European University Institute

Sport federations occupy a unique space of quasi-sovereignty, exercising normative and adjudicatory authority through transnational legal systems. This article examines the internal adjudicatory structures of 39 federations through a socio-legal lens, developing a typology of their justice architectures into three distinct models: externalised, centralised, and multi-tiered. Drawing methodological and theoretical inspiration from constitutional frameworks, the study constructs a dataset that facilitates both comparative analysis and theoretical reflection. Yet, this is not a paper solely about institutional form. Rather, its theoretical framework reflects on how the architecture of sporting justice obscures and reveals power. Empirical correlations between model type and publication levels, doping adjudication, or gross income reveal partial truths, but also highlight systemic opacity and the limits of formal structures. The paper argues that internal justice systems are less about neutral dispute resolution and more about the institutionalisation of authority under the guise of procedural justice. These systems, which mimic constitutional orders, operate without the democratic legitimacy or public accountability typically found in public spheres. Thus, the paper makes a dual contribution: it maps the adjudicatory infrastructures of international federations and offers a critical reading of their role in sustaining transnational private power. The findings suggest that adjudicatory form should not be mistaken for function, and that justice in sport requires not only better design but deeper scrutiny.

Adrenal lesions often occur in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), mostly adrenal cortical adenomas (ACAs), although the frequency of adrenal cortical carcinomas (ACCs) is higher than in the general population. The coexistence of benign and malignant masses has seldom been documented, leaving open the question of ACC progression from benign forms. We report a comprehensive genetic characterization of three adrenal cortical tumor samples obtained from a familial MEN1 patient, operated for the rapid progression of an initially stable nonfunctional adrenal incidentaloma. Histologically, the tumor consisted of a small ACA contiguous to a large ACC, which subsequently relapsed. Exome sequencing of ACC, ACA and recurrence evidenced a MEN1 loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in ACC but not in ACA, where, however, a second hit driven by alternative mechanisms could not be excluded. The majority of the ACA variants were found to co-occurred in ACC (n = 36/42) and were benign, except for two of unknown significance in KANK1 and REN genes, described as associated with renal cancer. Among variants shared between ACC and its recurrence (n = 69), 11 were Tier III, while 2 affecting TP53 and NF1 genes were pathogenic. Bioinformatic clonal evolution analysis identified one clone - characterized by TP53 and NF1 mutations - absent in ACA but present in ACC and recurrence, as well as 2 clones shared between ACA and ACC but lost in the recurrence. In conclusion, comparative Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) analysis of three adrenal tumors in a MEN1 patient suggests a possible relationship between malignant and benign lesions occurring in MEN1 patients, without, however, demonstrating any causal adenoma-to-carcinoma progression driven by MEN1 LOH. Overall, these data further suggest an increased risk of MEN1 patients to develop adrenocortical malignancy.

ABSTRACT Pastoralism worldwide faces a complex landscape of increased pressures and exclusion. Beyond ecological and economic challenges, pastoralists suffer eroding cultural identity, limited generational renewal, and political marginalization. Yet pastoral livelihoods are increasingly recognized as stewards of sustainable futures and amongst the best food producers in a post‐fossil world scenario. In such a struggle for socio‐ecological justice, voices of Latin America pastoralists remain unheard both within regional debates and pastoral scholarship globally. With this article we explore the Latin American context to push conceptual, economic, and political boundaries that pose constraints for sustainable rural development. Rising voices of Latin American pastoralists reveal local agency, resourcefulness, and resistance. Critical notions of identity and feeling to belong tied to rootedness and “sense of place” emerge as particularly relevant, in contrast with conventional framings focused on environmental and economic constraints.

Since the launch of the European Pillar of Social Rights in 2017, the EU has witnessed a marked revival in social policy-making. Existing research highlights the role of institutional entrepreneurs and advocacy coalitions, but tends to overlook the dynamics within Member States themselves. This paper examines how and why support for EU social policy has evolved among two long-standing sceptics: Sweden and the Netherlands. In the 2000s and early 2010s, both exhibited a strong ‘subsidiarity reflex’ aimed at shielding domestic welfare and labour-market institutions, yet their trajectories have diverged significantly in recent years. Sweden has remained defensive and increasingly politicised in its stance, whereas the Netherlands has shifted toward a more constructive and strategically engaged approach. Drawing on interviews with ministers, officials and social partner organisations, complemented by government documents, parliamentary records and secondary sources, we trace how national positions have developed across key EU social initiatives. We argue that neither institutional misfit nor politics alone can explain these divergent patterns. Instead, differences in administrative coordination – shaping opportunities for bureaucratic learning, strategic recalibration and cognitive reframing – are crucial for understanding how Member States navigate the expanding EU social agenda. The analysis shows that preferences for ‘social Europe’ are more contingent and adaptable than accounts focused on structural interests or party politics suggest. By opening the black box of national EU coordination processes, the paper advances debates on the drivers of social integration and demonstrates how internal administrative dynamics condition the capacity of governments to engage with, resist or reinterpret EU-level social policy initiatives.

ABSTRACT Overstayers—travellers entering a country with a valid visa but staying beyond the initially authorised period—are a blind spot of migration research. Past studies claim that overstaying is indeed the main gateway to irregular migration in Europe, but few estimates exist. This paper explores three new methods to estimate the inflows of overstayers. We concentrate on the Schengen area as destination, given its relevance in global migration flows, and on non‐European countries as origins, since for travellers from these countries commercial flights are the most likely transportation mode to Europe. Our methods rely on aggregate information on incoming and departing passengers from all airports in the Schengen Area, and on Facebook users' mobility data. In the first method, we compute ‘net air travel flows’ as the difference between incoming and outgoing passengers; we then deduce net regular migration (using data from Eurostat and the QuantMig project) from ‘net air travel flows’ to obtain ‘unaccounted net flows’, which we hold to equate approximately to newly incoming overstayers with short‐stay visas for 2019. In the second method, building on the first estimate, we employ the logic of gravity models to project estimates for later years. In the third method, we build on the intuitions of the first method but use net migration figures from data on Facebook users' cross‐border movements. Substantively, the results of the different methods converge, indicating around 450,000 new overstayers who entered the whole of the Schengen Area in 2019 with short‐stay visas. Analyses for the following years obtained with the second and third method match and are in line with changes in travel policies during the COVID‐19 pandemic (2020 and 2021), suggesting a significant reduction in the number of overstayers for those years and an uptick for the years 2022–2023. By uncovering the size and scope of the overstaying population we shed light on a highly contested issue in the public debate and ultimately contribute to raise awareness on the constructed nature of the ‘regular’ versus ‘irregular’ framing of migration.

ABSTRACT This article explores how student-authored sources can help situate Britain’s new universities of the 1960s within the broader history of empire and its afterlives. Using the University of Warwick as the primary case study, it examines student responses to the employment of former colonial civil servants by these new universities and connects these to wider conversations about decolonisation in the 1960s taking place on these campuses. Drawing on student newspapers, oral history interviews and ephemera from student societies, the article shows how the end of empire was woven into the conversations – and silences – of everyday campus life. In doing so, it challenges presentations of new campus universities as wholly forward-looking and detached from the moment of formal decolonisation in which they were founded.