Sequential-state binary parallel adder

Previous research indicates that during conventional reading, readers pause at particular loci within a text, presumably for the purpose of higher level processing and integration. If such pausing is necessary for efficient text comprehension and memory, then providing readers with equivalent processing opportunities with strategically placed pauses in rapid sequential visual presentation (RSVP) text displays should facilitate comprehension and memory. Three experiments are reported in which various time parameters of RSVP displays are manipulated. The results indicate that memory for specific text is facilitated when additional processing time is provided. However, how and where the additional time is distributed within a text, over broad limits, is not important. We use a method of text memory assessment that is not typically used in RSVP research and that is more sensitive to text presentation manipulations than the commonly used multiple-choice questions. This fill-in-the-blank technique also provides evidence that memory representations for texts are structured as meaningful subsentence units.

During the past ten years, a gap has developed between large digital computers and manual computing methods. This is particularly true with regard to the analyses and design of structural members. The increasing availability of large computer systems and their associated software, coupled with a dramatic reduction in cost, has placed computer analysis capability well within reach of most structural engineering offices. Member forces can be readily determined using either special frame analysis programs or general purpose programs which are available on commercial computer systems. However, once the member design forces are determined, the engineer must revert to hand calculations for determining and checking the design of the individual members. These calculations can become monotonous and time consuming for a structure of even modest size. Furthermore, such calculations tend to become inaccurate and insufficient. For example, a designer may accept a given section as adequate without trying other possibilities which may lead to a more efficient design. This paper has illustrated the use of a hand-held programmable calculator for the strength design of steel frames. Although the process is only semi-automatic, it still saves the designer from having to perform the rather mundane calculations involved with member selection and checking. Its main attraction is the low cost and ready availability of the calculators, plus the fact that the calculation can be done at the designers desk without extensive data preparation. The procedures assume that the design forces are known. Therefore, a force analysis will have to be done on a larger computer system. It should also be noted that the use of this type of design procedure allows complete interaction of the engineer with this design process. Therefore, engineering judgment decisions can be made and incorporated in the design as it progresses.

Some new relationships between the sound pressure at certain points in the farfield and the radiation impedance for certain acoustic sources have been derived from the Helmholtz integral formula. Under special conditions these relationships reduce to exact analytical solutions of problems that can otherwise only be solved numerically. For example, for a cylinder of arbitrary cross sectional shape with the ends vibrating uniformly and the sides motionless the farfield pressure in the direction of the cylinder axis is simply related to the radiation impedance. Such relationships provide helpful checkpoints for evaluating the success of some of the elaborate numerical methods which are currently being developed for attacking previously unsolved acoustic radiation problems with large digital computers. In certain cases, they can also provide new methods for determining radiation impedance from farfield calculations or possibly from farfield measurements. [Work supported by U. S. Navy Underwater Sound Laboratory.]

(1956) N. Rochester, J. H. Holland, L. H. Haibt, and W. L. Duda, "Tests on a cell assembly theory of the action of the brain, using a large digital computer," IRE Transactions on Information Theory IT-2: 80-93

a national defense policy, and in particular in their relation to deterrence. In the course of the last twenty years there has been a considerable growth in methods and theories concerning different aspects of human behavior. In particular, in situations involving conscious choice under conditions of possible conflict or cooperation there has been a development in political science, mathematical economics, programming, psychology, simulation, gaming, and game theory. For several years an expectation was built up that game-theoretical models would make an immediate operational contribution to the applied art and hoped-for science of weapons control. The diplomat, the general, and the social scientist, when confronted with the ill-defined and the uncontrollable, have often hoped for a witchmedicine to solve their problems. A common modern formula for the powerful witch medicine contains a game-theoretic model and a large digital computer. Unfortunately, neither the growth of methodology nor technology by itself can solve problems which require a deep substantive knowledge. This does not mean that the new

A method is described by which large quantities of data, generated at high and variable rates from a large number of test boxes, are recorded on a single eight-channel punched paper tape. The data, which include a record of the occurrence time of each event in 1/10-sec units, are in a compact form, suitable for conversion to standard Hollerith punched card codes and for decoding and summarizing by a large digital computer. Experience with the system has demonstrated a high degree of accuracy and reliability, and low operating cost.

Our method enables the responses of primary converters to be linearized in a practical way in the context of optimal filtering of input signals that reflect the measured parameters in the vast majority of technical objects. The circuits provide faithful and reliable restoration of measured experimental data without extra consumption of working memory and computer time on routine conversion of calibration characteristics. This is extremely important when developing digital computing complexes and real time systems, using large digital computers and minicomputers.

The Bull Run supercritical unit was simulated by a linearized mathematical model based entirely on physical laws and design data, using an approach verified by comparison of an earlier simulation with field tests. A large set of differential and algebraic equations was solved to obtain transient responses. These responses were matched by transfer functions to obtain a process model which represented all significant plant inputs and outputs. In this study, appropriate use was made of a small digital computer, a large digital computer, and an analog computer. The process model of the Bull Run unit is believed to be the most detailed mathematical model which has been obtained for a supercritical electrical generation unit.

The image processing system has become an invaluable tool for today's scientists and engineers. This man/machine system is typically centered around a large digital computer and accompanied by those special image-processing devices and techniques that are required to give the user an ability for restoring distorted images, reducing image noise content, and making special measurements on the data on an ad hoc basis. One such system is described here.

A novel scaling technique in the residue number system (RNS) is proposed. In this technique, the main computational effort is made in the precomputing phase. The remainder calculations are performed by the modulo and binary adders. The scaling requires one look-up cycle and time for modulo addition of the n+2 operands. In the proposed approach there are restrictions neither on the form and the size nor on the number of moduli of the RNS. The scaling factor K can be integer or real, and it must fulfill merely a weak condition K > n, where n is the number of moduli. The absolute scaling error by using the correction scheme does not exceed 1.5. >

We report the device characteristics of InGaN/GaN blue vertical light emitting diodes (VLEDs) by additional KOH surface roughening process through the wafer‐level fabrication/test, and their simulation analysis in terms of electrical and optical properties. The influence of additional KOH etching time on the evolution of the rough surface and the device performance of VLEDs was investigated. With applying the additional surface roughening, the average operating voltage was gradually increased. In contrast, the average optical output power was increased upto a certain roughening time, but then it decreased again. As a whole, by applying an adequate additional roughening process, the optical power was improved without noticeable increase in the operation voltage. From the simulated current density and light extraction efficiency results, these device behaviours were well explained by the current crowding and bulk absorption effects.

The contribution of large general-purpose digital computers to the bio-medical discipline has been considerable. However, as great as the contribution has been, the full potential has yet to be realized.

A comprehensive study of the relaying quantities available for the differential protection of transmission lines considers the performance of both the summation transformer and the phase-sequence current-segregating network. From this study, it is possible to determine the performance of a protection scheme utilising typical summation devices for differential protection. The optimum selection of protection characteristics is discussed and a comparison made with the polar characteristics of protection equipments currently in use. Some limitations in present protection methods are pointed out. The analytical work uses a mathematical model of the power system, and the fault analyses are carried out using a large high-speed digital computer. The application of the computer to the solution of these problems is described.

Magnetic devices are well known for their inherent ruggedness, economy, and reliability. However, design of nonlinear electromagnetic circuits is difficult and, if done improperly, prevents the realization of the full benefits of magnetic devices. This paper describes a digital simulation technique which enables accurate performance prediction of circuits containing saturable magnetic devices and nonlinear electronic devices such as diodes, transistors, 4-layer diodes, silicon-controlled rectifiers, field-effect transistors, tunnel diodes, etc. More specifically, a computer program is described which was developed for a large scientific digital computer such as the IBM 7094 or equivalent. This computer program is user oriented ; it only requires topological input data describing the interconnections of the various circuit elements; and, in turn, produces graphical output plots similar to visual representations obtained in a laboratory from an oscilloscope. The heart of the computer program is the built-in transient solution procedure. From the input data describing the circuit topology the computer program writes its own internal equations, solves for steady-state initial conditions using an iterative Newton-Raphson technique and solves for the transient or time-history response using a combination time step integration and Newton-Raphson technique. The paper describes the digital simulation technique in further detail. It presents some of the mathematical models stored in the program, and illustrates the use of the technique by means of a practical circuit problem, namely the magnetic pulse-width modulator.

This paper discusses the pertinent factors involved in the development of a comprehensive reliability field surveillance program for complex electronic or electro-mechanical systems through use of a large scale digital computer such as the IBM 704.