the output queueing type [1]. However, output queueing networks require larger amounts of hardware than input queueing networks [2]. In this paper, we propose a new multistage switch with internal buffering that approaches a maximum throughput of 100% as the buffering is increased. The switch is capable of broadcasting and self-routing. It consists of two switching planes which consist of packet processors, 2x2 switching elements, distributors and buffers located between stages and in the output ports. The internal data rate of the proposed switch is the same as that of the arriving information stream. In this sense, the switch does not require speedup. The switch has Iog2 N stages that forward packets in store-and-forward fashion, thus incurring a latency of log2 N time periods. Performance analysis shows additional delay is small.

Grey-scale multiresolution cross-correlation, combined with Canny edge detection algorithms, has been proposed and investigated for relatively simple and efficient coin recognition and matching algorithm. First experiments and investigations of the proposed solution show promising results. Also an overview of the alternative or complimentary image matching by support vector machines algorithm has been given in the paper. Finally, ideas for further improvement of the efficiency of the proposed solution are discussed.