Smart Garbage Monitoring System with Dynamic Programming Model

This research is about the development of a dynamic programming model for solving fuzzy linear programming problems. Initially, fuzzy dynamic linear programming model FDLP is developed. This research revises the established dynamic programming model for solving linear programming problems in a crisp environment. The mentioned approach is upgraded to address the problem in an uncertain environment. Dynamic programming model can either be passing forward or backward. In the proposed approach backward dynamic programming approach is adopted to address the problem. It is then followed by implementing the proposed method on the education system of Pakistan. The education system of Pakistan comprises of the Primary, Middle, Secondary, and Tertiary education stages. The problem is to maximize the efficiency of the education system while achieving the targets with minimum usage of the constrained resources. Likewise the model tries to maximize the enrollment in the Primary, Middle, Secondary and Tertiary educational categories, subject to the total available resources in a fuzzy uncertain environment. The solution proposes that the enrollment can be increased by an amount 9997130, by increasing the enrollment in the Middle and Tertiary educational categories. Thus the proposed method contributes to increase the objective function value by 30%. Moreover, the proposed solutions violate none of the constraints. In other words, the problem of resources allocation in education system is efficiently managed to increase efficiency while remaining in the available constrained resources. The motivation behind using the dynamic programming methodology is that it always possesses a numerical solution, unlike the other approaches having no solution at certain times. The proposed fuzzy model takes into account uncertainty in the linear programming modeling process and is more robust, flexible and practicable.

India’s garbage generation stands at 0.2 to 0.6 kilograms of garbage per head per day. Also, it is a well-known fact that land in India is scarce. The garbage collector who comes to our house every morning to empty our dustbins inside his truck, takes all the garbage from our neighbourhood and dumps it on an abandoned piece of land. Garbage collectors from all parts of the city meet there to do the same. Such a land is called a landfill. India’s per capita waste generation is so high, that it creates a crisis if the garbage collector doesn’t visit a neighbourhood for a couple of days. As the procedure is purely manual, we need to implement a way of garbage monitoring and disposal. This paper proposes anIoT (Internet of Things) based approach for garbage monitoring and its disposal using ultrasonic and MQ4 sensors. Ultrasonic sensor checks the level of garbage filled in the biodegradable and non-biodegradable smart bins.MQ4 sensors check the level of odour in the biodegradable garbage bin.After the threshold level is crossed in the non-biodegradable bin, theinformation is sent to the municipal corporation (with the help of an application) for the disposal of the garbage. If the threshold level is crossed in the biodegradable bin, a lid slides and the wastes are dumped in the underlying chamber. This method is more convenient than the manual one and is an initiative towards ‘smart city’. It ensures proper disposal of garbage and a restoration of a green and healthy environment.

A lightweight cryptography (LWC) framework to secure memory heap in Internet of Things

The novel paradigm of Internet of Things (IoT) is gaining recognition in the numerous scenarios promoting the pervasive presence of smart things around us through its application in various areas of society, which includes transportation, healthcare, industries, and agriculture. One more such application is in the smart office to monitor the health of devices via machine learning (ML) that makes the equipment more efficient by allowing real-time monitoring of their health. It guarantees indoor comfort as per the user's satisfaction as it emphasizes on fault prediction in real-life devices. Early identification of various types of faults in IoT devices is the key requirement in smart offices. IoT devices are becoming ubiquitous and provide an assistant to supervise an office that is regulated by ML and data received from sensors is stored in cloud. A recommender system facilitates the selection of an appropriate solution for faults in IoT-enabled devices to mitigate faults. The architecture proposed in this paper is used to monitor each and every office appliance connected via IoT technology using ML technique, and recommender system is used to recommend solutions for fault patterns without much human intervention. The ultrasonic motion sensor is used to fetch the information of employee availability in cubicles and data is sent to the cloud through the WiFi module. ATmega8 is used to control electrical appliances in the office environment. The significance of this work is to forecast the faults in IoT appliances which will have an impact on life and reliability of IoT appliances. The main objective is to design a prototype of a smart office using IoT that can control and automate workplace devices and forecast whether the device needs repairing or replacing, thus reducing the overall burden on the employee and helping out in increasing physical as well as mental health of the person.

Nowadays, everything is made simpler with information and communication technological advancements. It is preferable to track and monitor using devices rather than perform it manually. This resulted in the rapid growth of Internet of Things (IoT) technology and relevant markets. Low cost IoT products has made access to IoT much easier and desirable. These low cost IoT devices and related technologies are widely used in areas such as educational, transportation, tracking, inventory management and many more. The use of Arduino and RFID in the inventory management system lacks in some areas including hardware limitations. In conjunction to the limitation of using an Arduino and RFID technology, this project aims to develop an IoT based inventory management system that incorporates the uses of a NodeMCU and a load cell. In comparison of the NodeMCU to an Arduino, the NodeMCU stands out with the built in Wi-Fi module with much higher processor and additional properties of it being much smaller. While the use of a load cell is much more convenient as to suit all kinds of inventory management needs compared to the use of RFID that suits better to larger scale businesses with larger inventory and massive stocks. Towards the end, this project is expected to ease inventory management by the implementation of IoT with IoT Based Inventory Management System using Load Cell and NodeMCU. The project will generate the inventory count and automatically stores data in the cloud platform. These data can be accessed with internet connection. The project also alerts users when the inventory is low or high in balance. The output of the project is that the project’s working prototype was successfully developed. Overall, the project is a success as all the objectives of the project was successfully achieved.

Air pollution is a serious problem across the world owing to its substantial influence on the global environment and human health. Many approaches have been conducted by researchers to measure air quality in their regions. One of the approaches is the application of an Internet of Things (IoT), a system of “smart devices” that can monitor and connect with their surroundings and interact with users and other systems. In this paper, an IoT-enabled air pollution monitoring system was proposed. This system was prepared by using gas sensors (DHT 22 and MQ 135), a microcontroller (Arduino Uno), a Wi-Fi module, a cloud database (Blynk), and a smartphone. The air pollution level, temperature, and humidity measurements are collected by the gas sensors and then the data is transmitted to the microcontroller. The microcontroller transmits the data to the cloud through the Wi-Fi module. The Blynk application allows the users to obtain cloud-based air quality data. This application also notifies the users of the status of the air quality in their area via a pop-up message. The users will be notified when the air quality status is unhealthy or very unhealthy and will be able to respond promptly. This proposed system is simple to set up and can operate at any location as needed. Furthermore, the overall cost of this proposed system is minimal, and it can be used for small towns, large parts of countries, even for the large indoor environment like buildings and companies.KeywordsInternet of things (IoT)Air qualityAir pollutant index (API)Smartphone

The government of India aims at “Swachh Bharat Mission” and for that we need smart city with smart streets enabled with smart garbage monitoring system. We see garbage bins around us placed at public places overflowing with due to increase in waste and results into unhygienic conditions for people and leads to deadly diseases. Thus to improve this situation, we proposed this project. In our proposed system, there are multiple smart garbage trash bins on a microcontroller board platform (Arduino Board) located throughout any city or the campus or hospital. The Arduino Board is interfaced with GSM modem and ultrasonic sensor. Once the level of threshold is being crossed, then ultrasonic sensors will trigger the GSM module which in turn continuously alert the authorised person by sending SMS reminder after until the dustbin is cleaned. Beside this, we will also create the central system that will keep showing us the current status of garbage on mobile web browser with html page by wi-fi. With the help of this, we will create shortest path for garbage collection vehicles using Dijkstra Algorithm. This is real time waste management by using smart trash bins that can be accessed anytime anywhere by the concerned person. Keywords: IoT; Smart city; Smart Garbage Bins; Arduino; Ultrasonic Sensors; GSM; Real time Analytics; Route Optimization

The Internet of Things (IoT) is defined by the interconnection between networks of smart devices (objects) through specific communication standards and protocols. Data retrieved from these objects is loaded on cloud servers where it is analyzed, processed and then accessed by users through simple, intuitive, easy-to-use interfaces. The rapid development of IoT applications will steadily increase the demand for skilled personnel in this field. Under these circumstances, the study of IoT basic notions in classrooms becomes a necessity. Using the Arduino and Raspberry Pi development platforms, a wide range of IoT projects can be developed, according to the students' level. These platforms capture environmental data through an extended array of sensors (temperature, light, pressure, humidity, force, acceleration, rotation, sound, IR, magnetic field, etc.), making it perfectly suited to projects development in the educational STEM field (Science, Technology, Engineering and Matemathics). In this study my aim is to show, based on examples, how several IoT projects can be developed in class using the two above mentioned platforms and I emphasize the didactical aspects associated with this study. For the first project I used the Arduino Uno development board, the DHT11 temperature and humidity sensor, and ESP8266 WiFi module, and showed how the ambient temperature and humidity can be monitored via Internet. The data collected by the sensor was processed by Arduino, sent to the WiFi module and further on a cloud server on the IoT ThingSpeak platform where it was stored, analyzed and graphically represented in real time. In the second project I used a Raspberry Pi development board, a mobile robotic platform powered by two electric motors and equipped with a webcam in order to video monitor, via the Internet, a particular perimeter under observation. The robotic platform on which the surveillance camera is located can be positional controlled using a web browser that can access an HTML page built for this purpose. The final part of this study is dedicated to the assessment of the quality of STEM training results by classes of students who have worked on IoT projects compared with classes that have undergone traditional training courses.

Water quality monitoring (WQM) system is widely being explored as it is needed to prevent the problem of water contamination worldwide. Nowadays, there are various studies on WQM system that are being integrated with Internet of Things (IoT) concept for Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technology implementation to get real time data measurement. Traditional ways of collecting the data are more time consuming and they lack real time changes in the quality of water. This paper presents the development and implementation of Water Quality Assessment and Monitoring (WQAM) system. The system development used WiFi enabled microcontroller to connect with the IoT environment and store the data in the IoT cloud server. The microcontroller used is Arduino UNO that interacts with three types of sensor probes which are pH, turbidity and temperature probe. All the data measurements is transferred using a WiFi module which is ESP8266. The IoT cloud used to utilize the data frame is ThingSpeak. This system was implemented on Bandar Perda Lake and Derhaka River in Pulau Pinang with two systems implemented at each location. The sensors were placed on the water surface for more accurate measurements. This system continuously measures the readings of pH, turbidity dan temperature on the lake/river for every 1 hour. Twenty readings were taken for every 1 hour within the first 20 minutes with 1 minute interval and the readings were stored in the IoT cloud server. The readings are accessible via ThingSpeak GUI. In conclusion, this system would benefit the authorities to take advantage of using the WQAM system with the aid of the IoT that is less time consuming, less cost and more reliable in real time data reading.

The Automated Garbage Management System (AGMS) as proposed herein provides a technological solution to the collection and management of garbage in urban and suburban areas. A microcontroller-based system, integrated with a GSM module will be able to inform the local municipality about the status of the bins, about them being filled, or unfilled, ensuring the cleanliness of the area. The concerned municipality officials will be automatically informed as and when the dustbin needs to be cleared. Further, a website has been developed, which will be integrated with the AGMS, and will provide live information about the bin status using a color-coding system for ease of understanding. Overall, this system will work efficiently to ensure that the dustbins get cleaned at proper times, keeping a check on overfilled or overflowing bins society remains clean and healthy while being cheap and automated.

IoT is a technology that is currently developing. Iot is used to control an electronic device remotely through a certain device. One of the IoT supporting devices for controlling electronic devices is Telegram. This study aims to create an Internet of Things (IoT) Application System in Telegram-Based Fan Control. The method used to create this system is to apply IoT to fans using the Arduino esp8266 which is a wifi module that functions as an additional microcontroller such as Arduino so that it can connect directly to wifi and make TCP/IP connections. This tool is used as a tool to process input data that will be sent to the output device on the system. This system also consists of a relay prototype that is used to control the electric current path on the fan. The results of the study show that smart phones can also be used to control electronic devices such as fans and other electronic devices.

In this study, we present the use of an internet of things (IoT) analytics platform service to mimic real-time pipeline monitoring and determine the location of damage on a pipeline. Pressure pulses, based on the principle of vibration in pipes are used for pipeline monitoring in this study. The principle of time delay between pulse arrivals at sensor positions is also adopted in this study. An Arduino and a Wi-Fi module were combined, programmed and used to produce a wireless communication device which communicates with the ThingSpeak internet of things (IoT) analytics platform. A total of five channels were created on the platform to collect data from the five sensors that were used in the experimental test rig that made use of wireless communication device. Signal data was collected once every 15 s and all the channels were updated every 2 min. ThingSpeak provided instant visualizations of data posted by the wireless communication device. Online analysis and processing of the data was performed as it came in. A second test rig was built that made use of a data logger for processing of data. The measured velocity of pulse propagation using the data logger and air as transport fluid was 355 m/s. The computed estimates of event location for the 50 measurements taken ranged between 4.243 m and 4.246 m. This had a scatter of just 3 mm against the actual measured event location of 4.23 m. The experimental results obtained showed that the performance of the wireless communication device compared satisfactorily with the data logger and is capable of detecting the location of damage on real pipelines when used for real time monitoring.Using this communication device and an analytics platform, real-time monitoring of pipelines can be carried out from any location in the world on any internet-enabled device.

The three-phase fault detector and analyse system is designed to differentiate the type of fault occur in power system, enhanced with the Internet of Things (IoT) by using the combinations of Arduino and Wi-Fi module. All sorts of electrical substation that supply the electric to the users like industrial or residential may have some failures due to fault that may be temporary or permanent. However, due to problems like system take a longer time to detect the type of fault and also required manually to reset off the fault make the existing protection system not efficient in supply energy to consumer. The system can be used three single phase transformers those are wired in star input and star output also three transformers are connected in star input and delta output that having 240 volts input and 12 volts output. Then, ESP NodeMCU is used as controller and also act as device that connect to the IoT system when fault is detected. The devices then link with the Blynk application User will get the i notification from Blynk application when the fault is occurred Using these devices, user could find automatically after a short-lived interruption in a provisional fault from the tripped situation in case of eternal fault.

The paper is aimed to develop a wireless alternating current (AC) power monitoring module which features the advantage of cost-effectiveness and sufficient reliability for the proposed AC power monitoring Internet of Things (IoT) system. The novel wireless AC power monitoring module consists of both ZMPT101B voltage sensor and ACS712-20 current sensor; a 16-bit analog-to-digital (ADC) ADS1114 with I2C interface and WeMos D1 Mini Wi-Fi module were integrated for monitoring refrigerator and air conditioner appliances with the ratings of single-phase 110/220 VAC, respectively. First, both analog readings of V/I sensors for AC appliances are converted into data streams in compliance with I2C (inter-integrated circuit) protocol, and are forwarded to a WeMos D1 Mini Wi-Fi module for the corresponding values of instantaneous electric power and energy, power factor (pf), and frequency well programmed in the built-in ESP8266EX IoT-based microcontroller unit (MCU) based on the well-known AC power fundamentals. All of the important AC power parameters are sent to the ThingSpeak IoT platform through Wi-Fi network. The visualization of voltage, current, electric power and energy, pf, and frequency is illustrated in the ThingSpeak IoT platform. Both close agreement and confidence of the proposed AC power monitoring IoT system for both refrigerator and air conditioner are evaluated with two CM3286-1 AC Power Meters. Taking the commercialized CM3286-1 instrument as reference, the values of mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) for above six electrical parameter readings are all less than 2%. The evaluation results illustrate sufficient closeness of agreement and confidence for the proposed wireless AC power monitoring IoT system for in situ monitoring AC appliances with single-phase 110/220 VAC ratings. Furthermore, the cost of the proposed AC power monitoring module is less than 100 USD, which makes the novel module more cost-effective than commercialized AC power meters which generally cost over 1000 USD. The novelties of the work are the following: (1) the introduction of ADS1114 provides I2C interface directly for Wi-Fi module to reduce the capital cost of the proposed wireless AC power monitoring module; (2) the sufficient confidence of the proposed AC power monitoring IoT system has been validated with closeness of agreement as compared to the commercialized CM3286-1 AC Power Meters. These make the assessment action of environmental, social, and governance (EGS) for stakeholders much more feasible with the advantages of cost-effectiveness and sufficient confidence.

Using the idea of IOT this project explain the multi-task farming system using Arduino. The system uses a Wi-Fi module in which system is connected to the internet. A motor and two valve are controlled by this module for transporting the water to the farm on receiving the signal from a water level sensor and soil moisture indicator. This system explain the illustration of Internet of Things (IOT). This concept does the work like weeding, spraying water, harvesting, etc. The system also does the work like determining the humidity of the soil and measuring the physical environmental factor which can be monitored by any individual from anywhere they want and the data gets recorded in the database of the webpage or the app through IOT connection and the individual gets a notification on their cellular phone through message so that he can operate the system through a push message or can be done through the mobile app if there is any requirement to the field that to be taken care of.