W. V. O. Quine

Happy accidents happen even in philosophy. Sometimes our arguments yield insights despite missing their target, though when they do others can often spot it more easily. Consider the work of Donald Davidson. Few did more to explore connections among mind, language, and world. Now that we have critical distance from his views, however, we can see that Davidson’s accomplishments are not quite what they seem. First, while Davidson attacked the dualism of conceptual scheme and empirical content, he in fact illustrated a way to hold it. Second, while Davidson used the principle of charity to argue against the dualism, his argument in effect treats the principle as constitutive of a conceptual scheme. And third, while Davidson asserted that he cannot define what truth ultimately is—and while I do not disagree—his work nonetheless allows us to saymore about truth than Davidson himself does. I aim to establish these three claims. Doing so enriches our understanding of issues central to the history of philosophy concerning how, if at all, to divvy up the mental or linguistic contribution, and the worldly contribution, to knowledge. As we see below, Davidson was right in taking his work to be one stage of a dialectic begun by Immanuel Kant.1 He was just wrong about what that stage is. Reconsidering Davidson’s views also moves the current debate forward, as they reveal a previously unrecognized yet intuitive notion of truth—even if Davidson himself remained largely unaware of it. We begin however with scheme/content dualism and Davidson’s argument against it.

Kesper-Biermann, Sylvia, Staat und Schule in Kurhessen 1813-1866 (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2001). Lehning, James, To Be a Citizen. The Political Culture of the Early French Third Republic (Cornell University Press, 2001). Reddy, William, The Navigation of Feeling (Cambridge University Press, 2001). Romani, Roberto, National Character and Public Spirit in Britain and France, 1750-1914 (Cambridge University Press, 2002). Rose, James, Duquesne and the Rise of Steel Unionism (University of Illinois Press, 2001). Rosenfeld, Sophia, A Revolution in Language. The Problem of Signs in Late Eighteenth-Century France (Stanford University Press, 2001). Ruble, Blair, Second Metropolis. Pragmatic Pluralism in Gilded Age Chicago, Silver Age Moscow, and Meiji Osaka (Cambridge University Press, 2001). Ruff, Julius, Violence in Early Modem Europe (Cambridge University Press, 2001). Rumbaut, Ruben and Portes, Alejandro (eds), Ethnicities. Children of Immigrants in America (University of California Press, 2001). Sautman, Francesca Canada and Sheingorn, Pamela (eds), Same Sex Love and Desire among Women in the Middle Ages (Palgrave, 2001). Scranton, Philip (ed.), The Second Wave. Southern Industrialization from the 19405 to the 19705 (University of Georgia Press, 2001). Lilley, Keith, Urban Life in the Middle Ages 1000-1430 (Palgrave, 2001). McCarthy, Justin, The Ottoman Peoples and the End of Empire (Arnold, 2001). Mendie, Michael (ed.), The Putney Debates of 1647. The Army, the Levellers, and the English State (Cambridge University Press, 2001). Michels, George, At War with the Church. Religious Dissent in Seventeenth-century Russia (Stanford University Press, 2001). Mills, Dennis, Rural Community History from Trade Directories (Local Population Studies, 2001). Packer, Ian, Lloyd George, Liberalism and the Land. The Land Issue and Party Politics in England, 1906-1914 (Royal Historical Society, 2001). Parrott, David, Richelieu's Army. War, Government and Society in France, 1624-1642 (Cambridge University Press, 2001). Popkin, Jeremy, Press, Revolution and Social Identities in France, 1830-1835 (Penn State University Press, 2001). Rasmussen, Birgit Brander, Klinenberg, Eric, Nexica, Irene and Wray, Matt (eds), The Making and Unmaking of Whiteness (Duke University Press, 2001). Schechter, Patricia, Ida B. Wells-Bamett and American Reform, 1880-1930 (University of North Carolina Press, 2001). Schulten, Susan, The Geographical Imagination in America, 1880-1930 (University of Chicago Press, 2001). Scott, Tom, Society and Economy in Germany, 1300-1600 (Palgrave, 2001). Shackel,Paul (ed.), Myth, Memory, and the Making of the American Landscape (University Press of Florida, 2001). Smith, John (ed.), When Did Southern Segregation Begin? (Palgrave, 2002). Sokoll, Thomas (ed.), Essex Pauper Letters 1731-1831 (Oxford University Press, 2001). Spraggs, Gillian, Outlaws and Highway men.The Cult of the Robber in England from the Middle Ages to the Nineteenth Century (Pimlico, 2001). Steffen, Lisa, Defining a British State. Treason and National Identity, 1608-1820 (Palgrave, 2001). Stengers, Jean and van Neck, Anne, Masturbation. The History of a Great Terror (St Martin's Press, 2001). Sweeney, Regina, Singing Our Way to Victory. French Cultural Politics and Music during the Great War (Wesleyan University Press, 2001). Veenendaal, Augustus, Railways in the Netherlands. A Brief History, 1834-1994 (Stanford University Press, 2001). Vickeiy, Amanda (ed.), Women, Privilege and Power. British Politics, 1750 to the Present (Oxford University Press, 2001). Vigarello, Georges, A History of Rape. Sexual Violence in France from the 16th to the 20th Century (Polity Press, 2001). Vinson, Ben, Bearing Arms for His Majesty. The Free-Colored Militia in Colonial Mexico (Stanford University Press, 2001). Waldinger, Roger (ed.), Strangers at the Gates. New Immigrants in Urban America (University of California Press, 2001). Worobec, Christine, Possessed. Women, Witches and Demons in Imperial Russia (Northern Illinois University Press, 2001). Xu, Xiaoqun, Chinese Professionals and the Republican State. The Rise of Professional Associations in Shanghai 1912-1937 (Cambridge University Press, 2000). Aron, Cindy, Working at Play. A History of Vacations in the United States (Oxford University Press, 2001). Baron, Samuel, Bloody Saturday in the Soviet Union. Novocherkassk, 1962 (Stanford University Press, 2001). Bielenberg, Andy (ed.), The Irish Diaspora (Longman, 2000). Blok, Anton, Honour and Violence (Polity Press, 2001). Braddick, Michael, State Formation in Early Modem England, c. 1550-1700 (Cambridge University Press, 2001). Brading,D. A.,Mexican Phoenix. Our Lady of Guadalupe:Image andTradition across Five Centuries (Cambridge University Press, 2001). Carney, Judith, Black Rice. The African Origins of Rice Cultivation in the Americas (Harvard University Press, 2001). Carter, Ian, Railways and Culture in Britain. The Epitome of Modernity (Manchester University Press, 2001). Cayton, Andrew and Gray, Susan (eds), The American Midwest. Essays on Regional History (Indiana University Press, 2001). Charle, Christophe, La Crise des sociétés impériales. Allemagne, France, Grande-Bretagne. Essai d'histoire sociale comparée (Seuil, 2001). Chojnacka, Monica, Working Women in Early Modem Venice (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001). Cohen, Deborah, The War Come Home. Disabled Veterans in Britain and Germany, 1914-1939 (University of California Press, 2001). Cook, James, The Arts of Deception. Playing with Fraud in the Age of Burman (Harvard University Press, 2001). Cowling, Maurice, Religion and Public Doctrine in Modern England, vol. 3 (Cambridge University Press, 2001). Crubaugh, Anthony, Balancing the Scales of Justice. Local Courts and Rural Society in Southwest France, 1730-1800 (Penn State University Press, 2001). Dalley, Bronwyn and Phillips, Jock (eds), Going Public.The Changing Face of New Zealand History (Auckland University Press, 2001). Delaney, Enda, Demography, State and Society. Irish Migration to Britain, 1921-1971 (Liverpool University Press, 2000). Doyle, William (ed.), Old Regime France (Oxford University Press, 2001). Elazar, Dahlia, The Making of Fascism. Class, State, and Counter-Revolution, Italy 1919-1922 (Greenwood Publishing, 2001). Epstein, Steven, Speaking of Slavery. Color, Ethnicity and Human Bondage in Italy (Cornell University Press, 2001). Feldman, Gerald, Allianz and the German Insurance Business, 1933-1943 (Cambridge University Press, 2001). Foot, John, Milan Since the Miracle. City, Culture and Identity (Berg, 2001). Fragnito, Gigliola (ed.), Church, Censorship and Culture in Early Modem Italy (Cambridge University Press, 2001). Jones, Emrys (ed.), The Welsh in London, 1300-2000 (University of Wales Press, 2001). Karpat, Kemal, The Politicization of Islam. Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State (Oxford University Press, 2001). Gayot, Gérard and Minard, Philippe (eds), Les ouvriers qualifiés de l'industrie (XVF-XX si碬e) (Revue du Nord, 2001). Gildart, Keith, North Wales Miners. A Fragile Unity, 1943-1996 (University of Wales Press, 2001). Gonick, Cy, A Very Red Life. The Story of Bill Walsh (Canadian Committee on Labor History, 2001). Halliday, Stephen, Underground to Everywhere. London's Underground Railway in the Life of the Capital (Sutton, 2001). Hatcher, John and Bailey, Mark, Modelling the Middle Ages. The History and Theory of England's Economic Development (Oxford University Press, 2001). Hewitt, Nancy, Southern Discomfort. Women's Activism in Tampa, Florida, 18805-19205 (University of Illinois Press, 2001). Heywood, Colin, A History of Childhood (Polity, 2001). Johansen, Shawn, Family Men. Middle-Class Fatherhood in Early Industrializing America (Routledge, 2001). Johnson, Patricia, Hidden Hands. Working-Class Women and Victorian Social-Problem Fiction (University of Ohio Press, 2001).

About the Contributors

Author's Introduction Whereas Creationism is usually taught in the context of religion and the history/philosophy of science, this guide has been written in the conviction that creationism is not ultimately about science at all, but is rather about the status of the Bible in the modern world. Creationism as a modern ideology exists in order to defend the authority of the Bible as a repository of trans‐historical truth from the challenges of any and all historical sciences. It belongs to and is inseparable from Protestant Fundamentalists’ desire to resubject the modern world to the authority of the inerrant Bible. Intelligent Design Creationism, to the extent that it distinguishes itself from reactionary biblicism, is a program advocating a supernaturalist, providentialist understanding of the world. This guide outlines an approach to teaching about creationism that situates it in relation to the development, from the early modern period onwards, of the historical, critical study of the Bible and the liberal theology that followed from that study, as well as from the more familiar perspectives of the history and philosophy of science. Annotated Reading List Forrest, Barbara and Paul Gross. Creationism's Trojan Horse: The Wedge of Intelligent Design . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. A thoughtful critique of Intelligent Design Creationism and a well‐documented expose of the wider cultural program of its proponents. Kitcher, Philip. Living with Darwin: Evolution, Design and the Future of Faith . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. A philosopher of science argues that Intelligent Design Creationism is ‘dead science’ rather than non‐science, and then reflects on the religious costs of accepting Darwinism. Larson, Edward. Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America's Continuing Debate over Science and Religion . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997. The best of the voluminous literature on the Scopes Trial. McCalla, Arthur. The Creationist Debate: The Encounter between the Bible and the Historical Mind . London & New York: Continuum, 2006. A wide‐ranging intellectual history study arguing that the debate between creationists and evolutionists is not only about the content of evolutionary and other historical sciences, but also about historical‐mindedness in relation to the status of the Bible in the modern world. Numbers, Ronald. The Creationists: From Scientific Creationism to Intelligent Design . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2nd ed. 2006. This new edition of Numbers’ standard work has been expanded to include discussion of Intelligent Design. Pennock, Robert (ed.). Intelligent Design Creationism and Its Critics: Philosophical, Theological, and Scientific Perspectives . Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2001. A valuable compendium of key articles by leading proponents of Intelligent Design Creationism and their critics. Rossi, Paolo. The Dark Abyss of Time: The History of the Earth and the History of Nations from Hooke to Vico , Lydia Cochrane (trans.). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1984. An intellectual history study of how what came to be called geology and anthropology challenged biblical chronology in the early modern period. Ruse, Michael. Darwin and Design: Does Evolution Have a Purpose? Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003. An accessibly written account of the history and present‐day status of the design argument. Online Materials 1. http://www.ncseweb.org This site of the National Center for Science Education, an organization that defends the teaching of evolution in public schools, monitors anti‐evolution activity in the USA and around the world, provides scientific criticism and historical analysis of creationist claims, and reviews recent publications and videos. 2. http://www.pamd.uscourts.gov/kitzmiller/kitzmiller_342.pdf This is Judge John E. Jones’ 138‐page Memorandum Opinion in Kitzmiller v Dover (2005), the Pennsylvania test case on the constitutionality of teaching Intelligent Design Creationism in public schools. 3. http://www.talkorigins.org A Usenet newsgroup on the creation/evolution controversy and related topics. The site includes an archive of mainstream scientific responses to frequently asked questions in the group and refutations of creationist claims. 4. http://www.icr.org and http://www.answersingenesis.org These are two influential young‐earth creationist websites, maintained by the Institute for Creation Research and Answers in Genesis, respectively. 5. http://www.discovery.org/csc This is the home site of the Discovery Institute, whose Center for Science and Culture spearheads the movement for Intelligent Design. Sample Syllabus This sample syllabus includes readings appropriate to both general‐level courses (indicated by A ) and advanced or seminar courses ( B ). 1. The Earth Acquires A History A Paolo Rossi, The Dark Abyss of Time: The History of the Earth

Reviews of Books

Willard Van Orman Quine. On what there is. A reprint of XIX 134(1). From a logical point of view, by Willard Van Orman Quine, second, revised edition, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1961, and Harper Torchbooks, The Science Library, Harper & Row, New York and Evanston 1963, pp. 1–19. - Willard Van Orman Quine. Two dogmas of empiricism. A reprint of XIX 134(2). From a logical point of view, by Willard Van Orman Quine, second, revised edition, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1961, and Harper Torchbooks, The Science Library, Harper & Row, New York and Evanston 1963, pp. 20–46. - Willard Van Orman Quine. The problem of meaning in linguistics. A reprint of XIX 134(3). From a logical point of view, by Willard Van Orman Quine, second, revised edition, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1961, and Harper Torchbooks, The Science Library, Harper & Row, New York and Evanston 1963, pp. 47–64. - Willard Van Orman Quine. Identity, ostension, and hypostasis. A reprint of XIX 134(4). From a logical point of view, by Willard Van Orman Quine, second, revised edition, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1961, and Harper Torchbooks, The Science Library, Harper & Row, New York and Evanston 1963, pp. 65–79. - Willard Van Orman Quine. New foundations for mathematical logic. A reprint of XIX 134(5). From a logical point of view, by Willard Van Orman Quine, second, revised edition, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1961, and Harper Torchbooks, The Science Library, Harper & Row, New York and Evanston 1963, pp. 80–101. - Willard Van Orman Quine. Logic and the reification of universals. A revised reprint of XIX 135. From a logical point of view, by Willard Van Orman Quine, second, revised edition, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1961, and Harper Torchbooks, The Science Library, Harper & Row, New York and Evanston 1963, pp. 102–129. - Willard Van Orman Quine. Notes on the theory of reference. A reprint of XIX 136. From a logical point of view, by Willard Van Orman Quine, second, revised edition, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1961, and Harper Torchbooks, The Science Library, Harper & Row, New York and Evanston 1963, pp. 130–138. - Willard Van Orman Quine. Reference and modality. A revised reprint of XIX 137. From a logical point of view, by Willard Van Orman Quine, second, revised edition, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1961, and Harper Torchbooks, The Science Library, Harper & Row, New York and Evanston 1963, pp. 139–159. - Willard Van Orman Quine. Meaning and existential inference. A reprint of XIX 138. From a logical point of view, by Willard Van Orman Quine, second, revised edition, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1961, and Harper Torchbooks, The Science Library, Harper & Row, New York and Evanston 1963, pp. 160–167. - Volume 33 Issue 1

Reviews of Books

This article proposes a new account of the relation between the sciences and common sense. A debate between Alfred North Whitehead and Arthur S. Eddington highlighted both the tendency of the natural sciences to repudiate commonsense conceptions of the world and the greater closeness of the human sciences to common sense. While analytic writers have mostly regarded these features as self-evident, I offer an explanation of them by appealing to Wilhelm Dilthey and the phenomenological tradition. Dilthey suggested that, whereas the natural sciences could individuate their phenomena purely from empirical data, human sciences were compelled to refer to commonsense understanding in order to individuate mental phenomena. I apply this insight to episodes from the history of science, and use it to contrast the work of Alfred Schutz and Carl G. Hempel in philosophy of social and natural science. In the final section, I argue that Dilthey’s framework also offers resources to challenge present-day reductionism about mental phenomena.

Reviews of Books

James H. Schmerl. Peano models with many generic classes. Pacific Journal of Mathematics, vol. 43 (1973), pp. 523–536. - James H. Schmerl. Correction to: “Peano models with many generic classes”. Pacific Journal of Mathematics, vol. 92 (1981), no. 1, pp. 195–198. - James H. Schmerl. Recursively saturated, rather classless models of Peano arithmetic. Logic Year 1979–80. Recursively saturated, rather classless models of Peano arithmetic. Logic Year 1979–80 (Proceedings, Seminars, and Conferences in Mathematical Logic, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 1979/80). edited by M. Lerman, J. H. Schmerl, and R. I. Soare, Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 859. Springer, Berlin, pp. 268–282. - James H. Schmerl. Recursively saturatedmodels generated by indiscernibles. Notre Dane Journal of Formal Logic, vol. 26 (1985), no. 1, pp. 99–105. - James H. Schmerl. Large resplendent models generated by indiscernibles. The Journal of Symbolic Logic, vol. 54 (1989), no. 4, pp. 1382–1388. - James H. Schmerl. Automorphism groups of models of Peano arithmetic. The Journal of Symbolic Logic, vol. 67 (2002), no. 4, pp. 1249–1264. - James H. Schmerl. Diversity in substructures. Nonstandard models of arithmetic and set theory. edited by A. Enayat and R. Kossak, Contemporary Mathematics, vol. 361, American Mathematical Societey (2004), pp. 45–161. - James H. Schmerl. Generic automorphisms and graph coloring. Discrete Mathematics, vol. 291 (2005), no. 1–3, pp. 235–242. - James H. Schmerl. Nondiversity in substructures. The Journal of Symbolic Logic, vol. 73 (2008), no. 1, pp. 193–211. - Volume 15 Issue 2

ERIC L.JONES. Cultures Merging: A Historical and Economic Critique of Culture. Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2006. Pp. xvii, 297. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Harold James LINDSAY ALLEN. The Persian Empire: A History. Chicago, IL and London: University of Chicago Press, 2005. Pp. 208. $39.95 (US). Reviewed by Christopher Tuplin GWYN MORGAN. 6g AD: The Year of the Four Emperors. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2006. Pp. xi,322. $40.00 (CDN). Reviewed by Barbara Levick BRUCE L. BATTEN. Gateway to Japan: Hakata in War and Peace, 500-1300. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press, 2006. Pp. xv, 183. $25.00 (US), paper. Reviewed by Mark J. Hudson CARTER VAUGHN FINDLEY. The Turks in World History. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2005. Pp. xvi, 300. $26.95 (CDN), paper. Reviewed by Colin Heywood NORMAN HOUSLEY. Contesting the Crusades. Maiden, MA and Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2006. Pp. xiii, 198. $29.95 (US)i paper. Reviewed by Peter W. Edbury MICHAELJ. LEVIN. Agents of Empire: Spanish Ambassadors in Sixteenth-Century Italy. Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 2005. Pp. viii, 228. $39-95 (US); R. J. WALSH. Charles the Bold and Italy (1467-1477): Politics and Personnel. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2005; dist. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Pp. xxxiv, 478. $95.00 (US). Reviewed by Toby Osborne MICHAEL A. PALMER. Command at Sea: Naval Command and Control since the Sixteenth Century. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2005. Pp. 377. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by William S. Cormack SUSANNA BURGHARTZ, ed. Inszenierte Welten: Die west- und ostindischen Reisen der Verleger de Bry, 1590-1630. Staging New Worlds: De Brys' Illustrated Travel Reports, 1590-1630. Basel: Schwabe Verlag, 2004. Pp. 199. €54.50. Reviewed by Elmer Kolfin ARTHUR JAY KLINGHOFFER. The Power of Projections: How Maps Reflect Global Politics and History. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2006. Pp. xv, 192. $49.95 (US). Reviewed by Patricia Seed C. PATTERSON GIERSCH. Asian Borderlands: The Transformation of Qing China's Yunnan Frontier. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2006. Pp. xvi, 308. $49-95 (US).Reviewed by Joanna Waley-Cohen N. A. M. RODGER. The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649-1815. New York, NY and London: W. W. Norton, 2005. Pp. lxv, 907. $45.00 (US). Reviewed Daniel A. Baugh RAYMOND HYLTON. Ireland's Huguenots and Their Refuge, 1662-1745: An Unlikely Haven. Brighton and Portland, OR: Sussex Academic Press, 2005. Pp. xiii, 226. $69.50 (US). Reviewed by Ruth Whelan MARIEKE DE GOEDE. Virtue, Fortune, and Faith: A Genealogy of Finance. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2005. Pp. xxvii, 235. $22.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by JU Best ROBIN LAW. Ouidah: The Social History of a West African Slaving ‘Port’, 1727-l892. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2004. Pp. xi, 308. $49.95 (US), cloth; $29-95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Davod Eltis COLIN G. CALLOWAY. The Scratch of a Pen: 1763 and the Transformation of North America. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2006. Pp. xvii, 219. $35.50 (CDN). Reviewed by Trevor Burnard PAUL D'ARCY. The People of the Sea: Environment, Identity, and History in Oceania. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press, 2006. Pp. xvii, 292. $36.00 (US). Reviewed by I. C. Campbell FRANCIS M. CARROLL. The American Presence in Ulster: A Diplomatic History, 1796-1996. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2005. Pp. xi, 281. $29.95 (US), paper.Reviewed by Diane Kirby ERIC BURIN. Slavery and the Peculiar Solution: A History of the American Colonization Society. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2005; dist. Toronto, ON: Scholarly Book Services. Pp. xiv, 223. $101.95 (CDN). Reviewed by Manisha Sinha MICHAEL L. TATE. Indians and Emigrants: Encounters on the Overland Trails. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2006. Pp. xxiv, 328. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by David La Vere ROBERT HOLLAND and DIANA MARKIDES. The British and the Hellenes: Struggles for Mastery in the Eastern Mediterranean, 1850-1960. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2006. Pp. 266. $165.00 (CDN). Reviewed by Robert Frazier DAVID G. ATWILL. The Chinese Sultanate: Islam, Ethnicity, and the Panthay Rebellion in Southwest China, 1856-1873. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2005. Pp. xii, 264. $60.00 (US). Reviewed by Evelyn S. Rawski ULRICH PALLUA. Eurocentrism, Racism, Colonialism in the Victorian and Edwardian Age: Changing Images of Africa(ns) in Scientific and Literary Texts. Heidelberg: Universitatsverlag C. Winter, 2005. Pp. 263. €39.00. Reviewed by Antoinette Burton HAROLD L. PLATT. Shock Cities: The Environmental Transformation and Reform, of Manchester and Chicago. Chicago, IL and London: University of Chicago Press, 2005. Pp. xvi, 628. $49.00 (US). Reviewed by Helen Meller TIMOTHY H. PARSONS. Race, Resistance, and the. Boy Scout Movement in British Colonial Africa. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2004. Pp. xviii, 318. $59-95 (US). Reviewed by Christopher Youé MANUS I. MIDLARSKY. The Killing Trap: Genocide in the Twentieth Century. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Pp. xv, 463. $28.99 (US), paper. Reviewed by Howard Adelman VOLKER R. BERGHAHN. Europe in the Era of Two World Wars: From Militarism and Genocide to Civil Society, 1900-1950. Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2006. Pp. 163. $24.95 (US); TOM BUCHANAN. Europe's Troubled Peace, l945-2000. Oxford and Maiden, MA: Blackwell, 2006. Pp. xiii, 356. $34.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Aviel Roshwald MATTHEW S. SELIGMANN. Spies in Uniform: British Military and Naval Intelligence on the Eve of the First World War. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2006. Pp. 272. $139.50 (CDN). Reviewed by David French JAY WINTER and ANTOINE PROST. The Great War in History: Debates and Controversies, 1914 to the Present. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Pp. viii, 250. $28.99 (US), paper. Reviewed by Gary Sheffield MATTHEW HUGHES and WILLIAM J. PHILPOTT. The Palgrave Concise Historical Atlas of the First World War. Basingstoke and New York, NY: Palgrave Mac-millan, 2005. Pp. vi, 108. $19.95 (US)i paper. Reviewed by Elizabeth Greenhalgh JOHN BROOKS. Dreadnought Gunnery and the Battle oj Jutland: The Question of Fire Control. London and New York, NY: Routledge, 2005. Pp. xiv, 321. $115.00 (US). Reviewed by Greg Kennedy NICOLETTA F. GULLACE. ‘The Blood of Our Sons’: Men, Women, and the Renegotiation of British Citizenship during the Great War. Basingstoke and New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. Pp. 284. $24.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Jeffrey S. Reznick MICHAEL KELLOGG. The Russian Roots of Nazism: White Emigres and the Making of National Socialism, 1917-1945. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Pp. xiii, 327. $75.00 (US). Reviewed by István Deák JONATHAN ROSENBERG. HOW Far the Promised Land? World Affairs and the American Civil Rights Movement from the First World War to Vietnam. Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2006. Pp. xiii, 316. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by Warren I. Cohen GEORGE MCKAY. Circular Breathing: The Cultural Politics of Jazz in Britain. Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2005. Pp. xiv, 357. $22.95 (US). Reviewed by Lewis Porter RICHARD BESSEL. Nazism and War. London: Orion Books, 2005. Pp. 276. £7.99, paper; KIRAN KLAUS PATEL. Soldiers of Labor: Labor Service in Nazi Germany and New Deal America, 1933-1945, trans. Thomas Dunlap. Washington, DC: German Historical Institute and New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Pp. xii, 446. $65.00 (US). Reviewed by Michael Thad Allen MANUELA A. WILLIAMS. Mussolini's Propaganda Abroad: Subversion in the Mediterranean and the Middle East, 1935-1940. London and New York, NY: Rout-ledge, 2006. Pp. xii, 238. $120.00 (US).Reviewed by Alexander De Grand CORNELIS A. VAN MINNEN. Van Loon: Popular Historian, Journalist, and FDR Confidant. Basingstoke and New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. Pp. xvi, 352. $75.00 (US). Reviewed by Bert Zeeman EVAN MAWDSLEY. Thunder in the East: The Nazi-Soviet War, 1941-1945. London: Hodder Arnold; dist. Don Mills, ON: Oxford University Press, 2005. Pp. xxvi, 502. $66.50 (CDN).Reviewed by Martin Kitchen ROBERT L. MCLAUGHLIN and SALLY E. PARRY. We'll Always Have the Movies: American Cinema (luring World War II. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2006. Pp. ix, 357. $40.00 (US). Reviewed by Gregory D. Black KEITH D. MCFARLAND and DAVID L. ROLL. Louis Johnson and the Arming of America: The Roosevelt and Truman Years. Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press, 2005. Pp. x, 452. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by Andrew J. Dunar PRUE TORNEY-PARLICKI. Behind the News: A Biography of Peter Russo. Crawley: University of Western Australia Press, 2005; dist. Portland, OR: ISBS. Pp. xii, 412. $35-95, paper.Reviewed by David Day BARAK KUSHNER. The Thought War: Japanese, Imperial Propaganda. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press, 2006. Pp. ix, 242. $45.00 (US). Reviewed by Peter Duus MARTIN F. AUGER. Prisoners of the Home Front: German POWs and ‘Enemy Aliens’ in Southern Quebec, 1940-46. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia Press, 2006. Pp. xii, 227. $29.95 (CDN), paper. Reviewed by Chris Madsen ROBERT E. HERZSTEIN. Henry R. Luce, Time, and the American Crusade in Asia. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Pp. xv, 346. $30.00 (US). Reviewed by T. Christopher Jespersen ADAM CHAPNICK. The Middle Power Project: Canada and the Founding of the United Nations. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia Press, 2005. Pp. xiv, 210. $29.95 (CDN), paper.Reviewed by Patrick H. Brennan DEBORAH KISATSKY. The United States and the European Right, 1945-1955. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 2005. Pp. xiv, 237. $39.95 (US). Reviewed by Jussi M. Hanhimäki ROBERT L. TIGNOR. W. Arthur Lewis and the Birth of Development Economics. Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2006. Pp. xi, 315. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by Alfred E. Eckes BRIAN ANGUS MCKENZIE. Remaking France: Americanization, Public Diplomacy, and the Marshall Plan. New York, NY and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2005. Pp. xii, 259. $60.00 (US). Reviewed by Kenneth Moure RADU IOANID. The Ransom of the Jews: The Story of the Extraordinary Secret Bargain between Romania and Israel. Chicago, IL: Ivan R. Dee, 2005. Pp. xviii, 217. $26.00 (US). Reviewed by Dov B. Lungu STEPHEN G. RABE. US Intervention in British Guiana: A Cold War Story. Chapel Hill, NC and London: University of North Carolina Press, 2005. Pp. 240. $19.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by David Sheinin ODD ARNE WESTAD. The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Pp. xvi, 484. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by Thomas Borstelmann MICHAEL D. STEVENSON, ed. Canada: Documents on Canadian External Relations: XXV: 1957-1958, Part II. Ottawa, ON: Department of External Affairs, 2004. Pp. xlii, 1,103. $119-95 (CDN). Reviewed by Lawrence Aronsen DIMITRY ANASTAKIS. Auto Pact: Creating a Borderless North American Auto Industry, 1960-1971. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press, 2005. Pp. xiv, 285. $29-95 (CDN), paper. Reviewed by Duncan McDowall ROBERT K. BRIGHAM. ARVN: Life and Death in the South Vietnamese Army. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2006. Pp. xiv, 178. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Mark W. McLeod MAURICIO SOLAÚN. US Intervention and Regime Change in Nicaragua. Lincoln, NB and London: University of Nebraska Press, 2005. Pp. xii, 391. $59.95 (US). Reviewed by Nancy Mitchell ELI NATHANS. The Politics of Citizenship in Germany: Ethnicity, Utility, and Nationalism. Oxford and New York, NY: Berg, 2004. Pp. xvii, 294. $26.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Oliver Schmidtke JON WESTERN. Selling Intervention and War: The Presidency, the Media, and the American Public. Baltimore, MD and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. Pp. xi, 305. $18.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Doris A. Graber STEPHEN ERIC BRONNER. Blood in the Sand: Imperial Fantasies, Right-Wing Ambitions, and the Erosion of American Democracy. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2005. Pp. vii, 207. $22.00 (us); VASSILIS K. FOUSKAS and BÜLENT GÖKAY. The New American Imperialism: Bush's War on Terror and Blood for Oil. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2005. Pp. xiii, 247. $49.95 (US); JAMES RISEN. State of War: The Secret History of the CIA and the Bush Administration. New York, NY: Free Press, 2006. Pp. 240, $26.00 (US).REviewed by Patrick J. Haney MATTHEW A. BAUM. Soft News Goes to War: Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy in the New Media Age. Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2006. Pp. xii, 353. $19.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by John Corner SHENGLIN CHANG. The Global Silicon Valley Home: Lives and Landscapes within Taiwanese American Trans-Pacific Culture. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2006. Pp. xxii, 264. $55.00 (US). Reviewed by Madeline Y. Hsu LYLE J. GOLDSTEIN. Preventive Attack and Weapons of Mass Destruction: A Comparative Historical Analysis. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2006. Pp. xi, 268. $50.00 (US). Reviewed by Richard Ned Lebow BERTHOLD RITTBERGER. Building Europe's Parliament: Democratic Representation beyond the Nation-State. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2005. Pp. xv, 234-$117-95 (CDN).Reviewed by Alan S. Milward ALEXANDER COOLEY. Logics of Hierarchy: The Organization of Empires, States, and Military Occupations. Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 2005. Pp. xii, 191. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by Nicholas Onuf DAVID RUNCIMAN. The Politics of Good Intentions: History, Fear, and Hypocrisy in the New World Order. Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2006. P. xi, 211. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Richard Falk DAVID A. WELCH. Painful Choices: A Theory of Foreign Policy Change. Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2005. Pp. xii, 275. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by Barbara Farnham WILLIAM E. RUDDIMAN. Plows, Plagues, and Petroleum: How Humans Took Control of Climate. Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2005. Pp. xiv, 202. $24.95 (US). Reviewed by Vaclav Smil MATTHEW J. GIBNEY. The Ethics and Politics of Asylum: Liberal Democracy and the Response to Refugees. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Pp. x, 287. $70.00 (US). Reviewed by Niklaus Steiner JOSEPH E. STIGLITZ and ANDREW CHARLTON. Fair Trade for All: How Trade Can Promote Development. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2005. Pp. xxvii, 315. $45-95 (CDN). Reviewed by Jane Kelsey ANNE E. SARTORI. Deterrence by Diplomacy. Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2005. Pp. x, 164. $32.50 (US). Reviewed by Bradley A. Thayer

Notes on Contributors

Reviews of Books

For semantic modeling of a first-order language, it is proposed to use the thesis expressed by the recognized specialist in mathematical logic E. Mendelson that in mathematical logic “semantic concepts are of a set-theoretic nature”. This idea was not implemented for the reason that paradoxes were discovered in set theory. Therefore, it is proposed to use set algebra instead of set theory. The report formulates its differences from theory of sets, substantiates impossibility of paradoxes in it. The interpretation of the first-order language proposed by E. Mendelson is considered, its shortcomings are analyzed, and an interpretation variant is proposed closer to modeling of natural reasoning. It is established that the mathematical model of this interpretation is n-tuple algebra developed by the authors, which is isomorphic to algebra of sets. Because of this, modeling of reasoning based on this algebra can be called semantic modeling. The paper shows correspondences between predicate calculus formulas and expressions of n-tuple algebra, explains connections of these expressions with reasoning in natural languages. Positive results of semantic modeling based on n-tuple algebra are shown. A list of unresolved issues is provided.

The question, whether second order logic is a better foundation for mathematics than set theory, is addressed. The main difference between second order logic and set theory is that set theory builds up a transfinite cumulative hierarchy while second order logic stays within one application of the power sets. It is argued that in many ways this difference is illusory. More importantly, it is argued that the often stated difference, that second order logic has categorical characterizations of relevant mathematical structures, while set theory has non-standard models, amounts to no difference at all. Second order logic and set theory permit quite similar categoricity results on one hand, and similar non-standard models on the other hand.