Tourist Local Systems and Territorial Development

Topicality. The article is in accordance with the classification of administrative territories adopted in the EU, in Ukraine there are officially 27 administrative territorial units corresponding to the scale of the second level, namely, NUTS-2. However, since 2014, this number has actually dropped to 25 units. NUTS-2 level administrative units or regions in Ukraine are represented by administrative regions and the city of Kyiv. They all differ significantly in terms of socio-economic development. Indicators that characterize the level of innovation activity in each region are not an exception. This is notwithstanding the unity of the regulatory framework in the state and the obligation to comply with the provisions of the law. In particular, the provisions of the Law of Ukraine "On Innovation Activity" emphasize that the main goal of the state innovation policy is to create socio-economic, organizational and legal conditions for the effective reproduction, development and use of scientific and technical potential of the country, ensuring the implementation of modern environmentally friendly, safe, energy - and resource-saving technologies, production and sales of new products that are competitive in the world markets. Possible reasons for this situation may be differences in the conditions of formation of innovative potential of administrative territories, in particular, uneven placement of educational institutions, scientific institutions and, as a consequence, scientific staff within each region. This situation creates conditions for significant imbalances, both within and outside the administrative territories in terms of innovation activity, as well as the socio-economic status of the regions as a whole. Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to determine the conditions of formation of innovative potential of administrative territories in Ukraine Research results. In order to confirm, or to refute, the assumption that a possible reason for the uneven development of innovation activity in the regions of Ukraine may be the unequal placement in their territory of educational and scientific institutions, which are the basis for the formation of the innovative potential of the administrative territory, the tools of statistical analysis are used. The results obtained are an improvement of the methodological support of the process of formation of innovative potential of administrative territories in Ukraine. Conclusion. Confirmation is received that the reason for uneven development of innovative activity in the regions of Ukraine is, first of all, uneven placement on the territory of educational establishments and scientific institutions. It is the uneven distribution of highly qualified scientists and their concentration in the capital region that leads to significant differences in the volume of innovative products relative to the population in the regions of the country. The formation of innovative potential should become a strategic objective of the plan of implementation of the strategy of socio-economic development of each administrative territory of Ukraine. Such a task is impossible without clear parameters for assessing the current state of innovation by the criteria for the production of innovative goods, works and services, the amount of funding for research and project work and the quantitative characteristics of the scientific elite of the region.

Розглянуто основні стратегічні вектори розвитку територій на мікрорівні: адміністративно-правові, фінансові, технологічно-інноваційні, децентралізаційні, виокремлено проблеми реалізації заходів за цими напрямами, які існують на сучасному етапі. Акцентовано на важливості процесів децентралізації, які безпосередньо впливають на територіальний розвиток, та, з огляду на зміни, обґрунтовано потребу поглиблення децентралізаційних перетворень у державі.

The structure of local authority power in France, which is heir to a system of fractionalised communities and also to a tradition of downgrading of cities, is a matter of current interest today. This is largely because of the federalisation movement in Europe and the globalisation of economies within the European market. The federalisation movement has been beneficial - integrated inter-communal structures open the way to large metropolises. Metropolises in turn, are connected with more less vast regional areas thereby redrawing the contours of the new directions of development. In this paper on the evolution of the French territorial entities, the author makes clear the consistent way in which the French legislator has moved since the signing of the Treaty of Rome in 1957, to transform the way in which territorial institutions are organised. The re-organisation of the increasingly urban communities and regions will benefit from a "plan of re-territorialisation". The declared goal is to organise these areas by arranging a network of towns both small and medium sized around metropolises in order to create true competitive areas employment which have the capacity to stimulate economic activity. From being communities of citizens, these contiguous territorial entities, subject both to the rules of free competition and to Community norms, are progressively transformed into economic players. By confirming the role of territorial entities to take all the decisions which can best be exercised at the local level (the principle of subsidiarity), the French constitutional reform of 27 March 2003 paved the way for a degree of flexibility of territorial organisation which can lead to a type of decentralisation to suit each different situation, including by the state towards the territorial entities or between territorial entities. The break with traditional uniformity of the territorial groupings in France is part of the re-territorialisation of local government areas and thus is consonant with rapid metropolisation and market liberalisation.

Agri-chains alter the trajectories of territorial development. Approaches focused on sustainable territorial development insist that local actors should have control over development and be allowed to orient it. It is a matter of understanding how local communities organize themselves or mobilize existing organizations to develop a collective project that can resolve the contradictions between the economic, environmental, and social dimensions of development. Three cases studied in Vietnam are presented here. They illustrate the significance of the local presence of traders and agro-industries, more so than that of the appropriation by farmer communities themselves of the issues of the development of these agri-chains. In this process, alliances between companies, farmers, and local authorities play a crucial role in the emergence of innovations. The challenge is for the local territorial actors, with the support of incumbent territorial organizations and State services, to participate collectively in the governance of agri-chains to solve the problems caused by the rapid growth of private firms.

After 2005 Kashmir earthquake, the Government of Pakistan has established national and provincial disaster management authorities and at local level district disaster management authority to handle the disaster risk management system. Under the Hyogo Framework for Actions, a paradigm shift from relief to risk assessment, preparedness and early warning systems is underway, emphasizing community resilience to disasters for hazard mitigation. It is fact that primary responsibility of protecting people and property from hazards rest on the national and local governments. It is the individuals, households and communities that are in the forefront of either escaping from or fighting against disasters. Though the national programs for disaster preparedness and mitigation are essential to save lives and protect livelihoods. This underscores the need for managing disaster risks at the community level. This chapter also discusses the key actors at national, provincial, district and local level and analyses the decentralization of disaster risk management institutions, and the role of local actors. This chapter is divided into ten sections, Sect. 14.2 describes the local government system in Pakistan, Sect. 14.3 elaborate the national disaster management authority and local government system in Pakistan, Sect. 14.4 focuses on the role of Provincial/State/FATA/Gilgit-Baltistan disaster management authorities in the local government, whereas DRR and district disaster management authorities has been discussed in Sect. 14.5, DRR at sub-district/Tehsil/Town level elaborated in Sect. 14.6 and DRR at union council level in Sect. 14.7. Community resilience and local government system analysed in Sect. 14.8, disaster resilience and local government in Sect. 14.9 and challenges and policy options in mainstreaming DRR at local level has been analysed in Sect. 14.10.KeywordsDisaster risk reductionLocal government and DRRCommunity resilienceChallenges and policy issues

Building Resilience Through Territorial Planning: The Experience of Province of Potenza

The article is devoted to the issues of comprehensive assessment of the tourism and recreational potential of the region. The shifting strategic priorities of the Government of the Russian Federation is aimed at reducing disparities in the territorial and sectoral development of the country’s regions, rational and effective use of the natural and economic potential. This is relevant in the crisis conditions, characterized by a decrease in the ruble exchange rate and the general purchasing power of the country's population. In this regard, the role of tourism as one of the most promising areas of the national economy in the context of its restructuring and import substitution is growing. The research devoted to an objective and comprehensive estimation of the tourism and recreational potential of the country's regions becomes necessary and in demand. The article deals with the types and methods of assessing tourism resources, approaches to assessing the tourism and recreational potential of the territory at the regional and local levels. Scientific works of domestic and foreign researchers in the field of recreational geography, tourism resource research, tourism economics are the basis for this study. Economic and statistical, structural and system analysis are the research methods of the study. The authors note that currently used approaches to assessing the re-gion's tourism and recreational potential do not cover the full range of criteria and indicators affecting the decision-making on tourism man-agement at various levels of government. Since recreational and geo-graphic approach dominates in the research, the issues of economic assessment of tourist resources receives insufficient attention. The article identifies areas for improvement of methodological ap-proaches to the comprehensive assessing the tourism potential of the region, presents the authorial approach to the tourism potential as-sessment of the region at the municipal level. This approach allows to take into account the unevenness of natural, climatic, historical-cultural and socio-economic and other resources in the regions, to identify the most promising areas for tourism development. Further development of methodological approaches to comprehensive assessment of tourism and recreational potential should be guided by strategic priorities for the regional economy development.

Food democracy is a concept with growing influence in food policy research. It involves citizens regaining democratic control of the food system and enabling its sustainable transformation. In focusing mainly on civil society initiatives, food democracy research has so far neglected the potential of state-driven food-related participation processes. We base our study on qualitative interviews with local stakeholders in two smaller cities in southern Germany where the city administration and city council initiated participatory processes. The study aims to understand how local actors are framing state-driven participation processes concerning sustainable local food system transformation along key dimensions of food democracy. We identify eight categories that conceptually constitute food democracy: mutual knowledge exchange; legitimacy and credibility of knowledge claims; transparent processes for deliberating ideas; shared language for sharing ideas; expectations of and experience with efficacy; role model function of municipalities; raising awareness; and motivation and justification of the normative orientation. Furthermore, the empirical analysis shows that state actors can have important roles in food-related participation processes as potential initiators, shapers and implementers depending on how they interact with local food-related actors and how they design and coordinate food system transformation processes. This suggests that food democracy research should not necessarily conceptualize state actors, local entrepreneurs and citizens as opponents, but rather, should reconsider how these various actors can drive food democracy and citizenship in a supportive and coordinated way.

Tourism destinations in peripheral areas are often large regions established by centralised government agencies to encourage collaboration between dispersed communities and foster innovation. Relatively little research attention has been paid to the impact that centrally defined destination boundaries have on whether and how small communities contribute to innovation at a regional level. This paper examines the case of Burra, a small town in rural South Australia. It analyses the networking, collaboration and knowledge exchange behaviour of tourism stakeholders in the context of the state-government-defined ‘Clare Valley’ tourism region. Data were drawn from a web-based social network analysis, in-depth interviews, historic document analysis and field observations. The study found that the local tourism system had limited aspirations and capabilities to collaborate with other towns in the region. Lack of regional engagement was only partially due to intra-regional competition and resistance to regional boundaries. More significant barriers included a local culture of operating in isolation, an embedded reliance on public sector leadership to manage systemic interactions, an aging system with limited ambition to change and an inability to harness in-migrants and externally based stakeholders to stimulate knowledge transfer. Changing the imposed destination boundaries would have limited impact on the operation of the local system. The paper concludes that effective regional destination development in peripheral areas needs to be better informed by more detailed understandings of local tourism systems and their capacities to engage.

Special economic zones are an important strategic tool of territorial development. Socio-economic development of special economic zones is seen to be a key economic task. To perform this task, special environment is arranged for their development and manufacturing enterprises and the service sector. These special conditions should stimulate their economic development and ensure their sustainable economic growth. The main objective of the study is to assess the development of labor potential in the Russian regions with the special economic zones and a preferential taxation scheme. The research task is to evaluate the economic and social indicators of the special economic zones. The study looks at the labor potential indicators which affect the development and functioning of these territories. The novelty is a comparative analysis of the labor potential indicators before and after a special economic zone is established. The results of the analysis show the impact of preferential conditions on the employment rate, a decrease of the unemployment rate, and changes in the structural disproportion rate and contribute into developing recommendations for efficient managerial decisions in this area. The statistical data of the Federal State Statistics Service, as well as information resources of territorial entities served as the information base for analytical studies. The statistical data analysis revealed the behavior of individual economic and social indicators; the role of a territorial status in economic growth was determined. The results also show that special environment does not stimulate territorial development in manufacturing and service sectors. Most existing territorial entities do not demonstrate high development rates, including by labor potential indicators. The exceptions are metropolitan and large urban agglomerations characterized by high economic development rates due to a high development level in financial and banking sectors, concentration of manufacturing capacities, and a significant agglomeration effect. The identified development trends evaluate the efficiency of tax incentives, the development of special economic zones, and reveal the mechanisms to improve areas of development. The results obtained in the study contribute into a more efficient investigation of the socio-economic situation in special economic zones, adjust their development directions, can be used for preparing strategic and policy documents for the development of territorial entities, including the territories with special tax privileges and preferential conditions for work.

ABSTRACTThis study sheds light on how self‐developed local accounting and control systems (so‐called vernacular accounting systems;VAS) can influence knowledge integration in development processes of enabling global accounting and control systems. We focus on accounting and control systems as devices that enable local actors to build on codified knowledge to create “new” knowledge that can facilitate local problem solving. We argue that local actors would evaluate a proposed global system as enabling or coercive depending on both their ability to manipulate the knowledge codified within as well as the consequences that the codified knowledge has for their authority in the local knowledge creation process. Based on a case study of the development process of a global accounting and control system, we demonstrate thatVAScan play a crucial role in both local actors’ evaluation of a proposed system (as points of reference) and their influence on knowledge integration (as knowledge transformation devices). Furthermore, local actors may continue to rely on theirVASif they realize that the proposed global system does not fit their needs. Local actors can thus use theirVAS(as negotiation devices) to strengthen their position in the development process as counterparts to the global system designers because the “threat” of continuing to use theVASmay prompt system designers to integrate local knowledge into the proposed global system. We thus also suggest that, if made visible to others and actively mobilized,VASmay foster productive debates that facilitate the migration of local knowledge into global systems.

Climate change adaptation is the ability of a society or a natural system to adjust to the (changing) conditions that support life in a certain climate region, including weather extremes in that region. The current discussion on climate change adaptation began in the 1990s, with the publication of the Assessment Reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Since the beginning of the 21st century, most countries, and many regions and municipalities have started to develop and implement climate change adaptation strategies and plans. But since the implementation of adaptation measures must be planned and conducted at the local level, a major challenge is to actually implement adaptation to climate change in practice. One challenge is that scientific results are mainly published on international or national levels, and political guidelines are written at transnational (e.g., European Union), national, or regional levels—these scientific results must be downscaled, interpreted, and adapted to local municipal or community levels. Needless to say, the challenges for implementation are also rooted in a large number of uncertainties, from long time spans to matters of scale, as well as in economic, political, and social interests. From a human perspective, climate change impacts occur rather slowly, while local decision makers are engaged with daily business over much shorter time spans.Among the obstacles to implementing adaptation measures to climate change are three major groups of uncertainties: (a) the uncertainties surrounding the development of our future climate, which include the exact climate sensitivity of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, the reliability of emission scenarios and underlying storylines, and inherent uncertainties in climate models; (b) uncertainties about anthropogenically induced climate change impacts (e.g., long-term sea level changes, changing weather patterns, and extreme events); and (c) uncertainties about the future development of socioeconomic and political structures as well as legislative frameworks.Besides slow changes, such as changing sea levels and vegetation zones, extreme events (natural hazards) are a factor of major importance. Many societies and their socioeconomic systems are not properly adapted to their current climate zones (e.g., intensive agriculture in dry zones) or to extreme events (e.g., housing built in flood-prone areas). Adaptation measures can be successful only by gaining common societal agreement on their necessity and overall benefit. Ideally, climate change adaptation measures are combined with disaster risk reduction measures to enhance resilience on short, medium, and long time scales.The role of uncertainties and time horizons is addressed by developing climate change adaptation measures on community level and in close cooperation with local actors and stakeholders, focusing on strengthening resilience by addressing current and emerging vulnerability patterns. Successful adaptation measures are usually achieved by developing “no-regret” measures, in other words—measures that have at least one function of immediate social and/or economic benefit as well as long-term, future benefits. To identify socially acceptable and financially viable adaptation measures successfully, it is useful to employ participatory tools that give all involved parties and decision makers the possibility to engage in the process of identifying adaptation measures that best fit collective needs.

This study on the implementation efficiency of the HIV/AIDS national response in Colombia seeks to examine how it has been implemented -- whether it has been done according to the available evidence about the epidemic and as the response was originally planned. The study approaches three specific dimensions of implementation efficiency: (i) programmatic; (ii) budgetary; and (iii) service delivery. The study uses a range of research techniques, including: (i) documentary analysis of key policies, official publications and reports; (ii) semi-structured interviews with representatives of the central government and territorial entities, international and community-based organizations, insurers, care providers, etc.; and (iii) case-study analysis to visualize the ways in which people are cared for in practice. The available data suggest that the HIV/AIDS response is succeeding in keeping the prevalence low and the epidemic concentrated. In recent years, the level of health coverage has increased and the quality of care services has improved. The identified problems in service delivery (mostly related to coverage and access) are linked to system fragmentation and integration, and to the nature of the coordination mechanisms, both at the national and the territorial level. The effectiveness of the response would benefit from re-energized leadership at both the national and local levels -- articulated through the existing programmatic framework and coordinating mechanisms. The complexity of the system and the lack of budgetary and expenditure information have impeded the evaluation of the budgetary efficiency of the HIV/AIDS response.

Environmental Innovations, Local Networks and Internationalization

<p>High spatial resolution (<100m) mapping of NO<sub>2</sub> at various temporal scales (e.g., hours of the week, month, or year) provides opportunities to study the relationship between personal air pollution exposure and health over large populations. Statistical modelling of NO<sub>2</sub> at the global scale provides high-resolution estimations for countries with deficient ground station measurements and provides air pollution maps and human exposures with consistent uncertainties for global health studies. Our objective is to develop spatiotemporally-resolved statistical learning models, understand the temporal dynamics of NO<sub>2</sub> and the contributing sources, and open-source our global NO<sub>2</sub> prediction maps at 100 m resolution. The global maps are provided at various temporal aggregations (e.g. separating between weekdays and weekends, day and night) and spatial aggregations (e.g. multiple gridded resolutions, administrative units) to facilitate global exposure assessment. To create these maps, we compiled from multiple sources a dataset of hourly NO<sub>2</sub> measurements from more than 7000 ground stations over the globe, considerably larger in size and spatiotemporal coverage than used in recent high-resolution NO<sub>2 </sub>mapping studies. For statistical modelling, geospatial predictors include Sentinel-5 satellite (Tropomi instrument) measurements, variables relating to the emission sources (e.g., road network), dispersion processes (e.g., meteorological variables), elevation and Earth nightlights (from VIIRS nightlight data). We evaluate various statistical models including linear models, ensemble tree-based models, deep convolution models, stacked models with regularisation, and hierarchical modelling strategies and select the optimal model for mapping. Evaluation of models included uncertainty assessment as well as spatial validation methods.</p>