Understand SQL Performance with Algorithm Analysis

Advanced Programming and Problem Solving with Pascal: G.M. Schneider and S.C. Bruell University of Minnesota, October 1981, 496 pages (approx.) $30.50/£16.05(approx.)

Developing streaming applications on heterogenous multi-processor architectures like the Cell is difficult. Currently, application developers need to know about hardware details to deal with issues like scheduling, memory management and communication/synchronization. Worse, with multiple alternatives for communication available, developers spend significant time picking the most appropriate one. A poor choice often results in bad performance. With Cell-Space , we shield users from hardware details without compromising performance. Its runtime is based on an evaluation of the different communication primitives. In Cell-Space , developers specify a streaming application as a data flow graph of interacting components. Both task- and data-parallelism are easily expressed and advanced features such as dynamic reconfiguration are fully supported. Beneath a simple interface we include a slew of optimizations not present in other Cell run time environments. We demonstrate the impact of these optimizations and show that Cell-Space applications can efficiently exploit the resources offered by the Cell.

The CAR-2-X communication SDK is a software implementation of a networking protocol stack for car-to-car and car-to-infrastructure communication with IEEE 802.11 radio technology. The core of the SDK is a routing protocol that provides wireless ad hoc and multi-hop communication using geographical positions for addressing and packet forwarding. The routing protocol scheme is enhanced by various features to meet the requirements of safety and infotainment applications in vehicular environments. The SDK can be executed in various hardware environments, such as virtual machines, software development systems and embedded hardware for automotive and road side units. The SDK enables rapid development of safety and infotainment applications for CAR-2-X communication by providing state-of-the-art communication protocols and well-defined application programming interfaces (APIs). The advanced features and a high grade of configurability makes the SDK an ideal software platform for experimentation and evaluation of CAR-2-X communication systems in laboratory environments and real world testbeds. In this paper we describe functionalities and features of the CAR-2-X communication SDK and present the SDK's implementation aspects for the protocols and API. Then, we present a framework for benchmarking and evaluation of CAR-2-X communication protocols. The CAR-2-X Communication SDK is available under the conditions of a software license and provided royalty-free.

The rapid rise of OpenMP as the preferred parallel programming paradigm for small‐to‐medium scale parallelism could slow unless OpenMP can show capabilities for becoming the model‐of‐choice for large scale high‐performance parallel computing in the coming decade.The main stumbling block for the adaptation of OpenMP to distributed shared memory (DSM) machines, which are based on architectures like cc‐NUMA, stems from the lack of capabilities for data placement among processors and threads for achieving data locality. The absence of such a mechanism causes remote memory accesses and inefficient cache memory use, both of which lead to poor performance.This paper presents a simple software programming approach called copy‐inside–copy‐back (CC) that exploits the data privatization mechanism of OpenMP for data placement and replacement. This technique enables one to distribute data manually without taking away control and flexibility from the programmer and is thus an alternative to the automat and implicit approaches. Moreover, the CC approach improves on the OpenMP‐SPMD style of programming that makes the development process of an OpenMP application more structured and simpler.The CC technique was tested and analyzed using the NAS Parallel Benchmarks on SGI Origin 2000 multiprocessor machines. This study shows that OpenMP improves performance of coarse‐grained parallelism, although a fast copy mechanism is essential. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

JavaScript (JS) is one of the most popular programming languages for developing client-side applications mainly due to allowing the adoption of different programming styles, not having strict syntax rules, and supporting a plethora of frameworks. The flexibility that the language provides may accelerate the development of application, but also pose threats to the quality of the final software product, e.g., introducing Technical Debt (TD). TD reflects the additional cost of software maintenance activities to implement new features, occurring due to poorly developed solutions. Being able to forecast the levels of TD in the future can be extremely valuable in managing TD, since it can contribute to informed decision making when designating future repayments and refactoring budget among a company's projects. Despite the popularity of JS and the undoubtful benefits of accurate TD forecasting, in the literature, there is available only a limited number of tools and methodologies that are able to: (a) forecast TD during software evolution, (b) provide a ground-truth TD quantifications to train forecasting, since TD tools that are available are based on different rulesets and none is recognized as a state-of-the-art solution, (c) take into consideration the language-specific characteristics of JS. As a main contribution for this study, we propose a methodology (along with a supporting tool) that supports the aforementioned goals based on the Backward Stepwise Regression and Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA). We evaluate the proposed approach through a case study on 19,636 releases of 105 open-source applications. The results point out that: (a) the proposed model can lead to an accurate prediction of TD, and (b) the Number of appearances of the “new” and “eval” keyword along with the number of “anonymous” and “arrow” functions are among the features of JavaScript language that are related to high levels of TD.

The University of Tennessee (UTK) and University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP) partnership supported the three main thrusts of the SUPER project---performance, energy, and resilience. The UTK-UTEP effort thus helped advance the main goal of SUPER, which was to ensure that DOE's computational scientists can successfully exploit the emerging generation of high performance computing (HPC) systems. This goal is being met by providing application scientists with strategies and tools to productively maximize performance, conserve energy, and attain resilience. The primary vehicle through which UTK provided performance measurement support to SUPER and the larger HPC community is the Performance Application Programming Interface (PAPI). PAPI is an ongoing project that provides a consistent interface and methodology for collecting hardware performance information from various hardware and software components, including most major CPUs, GPUs and accelerators, interconnects, I/O systems, and power interfaces, as well as virtual cloud environments. The PAPI software is widely used for performance modeling of scientific and engineering applications---for example, the HOMME (High Order Methods Modeling Environment) climate code, and the GAMESS and NWChem computational chemistry codes---on DOE supercomputers. PAPI is widely deployed as middleware for use by higher-level profiling, tracing, and sampling tools (e.g., CrayPat, HPCToolkit, Scalasca, Score-P, TAU, Vampir, PerfExpert), making it the de facto standard for hardware counter analysis. PAPI has established itself as fundamental software infrastructure in every application domain (spanning academia, government, and industry), where improving performance can be mission critical. Ultimately, as more application scientists migrate their applications to HPC platforms, they will benefit from the extended capabilities this grant brought to PAPI to analyze and optimize performance in these environments, whether they use PAPI directly, or via third-party performance tools. Capabilities added to PAPI through this grant include support for new architectures such as the lastest GPU and Xeon Phi accelerators, and advanced power measurement and management features. Another important topic for the UTK team was providing support for a rich ecosystem of different fault management strategies in the context of parallel computing. Our long term efforts have been oriented toward proposing flexible strategies and providing building boxes that application developers can use to build the most efficient fault management technique for their application. These efforts span across the entire software spectrum, from theoretical models of existing strategies to easily assess their performance, to algorithmic modifications to take advantage of specific mathematical properties for data redundancy and to extensions to widely used programming paradigms to empower the application developers to deal with all types of faults. We have also continued our tight collaborations with users to help them adopt these technologies to ensure their application always deliver meaningful scientific data. Large supercomputer systems are becoming more and more power and energy constrained, and future systems and applications running on them will need to be optimized to run under power caps and/or minimize energy consumption. The UTEP team contributed to the SUPER energy thrust by developing power modeling methodologies and investigating power management strategies. Scalability modeling results showed that some applications can scale better with respect to an increasing power budget than with respect to only the number of processors. Power management, in particular shifting power to processors on the critical path of an application execution, can reduce perturbation due to system noise and other sources of runtime variability, which are growing problems on large-scale power-constrained computer systems.

To reduce the cost of cloud tenants and avoid the phenomenon of vendor lock-in, multi-cloud technique is proposed and competent for this goal. However, it leads to another difficultly on supporting application development and runtime update process in the multi-cloud context. The key points for this problem are: (i) implementing application runtime switch among cloud services for varied service requirements and status; (ii) supporting runtime agile and low-cost update, and redevelopment for emerging new cloud services. To overcome this problem and advance multi-cloud applications execution, we present a support technique based on service driver concept. Service driver can help applications shield the heterogeneity and switch among cloud services. To support the implementation of service driver, we have finished the following three areas: (i) proposing a multi-cloud application service access model which is implemented through multi-agent system technique; (ii) presenting a multi-cloud application runtime service update and invocation process; (iii) introducing a multi-cloud application development framework. Furthermore, to help and direct developers to design and implement multi-cloud application, we describe a multi-cloud application (re)development method. This method includes multi-cloud application development process and runtime multi-cloud application agile redevelopment process. Finally, we interpret the multi-cloud application development support techniques and methods via case study.

We present the AgreementMaker system for matching real-world schemas and ontologies, which may consist of hundreds or even thousands of concepts. The end users of the system are sophisticated domain experts whose needs have driven the design and implementation of the system: they require a responsive, powerful, and extensible framework to perform, evaluate, and compare matching methods. The system comprises a wide range of matching methods addressing different levels of granularity of the components being matched (conceptual vs. structural), the amount of user intervention that they require (manual vs. automatic), their usage (stand-alone vs. composed), and the types of components to consider (schema only or schema and instances). Performance measurements (recall, precision, and runtime) are supported by the system, along with the weighted combination of the results provided by those methods. The AgreementMaker has been used and tested in practical applications and in the Ontology Alignment Evaluation Initiative (OAEI) competition. We report here on some of its most advanced features, including its extensible architecture that facilitates the integration and performance tuning of a variety of matching methods, its capability to evaluate, compare, and combine matching results, and its user interface with a control panel that drives all the matching methods and evaluation strategies.

Connie Kelly Tang and Lei Zhang have provided a holistic coverage of the entire surface transportation project and program development process from the beginning of planning though environmental approval, design, right-of way acquisition, construction to operations and maintenance.— Neil Pedersen, Executive Director, Transportation Research Board, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Washington, DC Transportation program and project development is complex. The process spans over planning, programming, environment, design, right of way, construction, operations, and maintenance. Professionals from civil engineering, planning, social and environmental sciences, business and project management, and data science, work together in a relay team to transform an idea into a highway, a transit hub, an airport or a water facility. It is challenging for any one person to master all the knowledge and skills needed to perform every relevant task. However, it is critical for all involved to understand how this relay works and how the societal, environmental, governmental, and regulatory contexts influence the process and the technical solution. Professionals who understand the process and see the big picture are those who rise to the top as leaders. Transportation Project and Program Development provides holistic coverage on the technical subject matter, processes and procedures, and policy and guidance associated with transportation project and program development, which can help professionals become program leaders. For each phase of the process, key products delivered, processes used, governing principles, foundations of applicable science and engineering, technologies deployed, and knowledge required are discussed. While all coverages reflect the practices of the United States, the logic, principles, science, and engineering are applicable to all countries of the world. The book can also serve as an introductory textbook for undergraduate students and as a textbook or reference for a graduate-level course in civil engineering, transportation engineering, planning, and project management.

We describe some of the novel aspects and motivations behind the design and implementation of the Ciao multiparadigm programming system. An important aspect of Ciao is that it provides the programmer with a large number of useful features from different programming paradigms and styles, and that the use of each of these features can be turned on and off at will for each program module. Thus, a given module may be using e.g. higher order functions and constraints, while another module may be using objects, predicates, and concurrency. Furthermore, the language is designed to be extensible in a simple and modular way. Another important aspect of Ciao is its programming environment, which provides a powerful preprocessor (with an associated assertion language) capable of statically finding non-trivial bugs, verifying that programs comply with specifications, and performing many types of program optimizations. Such optimizations produce code that is highly competitive with other dynamic languages or, when the highest levels of optimization are used, even that of static languages, all while retaining the interactive development environment of a dynamic language. The environment also includes a powerful auto-documenter. The paper provides an informal overview of the language and program development environment. It aims at illustrating the design philosophy rather than at being exhaustive, which would be impossible in the format of a paper, pointing instead to the existing literature on the system.

The research is focused on specific features of legal regulation of goal-oriented programming as an element of the state long-term planning. It has been indicated that the state long-term planning consists in choosing the priorities of economic development and public administration, determining resources to achieve the goals, elaborating and implementing tasks and measures of socio-economic development. One of the elements of state long-term planning is the development of state goal-oriented programs. Legislative and doctrinal definitions of state goal-oriented programs have been analyzed. The state goal-oriented program should be defined as a set of interrelated scientifically sound tasks and measures of social, economic, scientific, technical, organizational nature aimed at obtaining positive results of the state and society’s development. The state programs determine resources for financing their implementation; they establish the tasks for the executors of specific activities. The legal principles for the development of state and local goal-oriented programs have been determined. It has been clarified that the central and local executive agencies, the National Bank of Ukraine and the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine have the authorities to develop state goal-oriented programs. Such programs are approved by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine or the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. Local goal-oriented programs are created by the village or city mayor and approved at the village or city council’s sessions. The authors have defined certain stages of the development and approval processes of socio-economic development programs, which include preparation of the concept of the goal-oriented program, coordination with various ministries, conducting scientific and technical, as well as other examinations, public discussions of the program. The authors have formulated propositions for amending the current legislation in regard to public participation in the development of state and local goal-oriented programs, namely: 1) members of the public should have the authorities to initiate the development of state and local programs; 2) public organizations should have the right to offer their own programs for the development of territorial communities or programs to address social and economic problems; 3) propositions of citizens expressed by them during the program’s public discussions must be taken into account in the draft of the relevant program.

The article examines the "Program for the development of local government in the Dnipropetrovsk region for 2012 –2021" prerequisites for development, phases of the life cycle and components’ content. Periodization was carried out with the definition of three Program stages, key events, achievements and challenges of the regional Program implementation. It is established that during the first two operational stages (2008–2011) significant results were obtained, which ensured further "breakthrough" movement of region local self-government in the decentralization processes. It is shown that Dnipropetrovsk region is a leader in decentralization processes: as of the beginning of 2020, 71 amalgamated territorial communities have been formed. The volumes of funding of the "Local self-government development projects and programs regional award" are analysed and it is determined that it is necessary to continue the practice of annual Regional award. It is emphasized that the process of decentralization has caused new challenges to be met by local governments in the implementation of fundamentally new tasks during the implementation of the next stage of the Program in 2016–2021. In particular, it is determined that in 2020–2021 the following additional challenges are relevant: territorial communities voluntary amalgamation processes’ completion & joining affluent communities’ intensification; the critical need to strengthen programs for mono-industry settlements’ economy diversification; regional vital activity’s organization in the conditions of the COVID 19 pandemic. Taking into account the results of modern scientific research, seven adjusted priority goals of the Program current stage are proposed. An updated system of the Regional Local Government Development Program’s key principles and values is presented, which formalizes key principles (openness; active internal dialogue; continuity of experience; design of local development processes at strategic and operational levels; systematic support for local development projects; local communities’ project-targeted financing; reasonable distribution of the budgetary resources and values involved) and values (proactive; productive; promising) that will ensure the success of the local self-government development programming at the regional level in today's challenges.

What is necessary to gain success in education and business life 21. when the sources belonging to institutions, organizations and initiatives, especially educational institutions, that define the skills of the century are examined, it is seen that one of the most frequently recurring skills is the ability to develop programs. Within the framework of the program development process, our life, the quality of what we produce or build depends exactly on the quality of our thinking. Acting randomly, thinking and acting are expensive both financially and in terms of our quality of life. At the current point in today's world, the importance of mastering program development skills is increasing every day. Within the framework of a qualified educational approach, acquiring the ability to develop a program is seen as a more important issue today than ever. John Dewey (1993) pointed out that skill development and learning are the most basic goals of education. Michael Scriven (2010) considers program development education as the most primary educational task. Cevizci (2010) considers program development at the very beginning of the goals that education is trying to achieve. He stated that the purpose of education will be achieved if people with program development skills are trained through education from a social or individual point of view. Warren (2006) stated that program development is a twenty-first century skill that all university graduates need. In order for individuals to be trained to master the ability to develop programs and to better understand their educational importance, it is necessary to explain in detail the importance of program development skills and their role in human life. Key Words: Educational Management, Program Development Postgraduate Scientific Studies

The instructional design of many introductory programming courses in computer science do not include introduction to programming styles. In most cases, these courses offer an introduction to syntax constructs of the programming language as a means to translate problem statements to program design and how to handle a compiler. Notably, students are offered only summative feedback on their code. Skill development in programming is an evolutionary process. Skilled programmers exhibit expertise in contextualizing language constructs, design issues, efficient debugging, standards requirements, best practices, coding resources, and ability to successfully collaborate with colleagues. We propose a pedagogical mechanism to guide students through a formative process and present empirical evidence in support of a real-time and theory-centric assessment and feedback of styles of programming.

This paper presents a generalization of two fundamental programming concepts, LOCAL ABSTRACTIONS and GLOBAL ABSTRACTIONS, and a survey of several mechanisms for implementing them. Global abstractions are semantic definitions (of objects) used throughout a program, whereas Local abstractions are refinement steps generated by the subdivision of a problem into subproblems. Global abstractions are very well supported in today's programming languages, but there is no mechanism entirely satisfactory for the "natural" development of programs using top-down step-wise decomposition techniques. Current languages lack means of expressing the hierarchical tree structure of programs. The structure of the program <u>must be retained explicitly</u>, and with varying degrees of detail at different levels corresponding to the way the program was developed. There is an important deficiency in the process of refining the solution to a problem: local abstractions, which describe intermediate stages of the solution, are replaced by their corresponding refinements.In particular, we discuss some inadequacies of "the facto" structuring constructs in modern languages, showing that, for instance, procedures should not be used for represeting refinements, since these are intended to control the "static" program structure (refinements may well represent non-executable pieces of code!). Finally, we propose the introduction of two new DESIGN constructs for developing structured programs which can show and maintain the solutions's structure as produced during the development process.