Uniformity Middle Ware for Photo-Printing

Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) processors have wide selection of applications performance on speed and better cache memory. The advanced RISC microprocessors are extensively used for many of the complicated systems. Reduced Instruction set Computing (RISC) is a CPU (Central Processing Unit) design mechanism that displays fundamental instruction set and performs better after comparison with the other microprocessor architecture and has the ability to perform commands per instruction through microprocessor cycles. The proposed processor is designed using Harvard architecture, having separate instruction and data memory. Building of a fully synthesizable 32-bit RISC processor with Fetching unit, Decoding unit, Data and instruction memory, and Execution unit. The RISC Processor design is synthesized and implemented using Xilinx ISE Tool and simulated using I-sim. A 32-bit RISC is simulated and checked through VIO IP cores. We can use debug feature to drive and monitor signals that are present on the real hardware. This work is intended with Verilog HDL and implemented with the help of development board using Artix-7 FPGA device. The outcomes of performance are evaluated in terms of area, timing performance and maximum frequency of operation. The RISC processor compares earlier comparable architecture with efficient developments.

Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) is a design which presents better performances, higher speed of operation and favors the smaller and simpler set of instructions. A 16 bit RISC processor designed in this paper is capable of executing more number of instructions with simple design, using the Verilog Hardware Description Language (HDL) and the design is simulated in the Xilinx ISE 14.7 design suite. The main achievement in this work is that the multiplier unit in Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) and Multiplier and Accumulator (MAC) is implemented using Vedic Sutras. The main principle used in Vedic mathematics is to reduce the typical calculation of conventional mathematics to very simple one and hence reduce the overall computational complexity. In addition to these blocks, designed RISC Processor consists of other blocks like Control unit and data path, Register Bank, Program Counter and Memory. The proposed RISC processor is very simple and capable of executing 14 instructions. The achievement in this work is that 44% savings in power in case of MAC and that of 12% in case of ALU is achieved compared to conventional ALU and MAC respectively. Also the delay is reduced by 45% in case of MAC and that of 35% in case of ALU in comparison with conventional ALU and MAC correspondingly. These Vedic MAC and ALU are then integrated with other blocks in processor and 16-bit Vedic processor is developed. This reduces the delay by 34% and saves around 88% power compared to conventional processor. Hence the improvement in speed of operation, reduction in power utilization and less area utilization are the key features of designed RISC processor.

This research paper presents design & simulation of a high performance five stage pipelined 8 bit or 16-bit Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipeline Stages (MIPS), which is a Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) architecture based processor. The purpose of RISC microprocessor is to execute a minuscule batch of instructions, with the intention of proliferating the celerity of the processor. This processor was designed with 5 phases of pipeline in particular Instruction Fetch (IF), Instruction Decode & Register Fetch (ID), Execution & Address Calculation (EX), Memory Access (MEM) and Write Back (WB) modules. The designing process was done using a myriad of modules which are the ALU, Control Unit, Program Counter, MUX, Instruction Memory, Data Memory, CPU, Register File, and Sign Extension. The Proposed design is developed by Verilog HDL and Simulated by Modelsim 6.4 c and Synthesized by Xilinx tool and proposed system implemented in FPGA Spartan 3 XC3S 200 TQ-144.

This paper presents the design and implementation of a pipelined 9-bit RISC Processor. The various blocks include the Fetch, Decode, Execute and Store result to implement 4 stage pipelining. Harvard Architecture is used which has distinct program memory space and data memory space. The only load and store is used to communicate with data memory. RISC using pipeline makes CPI as 1 and improves speed of execution. Verilog Language is used for coding purpose. The proposed architecture is then simulated using Modelsim. Reduced Instruction Set Computers (RISCs) are now use for all type of computational tasks. In the area of scientific computing, RISC workstations are being increasingly used for compute task such as DSP, DIP etc. RISC concepts help to achieve given levels of performance at significantly lower cost than other systems. Pipelined RISC improves speed and cost effectiveness over the ease of hardware description language programming and conservation of memory and RISC based designs will continue to grow in speed and ability. The main features of RISC processor are the instruction set can be hardwired to speed instruction execution. In the present work, the design of a 4-bit data width Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) processor is presented. It has a complete instruction set, program and data memories, general purpose registers and a simple Arithmetical Logical Unit (ALU) for basic operations. In this design, most instructions are of uniform length and similar structure, arithmetic operations are restricted to CPU registers and only separate load and store instructions access memory. The architecture supports 8 instructions to support Arithmetic, Logical, Shifting, and load -store operations. Verilog HDL has evolved as a standard hardware description language. A hardware descriptive language is a language used to describe a digital system. HDL's allows the design to be simulated earlier in the design cycle in order to correct errors or experiment with different architectures. Designs described in HDL are technology- independent, easy to design and debug, and are usually more readable than schematics, particularly for large circuits. More recently Verilog is used as an input for synthesis programs which will generate a gate-level description for the circuit. The simulator which is used for the language is Xilinx ISE and Modelsim. Verilog is capable of describing simple behaviour. Machine cycle instructions allow the processor to handle several instructions at the same time. The processor can work at a high clock frequency and thus yields higher speed. This paper is about design of a simple RISC processor and synthesizing it. The RISC architecture follows single-cycle instruction execution.

In this paper, we present the characterization and design of energy-efficient, on chip cache memories. The characterization of power dissipation in on-chip cache memories reveals that the memory peripheral interface circuits and bit array dissipate comparable power. To optimize performance and power in a processor's cache, a multidivided module (MDM) cache architecture is proposed to conserve energy in the bit array as well as the memory peripheral circuits. Compared to a conventional, nondivided, 16-kB cache, the latency and power of the MDM cache are reduced by a factor of 1.9 and 4.6, respectively. Based on the MDM cache architecture, the energy efficiency of the complete memory hierarchy is analyzed with respect to cache parameters in a multilevel processor cache design. This analysis was conducted by executing the SPECint92 benchmark programs with the miss ratios for reduced instruction set computer (RISC) and complex instruction set computer (CISC) machines.

Hardware software co-design plays a crucial part in the embedded processor development especially with the current advancement of reconfigurable platforms. The reconfigurability features offered by platforms such as Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) has permitted the modification of the internal processor architecture with lower cost and higher performance. While the hardware architecture could be changed through various methods, the modifications need to be complemented with a compatible assembler that suits the amended architecture. This paper presents a two-pass assembler design technique that adapts to any instruction set architecture (ISA) modifications being applied on a reconfigurable processor. A Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) processor core, which is described in Verilog Hardware Description Language (HDL), is used as the testing platform whereby its ISA is expanded to include new instruction sets. The assembler is developed based on two-pass approach and the assembling process would generate a coefficient file that is used as initialization files during the FPGA implementation of the processor core. The assemblers have been successfully developed with correct output format and verified during the FPGA implementation using Xilinx Spartan-3AN board.

This paper details the development, testing, and subsequent validation of the Thermal Ribbon Analysis Platform (TRAP). The TRAP is a computer peripheral imaging device that scans used dye diffusion thermal transfer and thermal mass transfer ribbons. The device is designed to recover and preserve photographic data on the seized cartridges without modifying or damaging the media. The system enables the user to easily and efficiently mount and scan a wide variety of cartridge formats from a desktop computer. The TRAP provides a suite of recovery and image enhancement tools from an integrated software application. The software also supports various batch related image operations to reduce postprocessing time. The validation study of the TRAP demonstrates that the system is capable of imaging, tracking, and processing various cartridge form factors reliably. Furthermore, it was determined that the TRAP successfully captures all imagery on any given ribbon.

The authors describe the VL86C010 family of RISC (reduced-instruction-set computer) processors and peripherals, which was originally a custom design for Acorn Computers Ltd. The resultant performance proved its value in many other functions as well, providing an ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit) core. The VL86C020 provides an ASIC-capability two-and-a-half times performance increase over the previous generation VL86C010 while maintaining software compatibility. By offering the CPU and cache memory on a single device, and itself as a core, the processor offers a superior upward migration path because the highest-frequency memory path is not required to cross a chip boundary. As process rules continue to shrink, the clock frequency can be increased for on-chip operations accordingly without making undue demands on external memory system bandwidth. >

This paper presents the design of multi-cycle 32-bit Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) processor for better performance and higher speed of operation. The processor is capable of executing more number of instructions with simple design and less critical path delay. The designed processor was simulated and synthesized using Xilinx 14.7 ISE design suite. The processor executes each and every instruction in more than one cycle that's why the term multi-cycle. Each instruction is divided into three main states namely the Fetch state, the Decode state and the Execution state. The first two sates remain the same for all the instruction the last state, however depends on the type of operation performed in that instruction.

Register array processor

Faster print speed for on demand type card printing is one of the strong requirements from the printer user. And, it must include graphic quality to describe the full color photograph for ID card using dye diffusion thermal transfer method.To achieve these requirements, there are obstacles to be solved. One of those is the ribbon wrinkle. When print speed is increased, friction between heater of thermal printhead and the back coat of transfer ribbon will be bigger. As a result, ribbon wrinkles much easier compared to regular speed. To reduce it, printhead heater construction has been improved. As a result, wrinkle could be eliminated.

To the present day, the performance of microprocessors has progressed dramatically. Recently, almost all computer systems use reduced instruction set computer (RISC) architectures. However, about 30 years ago, complex instruction set computer (CISC) architectures were widely used for almost all computer systems. The advantages and successes of RISC architectures are attributable to their simplified structures. Conventional complex instruction set computer (CISC) architectures invariably included various and numerous instruction sets. Each instruction was able to execute a complicated multi-step operation. For that reason, the CISC architectures were useful in assembler-based programming environments and in systems with small amounts of memory. However, such complicated architectures prevent increases in clock frequency or a processor’s processing power. Therefore, RISC architectures—which use simple architectures based on single-step instruction sets—have been developed. The RISC architectures present advantages in terms of higher clock frequency, smaller implementation area, and lower power consumption than conventional complex instruction set computer (CISC) architectures. Observation of many examples reveals that, in circuit implementations, a simple structure is best to increase the overall performance. That principle is also applicable to programmable devices. If clock-by-clock reconfigurable devices are used, even a single instruction set computer (SISC) can be implemented onto them. A single instruction set computer is one in which a processor has only a single instruction. During production, various single instruction set computers are prepared: a single instruction set computer with an AND logic function, a single instruction set computer with an adder function, and so on. These processor units are implemented at necessary times and at necessary places of a programmable device. In CISC and RISC architectures, the hardware is fixed. Its operations are switched using software commands, as portrayed in Fig. 1(a). In contrast, in a single instruction set computer, the operation changes are executed by hardware reconfigurations, as shown in Figs. 1(b) and 1(c). Therefore, in a single instruction set computer, a processor with a certain function itself can be reconfigured to another processor with another function. The implementation of such single instruction set computers provides the following advantages under programmable device implementations. A single instruction set computer with the simplest architecture can operate at the highest clock frequency among all processor architectures. In RISC architectures, many selectors to change functions are implemented; such selectors have a certain delay. However, single instruction set computers

Omega - A RISC Architecture for Real-Time Applications

The evolution of computer architecture has given rise to two main approaches: RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) and CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer). These architectures differ significantly in terms of instruction design, efficiency, and performance. This study aims to analyze the performance and efficiency of RISC and CISC in the context of computer architecture organization. The methodology includes a literature review, comparative analysis, and performance evaluation based on parameters such as processing speed, power consumption, and design complexity. The results indicate that RISC tends to be more efficient in terms of power consumption and execution speed for simple instructions, while CISC excels in handling complex instructions with fewer lines of code. The findings of this study can serve as a reference for the development of modern computer architectures that balance performance and efficiency.

We describe a novel architectural framework that allows software applications written for a given Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) to migrate to a different, higher performance architecture, without a significant investment on the part of the application user or developer. The framework provides a hardware mechanism for seamless switching between two instruction sets, resulting in a machine that enhances application performance while keeping the same program behavior (from a user perspective). High execution speed on migrated applications is achieved through automated translation of the object code of one machine to that of the other, using advanced global optimization and scheduling techniques. Issues affecting application behavior, such as precise exceptions, as well as self-modifying code, are addressed. Relaxation of full compatibility on these issues lead to further possible performance gains, encouraging applications to adopt the newer architecture.The proposed framework offers a path for moving from complex instruction set computers (CISCs) to newer architectures, such as reduced instruction set computers (RISCs), superscalars, or very long instruction word (VLIW) machines, while protecting the extensive economic investment represented by existing software. To illustrate our approach, we show how system code written (and compiled) for the IBM System/390 can yield fine-grain parallelism, as it is targeted for execution by a VLIW machine, with encouraging performance results.