Wide band meander line antenna for wireless communication systems

In this paper, we present a novel approach for using the smart antennas (SA) to exploit the space diversity for the next generations of mobile communication systems. We propose a combination of the MUltiple SIgnal Classification (MUSIC) and the Least Mean Squares (LMS) algorithms in one algorithm named MLMS. We propose the MUSIC algorithm for finding the direction of the users in the cell while we consider the LMS algorithm for enhancing the accuracy of the obtained Direction of Arrival (DOA) angles, performing the beam generation process, and keep tracking of the users in the cell. Furthermore, we propose a scheduling algorithm that performs the scheduling in terms of the generated beams. The space diversity, together with the time and frequency diversities of LTE (Long Term Evaluation) provide a large capacity enhancement to the next generations of wireless mobile communication systems. Our simulation results show that our novel approach has the capability to converge and completely follow the desired user signal with a very high resolution. The convergence and the accurate tracking of the desired user signal take place after 13 iterations while in the traditional LMS, the convergence needs 85 iterations to take place. This means 84.7% improvement over the traditional LMS algorithm for the same number of calculations in each iteration. In addition, our proposed scheduling scheme based on beamforming shows a gain of around 15% in the total aggregated data rate for each 10° decrease in the beam size.

Internet of everything (IoE)-based smart services are expected to gain immense popularity in the future, which raises the need for next-generation wireless networks. However, 5G and Beyond 5G (B5G) will be unable to provide the complete requirements of the Internet of Everything (IoE), even that 5G networks can support various IoE services, they might not be able to completely full-fill the requirements of novel applications. Moreover, in spite of the fact that 5G is still in the underlying phase of commercial scale, it is also look forward to the communication needs of the future information society and start the idea and technology research for the next generation mobile communication system. Therefore, there is a high demand for 6G. The 6G will revolutionize personal life, lifestyle, society, business and communication systems. It is a crucial time to envision the potential applications, techniques, use cases, and challenges of 6G technology. Noteworthy, 6G will create enormous research possibilities and enable many new technologies. Moreover, the 6G will be proven as a game changer paradigm in diverse fields. 6G wireless systems are envisioned to overcome 5G network limitations, a taxonomy based on key enabling technologies, use cases, emerging machine learning schemes, communication technologies, networking technologies, and computing technologies. These key enabling technologies will aim to compete challenges and issues in the way to 6G. These include terabit data transmission system, 3D networks paradigm, availability and reliability, intelligent radio and distributed AI. A 6G mobile network system requires to deliver extremely fast speed, increase capacity then non-proximity in order to support the likelihood of fresh applications, as vigorous medicine, computer disaster forecasting plus virtual reality (VR). 6G should promote wireless technologies such as the use an advanced frequency spectrum than preceding generations to advance the data throughput estimated at 100 to 1000 times quicker than 5G. 6G systems will let hundreds of GBs per second to connect to the second using broadband spectrum; for instance, the combined usage of a band from 1 to 3 GHz, a millimeter wave band (mm wave) (30 to 300 GHz) and a terahertz band (0.06 to 10 THz). In the spatial dimension, to benefit more from multi-channel, MIMO residue techniques (PM-MIMO), as the ultra-huge MIMO (UM-MIMO) for terahertz communication, can help hundreds or thousands of antennas to transmit / receive. 6G with Satellite Network The 6G mobile system for global coverage will be coordinated 5G mobile wireless system plus the satellite network. Finally, Cell less Architecture for 6G Networks following generation wireless networks have to assist an enormous figure of terminal users within minor geographical extents, and this will stretch increase to dense or ultra-dense placement of APs/BSs with overlapping coverage zones.

Third generation mobile communication systems like the European UMTS will enable a flexible communication, free from standard specific regulation of modulation, channel coding, baud rate and multiple access schemes. This flexibility can only be reached by a radio structure which performs all baseband functions in software and is therefore totally software programmable. To ensure that different software configurations can be understood and supported by all mobile terminal architectures a general programming language is required to describe the used air interface components. By the example of the second generation mobile communication systems like the European GSM, the Japanese PDC, the American IS-54 (respectively IS-136) and the European wireless communications system DECT, a common description and implementation of the transceiver functions like channel coding, modulation and equalisation have been developed.

New generation of mobile communication systems will focus on seamlessly integrating existing wireless technologies including 3G cellular systems, wireless LAN and Bluetooth to create a wide coverage, improved capacity and enhanced QoS heterogeneous wireless communication system. It is envisaged that the next generation of wireless communication systems will support comprehensive and personalized services, providing stable system performance and quality of service. In this paper we investigate and analyse the performance of a wireless communication system which consists of an integrated cellular communication system and a wireless LAN radio access networks inorder to determine an optimum combination of radio access technologies in a coverage area for efficient handling of mixed traffic requests from mobile users.

Partial discharge (PD) in transformer can be detected on-line by UHF technique. However, the relationship between the UHF signal received by UHF sensors and the PD sources is not very clear. It is very important studying the propagation properties of the PD signal. In this paper, the electromagnetic waves emitted by PD sources are investigated. The finite difference time domain (FDTD) technique is used to model wave transients. The model consists of a tank and a PD source. The wave transients at different time and position are simulated. The results show the propagation transients of the PD signal in the tank and wave propagation attenuates with distance between the source and the sensors.

This paper presents the investigation and characterization of integrated microwave filter and antenna to reduce the overall physical volume for RF/ microwave front-end subsystems. This study focuses on the integrating of rectangular Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) filter with rectangular microstrip patch antenna to produce filtering and radiating element in a single device. To proof the concept, the integrated microwave filter and antenna at center frequency of 2 GHz is demonstrated and validated through simulation and analysis. This class of microwave filters and antenna integration would be useful in microwave systems where the reduction of size and weight as well as cost is very important such as in base stations and multiplexer in any communication systems.

Inspired by the concept of the periodic-type metamaterials, a grid-slotted structure is proposed to enhance the bandwidth from traditional microstrip antennas with single radiating patch. Smaller wave number is achieved by using the periodic grid-slotted structure to couple multiple operating modes. Furthermore, for high spectrum efficiency, a polarized multiple-input-multiple-output antenna is constructed based on the proposed structure. The numerical results show exciting possibilities using metamaterials to promote antenna performance in communication systems.

This article describes a new miniaturized omni-directional antenna with quasi-self-complementary structure for wireless communication applications. A novel ground structure composed of five rectangular plates is proposed to enhance the impedance bandwidth and reduce the antenna size. The proposed antenna is comprised of two patches surrounded by the ground structure. Two metal patches of the antenna are located on two opposite sides of the dielectric substrate. The feed patch is used to excite the radiation patch. This unique design is realized by properly choosing the suitable feed patch shape, selecting similar slot shape on the radiation patch, and tuning their dimensions. The proposed antenna with an extremely small size of 6 mm × 9 mm has an operating impedance bandwidth ranging from 4.5 to 6.1 GHz for S11 < -10 dB, which also covers the two IEEE 802.11a wireless local area network bands (5.15 - 5.35 GHz and 5.725 - 5.825 GHz). In addition to be very small in size, the antenna exhibits omni-directional radiation patterns in the entire operating bandwidth and low cross polarization. The distortionless time domain performance of the antenna is confirmed by investigation of the phase response and group delay. The obtained results in both frequency and time domain show that the proposed antenna is suitable for use in wireless communication systems.

This paper analyzes the application of 3G wireless communication system, 3G industrial chain and users' requirement of new services, In order to monitor the production condition exactly and real-timely in underground and surface of coal mine, a new mobile application solutions scheme based on TD-SCDMA in coal mine is proposed. According to the high speed data service of third generation mobile communication systems, the wireless network of surface scheme was designed by the C/S structure, which can provide mobile communication and information synthesized service application. Wireless distance unit and the special Base Station were used to achieve effective covering of special environment of coal mine according to the different environment of underground tunnel. The wireless interface standard are studied based on the structure of digital mine, the workflow in application server is suggested too, it studies J2ME application development intergraded with J2EE, then devises workflow in server. It realized the expected functionality using MVC model based on J2ME development platform in terminal.which can provides the technical basis of 3G in coal mine safety production

The 5th generation mobile communication system (5G) is oriented towards a new generation of mobile communication system to the year of 2020 and beyond, and its development is still at the exploratory stage. Combining the latest trends in mobile communication development at home and abroad, in this article, we describe the key technologies of driving the 5G research direction. Furthermore, the technical innovation of 5G comes from both wireless and network technologies. In the field of wireless technologies, massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), ultra-wideband spectral, ultra-dense heterogeneous networks, have already become the focus of global industry. In the field of network technologies, a new network architecture based on software-defined networking (SDN) becomes the prevailing view worldwide. Additionally, there are some other potential technologies for 5G, such as NOMA, FBMC, mm Waves, and Multi-carrier technology aggregation.

Future PCS (personal communication system) cellular networks will mainly be driven by high link quality, high bandwidth utilization, low power consumption and efficient network management. Power control is one of the several major techniques which could help to achieve these goals. By exploiting power control techniques, co-channel interference could be reduced and as many links as possible could be obtained with satisfactory link quality. SIR-based (signal-to-interference ratio-based) power control was proposed as a technique for managing co-channel interference in cellular radio systems. Furthermore, new distributed autonomous feedback power control methods were introduced to achieve excellent performance without the difficult centralized control used in SIR-based methods. Unfortunately, the implementation of those power control algorithms is still challenging owing to the precision of SIR. The main aim of this paper is to investigate an uplink power control algorithm which depends indirectly on the signal-to-noise ratio in the TDMA (time division multiple access) cellular system. Simulation of the prototype hardware implementation of the receiver baseband signal processing based on the PACS (personal access communications system) specification is used as the main approach to explore the performance evaluation of this power control technique. According to simulation results, suitable values of those parameters used in this power control algorithm are derived, and the minimum frequency reuse factor under different propagation environments is also obtained for PACS under power control. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Leaky coaxial (LCX) cable can be used as antenna for wireless communication system and wireless power transfer which can be widely applied for many application scenarios including wireless service for IoT, automated factory using a large number of wireless devices. We have designed that one LCX cable can be used as two antennas which can releases the space requirement of MIMO deployment for wireless application. In this paper, we will further evaluate the 4-by-4 LCX-MIMO channel using one composite cable with two LCX cables. In addition, we also propose a low-complexity power allocation method for the LCX-MIMO system with the user's positional information (PI). The results show that the capacity is promising when the spacing between LCX cables is small as to 2cm. In addition, our proposed low-complexity power allocation has better capacity than that of using equal power allocation when SNR value is over the low range.

&lt;p&gt;An antenna may be thought of as a temporary tool that directs radio waves for transmission or reception. Aside from being inexpensive, small, easy to manufacture, and compatible with integrated electronics, the microstrip patch antenna (MPA) offers several other benefits as well. These two methods are often seen as low-cost, adaptable, dependable, high-speed data connection choices that promote user mobility. An overview of how MPA have been used throughout the last several decades is provided in this article. It has been suggested that there are many approaches to enhance the performance of MPA, including the use of composite antennas, highly integrated antenna/array and feeding networks, operating at relatively high frequencies, and using cutting-edge manufacturing methods. Dual or multiband antennas are essential for meeting the demands of wireless services in this rapidly evolving wireless communication environment. Here is an overview of the patch antenna literature for wireless local area network (WLAN) and worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) applications.&lt;/p&gt;

Aperture antennas for wireless communication systems

This paper presents the capacity performance of multiple antennas for wireless communication systems. Multiple antennas structures can be classified into single-input multiple-outputs (SIMO), multiple-inputs single output (MISO), and multiple-inputs multiple-outputs (MIMO) systems. Assuming that the channel is unknown at receiver, capacity expressions are provided for each structure. Our results also show that increasing the number of transmitting and receiving antennas for a wireless MIMO channel does indeed improve the channel capacity that can be obtained.