Distributed and Dynamic Shared-Buffer Router for High-Performance Interconnect

The rising computational demand of modern workloads has renewed interest in energy-efficient paradigms such as neuromorphic and analog computing. A fundamental operation in these systems is matrix-vector multiplication (MVM), ubiquitous in signal processing and machine learning. Here, we demonstrate MVM using inverse-designed metastructures that exploit heat conduction as the signal carrier. The proposed approach is based on a generalization of effective thermal conductivity to systems with multiple input and output ports: The input signal is encoded as a set of applied temperatures, while the output is represented by the power collected at designated terminals. The metastructures are obtained via density-based topology optimization, enabled by a differentiable thermal transport solver and automatic differentiation, achieving an accuracy $>99\%$ in most cases across a pool of matrices with dimensions $2\times2$ and $3\times3$. We apply this methodology -- termed thermal analog computing -- to realize matrices relevant to practical tasks, including the discrete Fourier transform and convolutional filters. These findings open new avenues for analog information processing in thermally active environments, including temperature-gradient sensing in microelectronics and thermal control systems.

As traffic volumes carried by optical networks continue to grow by tens of percent year over year, we are rapidly approaching the capacity limit of the conventional communication band within a single-mode fiber. New measures such as elastic optical networking, spectral extension to multi-bands, and spatial expansion to additional fiber overlays or new fiber types are all being considered as potential solutions, whether near term or far. In this tutorial paper, we survey the photonic switching hardware solutions in support of evolving optical networking solutions enabling capacity expansion based on the proposed approaches. We also suggest how reconfigurable add/drop multiplexing nodes will evolve under these scenarios and gauge their properties and relative cost scalings. We identify that the switching technologies continue to evolve and offer network operators the required flexibility in routing information channels in both the spectral and spatial domains. New wavelength-selective switch designs can now support greater resolution, increased functionality and packing density, as well as operation with multiple input and output ports. Various switching constraints can be applied, such as routing of complete spatial superchannels, in an effort to reduce the network cost and simplify the routing protocols and managed pathway count. However, such constraints also reduce the transport efficiency when the network is only partially loaded, and may incur fragmentation. System tradeoffs between switching granularity and implementation complexity and cost will have to be carefully considered for future high-capacity SDM–WDM optical networks. In this work, we present the first cost comparisons, to our knowledge, of the different approaches in an effort to quantify such tradeoffs.

The function of power divider is to divide to power from one input port into the divided power at multiple output ports, or to combine the power from multiple ports into the combined power at one output port. The goal of this study is to design a millimeter-wave power divider operating at the range from 32 GHz to 34 GHz. The return loss at each port and the isolation between from output ports are required to be greater than 15 dB. The insertion loss need to be less than 3.1 dB. The concept of E-plane bifurcated waveguide is proposed to implement this millimeter-wave power divider because of the concerns about operation at high-frequencies and high-power handling, capacity. A resistive film is placed inside the bifurcated waveguide in order to meet the specifications of the proposed power divider. In addition, impedance transformation is employed at output ports to convert the output waveguide to standard waveguide.

In this paper, we present the performance analysis of bufferless slotted optical packet switching using non uniform traffic pattern. The mathematical analysis has been done to evaluate the packet loss rate and also compared with the existing uniform traffic pattern. In addition to this, we have also studied the performance of the non uniform traffic pattern with the uniform traffic pattern of various packet sizes. Under non-uniform traffic pattern, packet loss rate is very much reduced compared to the uniform traffic pattern and more number of packets has been transmitted for the same period of time.

With the line rate growing faster and faster, input queued switching architecture has become attractive in high performance switches and routers due to the no speedup character. In this paper, a simple efficient queue balance matching (QBM) algorithm is presented supporting cells with multiple output ports based on the multi-hop routing. The QBM algorithm combines the virtue of <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i</i> SLIP and E <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i</i> SLIP, and uses a multiple eligible output ports manner to efficiently balance the traffic into all input queues. Simulation results show that the throughput can be increased more than 25% comparing to iSLIP under non-uniform traffic with single iteration, and the delay performance is improved finely. It is also easy to be implemented as <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i</i> SLIP.

This paper presents a novel, scalable, and modular multiport power electronic topology for the integration of multiple resources. This converter is not only scalable in terms of the integration of multiple renewable energy resources (RES) and storage devices (SDs) but is also scalable in terms of output ports. Multiple dc outputs of a converter are designed to serve as input to the stacking modules (SMs) of the modular multilevel converter (MMC). The proposed multiport converter is bidirectional in nature and superior in terms of functionality in a way that a modular universal converter is responsible for the integration of multiple RES/SDs and regulates multiple dc output ports for SMs of MMC. All input ports can be easily integrated (and controlled), and output ports also can be controlled independently in response to any load variations. An isolated active half-bridge converter with multiple secondaries acts as a central hub for power processing with multiple renewable energy resources that are integrated at the primary side. To verify the proposed converter, a detailed design of the converter-based system is presented along with the proposed control algorithm for managing power on the individual component level. Additionally, different modes of power management (emulating the availability/variability of renewable energy sources (RES)) are exhibited and analyzed here. Finally, detailed simulation results are presented in detail for the validation of the proposed concepts and design process.

Exploration of a scalable and power-efficient asynchronous Network-on-Chip with dynamic resource allocation

In this paper, we purpose a novel approach to analyze exact cell loss probability of Shared Buffer ATM switch. In a N X N ATM switch whose input ports and output ports share one buffer, the number of arriving cells from input ports at one time slot is less than or equal to N. If these cells were destined to n output ports, no cells will be destined to the remaining N-n output ports. In the extremism, all arriving cells were destined to one output port, no cell will be destined to the other N-1 output ports. So, the arriving cells at each time slot from the input ports are destined to the output ports correlatively, but not independently. For this reason, the analyzing result on the assumption that all output cell queues are independent one another is larger than actual result. We complete our analysis by three steps. First, considering the case that there are cells arriving from input ports but not cells remove from output ports, we can get one-step state transition probability matrix P<SUB>a</SUB>; Second, considering the case that there are cells removing from output ports but not cells arrive from input ports, we can get one-step state transition probability matrix Ps; Third, considering arrival process and service process are independent, the accurate one-step state transition probability matrix P of cell's number in the buffer is derived, and then cell queue length steady probability distribution can be found. We can compute the accurate buffer capacity below certain cell loss probability. Computer simulation proves that the approach is efficient and exact.

Although epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) media have emerged as a promising platform for power dividers, the majority of existing designs are confined to fixed power splitting. In this work, two dynamically tunable power dividers using waveguide ENZ media are proposed by precisely modulating the internal magnetic field and the widths of the output waveguides. The first approach features a mechanically reconfigurable ring-shaped ENZ waveguide. By continuously re-distributing the magnetic field within the ENZ tunneling channels utilizing rotatable copper plates, arbitrary power division among multiple output ports is constructed. The second design integrates a rectangular-loop ENZ cavity into a substrate-integrated waveguide, with four positive–intrinsic–negative diodes embedded to dynamically activate specific output ports. This configuration steers electromagnetic energy toward output ports with varying cross-sectional areas, enabling on-demand control over both the power division and the number of output ports. Both analytical and full-wave simulation results confirm dynamic power division, with transmission efficiencies exceeding 93%. Despite differences in structure and actuation mechanisms, both designs exhibit flexible field control, high reconfigurability, and excellent transmission performance, highlighting their potential in advanced applications such as real-time wireless communications, multi-input–multi-output systems, and reconfigurable antennas.

This paper presents a model that can be easily used to resolve the energy hub operation problem. The proposed model considers the uncertainty in the input and output ports. The energy hub optimum operation problem needs to be resolved in order to supply several energy loads in combination at the minimum total energy cost. In this study, mixed-integer linear programming was applied to formulate this optimization problem. The power balance, energy storage, and converter limitations of the input and output ports were included as equality and inequality constraints. The total cost of an energy hub was determined by the price of energy carriers. Eventually, deterministic and stochastic versions of the proposed model were tested in a case study. In the test system, electricity, gas, and wind generation were used in the input port, and the output port contained the electrical and thermal load. The results demonstrated that a stochastic model based on different scenarios was more realistic than a deterministic model. However, the total operating cost of an energy hub decreased more in the stochastic model compared to the deterministic model.

abstraction is the existence of a low traffic group and a high traffic group so thatthe input group 1 is mostly destined to the output group 2, vice-versa.'Laffic Pattern 5: Bi-Partitioned Asymmetric Traffic.8 This is similar to the previous case, the quad-partitionedasymmetric traffic, except the traffic matrix is as follows. D = [ Di(c) D2(1 — c) ] (5) Traffic Pattern 6: Hot Spot Traffic. This is a traffic pattern where many input ports try to communicate with oneregion (an output port or a switching element within the switch fabric) of switch fabric simultaneously. This is due topacket traffic pattern which results in output contention and/or internal path collision and/or community of interests.A commonly used hot-spot traffic model is a nonuniform traffic where a single or few hot spots of a higher access ratesuperimposed on the background of uniform traffic.25'42 In an input port, assume p is the packet arrival rate, and h is afraction of packets directed to the hot-spot. Then, p = hp + (1 —

A formulation for design of continuous, hinge-free compliant mechanisms is developed and examined within a continuum structural topology optimization framework. The formulation makes use of two distinctly different sets of springs, the first of which are artificial springs of relatively large stiffness attached to the input and output ports of the mechanism model, and the second of which are springs attached only to the output port with smaller stiffnesses that represent the resistance of the workpiece as it is manipulated by the mechanism. The proposed formulation involves solving two nested optimization problems. In the inner problem the arrangement of a constrained amount of structural material is optimized to maximize the mechanism's mutual potential energy in response to a force loading at the input port while working against the stiff artificial springs on the input and output ports. As the relative stiffness of the artificial springs increases, the material continuity of the mechanism also increases to the point where de facto ‘hinge’ regions are eliminated. In the outer problem, the artificial springs are removed and one solves for an appropriate amount of structural material that yields the desired finite deformation compliance characteristics of the mechanism when working against the real workpiece resistance. Different aspects of the proposed formulation are demonstrated on a number of examples and discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Pipelined circuit switching: Analysis for the torus with non-uniform traffic

Performance analysis of synchronous multibuffered packet-switching networks

Virtual output queue (VOQ) architecture is commonly used for avoiding head-of-line blocking in input-queued switches. Many algorithms have been developed for transferring the cells from the VOQs to the output ports. Traditional iterative algorithms such as iSLIP and DRRM, achieve 100% throughput under uniform traffic. but under non-uniform traffic, throughput drops significantly. Recently, a new paradigm of exhaustive matching (EM) has been introduced for handling non-uniform traffic while preserving the complexity of traditional iterative algorithms. In EM, a VOQ is served continuously until it becomes empty. Only the input ports that have finished serving a VOQ look for a new match. This strategy produces very good throughput and delay performance in uniform and non-uniform traffic. However under some traffic patterns, there is a starvation problem when a VOQ occupies an output port for an extended period of time. This problem can be eliminated by providing a priority service for a VOQ that has waited an excessively long time. The resulting algorithm, prioritized EM (PEM), eliminates starvation and achieves very high throughput for many traffic patterns.