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GaN power transistors have emerged as a promising solution for high-power (>1kV) and high-frequency (>100 kHz) applications due to GaN’s material properties, including wide bandgap (3.4eV), high critical electric field (3.3 MV/cm) and an electron saturation rate which is 2.8 times that of silicon [1]. Both vertical and lateral power transistor configurations require a MIS gate structure, which includes the deposition of a dielectric layer, most often Al2O3. However, the performance of these devices is significantly influenced by the quality of the dielectric/GaN interface and the choice of gate dielectric [2].For this reason, surface preparation is critical to minimize interface trap density by reducing defects and impurities prior to dielectric deposition, and thus enhancing electrical performance and stability. The search for an effective surface treatment method, whether wet or dry, has been the focus of several studies [3]. However, many factors were not taken into consideration, such as the re-oxidation of GaN prior to dielectric deposition, the dependence of interface quality on the nature of the dielectric and its thickness, hence the need for an in-situ approach that treats interface and dielectric quality in a non-separate way.In this study, we first focus on in-situ atomic layer cleaning of the GaN surface using different plasma atmospheres (NH3, Ar, H2, N2) to investigate their impact on the interface under the same conditions with a reference dielectric Al2O3. Secondly, we explore the integration of an ALD-ternary high-K dielectric, AlSiO, through two approaches, both conducted without an air break to preserve the benefits of plasma cleaning. The approaches are either multilayer mode (Al2O3/SiO2) or mixed mode.To assess interface quality and dielectric performance, MOS capacitors (MOSCAPs) are fabricated. Their characterization is conducted through capacitance-voltage (C-V) and current-voltage (I-V) measurements, complemented by hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES).Our goal is to achieve a lower hysteresis (ΔVFB) < 50 mV and a flat band voltage (VFB) shifting towards 0V for the Al2O3/GaN interface and positive values for the AlSiO/GaN interface. Our results demonstrate significant improvements in ΔVFB. Among the different plasma cleaning atmospheres tested, NH3/N2 plasma treatment at low power was selected as the optimal choice, offering a balance between minimizing ΔVFB and achieving a VFB close to 0V.This was followed by the deposition of AlSiO with a low-silicon matrix, the comparison between the effectiveness of both approaches (Mixed and multilayer) is still ongoing .These process conditions will be further used for 200mm vertical power transistors to investigate their impact on device performance.[1] Catherine Langpoklakpam et al., « Vertical GaN MOSFET Power Devices », Micromachines 14, no 10 (octobre 2023): 1937, https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14101937.[2] Anthony Calzolaro, Thomas Mikolajick, et Andre Wachowiak, « Status of Aluminum Oxide Gate Dielectric Technology for Insulated-Gate GaN-Based Devices », Materials 15, no 3 (janvier 2022): 791, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15030791.[3] Yutao Cai et al., « Effect of Surface Treatment on Electrical Properties of GaN Metal–Insulator–Semiconductor Devices with Al2O3 Gate Dielectric », Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 59, no 4 (mars 2020): 041001, https://doi.org/10.35848/1347-4065/ab7863.

Background and Purpose: SKF-96365 is widely used as abroad-spectruminhibitor of calcium entry. It was initially identified as a Receptor-OperatedCa2+ Entry (ROCE) blocker and was later shown to inhibitORAI1–STIM1-mediated Store-Operated Ca2+ Entry (SOCE).However, its selectivity for TRPC versus the ORAI channels remainsunclear. Experimental Approach: To examine the selectivity of SKF-96365,we evaluated its effects on SOCE and ROCE in wild-type and TRPC hepta-KOmouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), as well as on TRPC-mediated OAG-inducedcalcium entry in HEK293 cells overexpressing TRPC3, TRPC6, or TRPC7.Additional assays were conducted on HEK293 cells expressing the muscarinicM5 receptor (M5R). Half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were determined under all conditions. Key Results: SKF-96365suppressed thapsigargin (Tg)-induced SOCE similarly in wild-type andTRPC hepta-KO MEFs, with IC50 values around 4–5μM. Comparable inhibition was observed for carbachol (CCh)-activatedROCE in TRPC-deficient cells. In contrast, OAG-activated Ca2+ entry by TRPC3/6/7 was only weakly inhibited, with IC50 values exceeding 100 μM. Notably, TRPC-mediated Ca2+ entry was unaffected by CRAC channel blockers or ORAI coexpression,confirming its independence of SOCE mechanisms Conclusions and Implications:Our findings demonstrate that ORAI-mediated SOCE is approximately25-fold more sensitive to SKF-96365 than TRPC-mediated calcium entry.GSK-7975A further confirmed the ORAI selectivity by blocking SOCEwithout affecting TRPC channels. These results clarify the pharmacologicalprofile of SKF-96365, confirming its primary action on ORAI channelsand highlight the need for concentration-aware interpretation in calciumsignaling studies, particularly in the context of CRAC channel-relateddisorders.

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Single-dose radiotherapy (SDRT) is a highly curative modality that may transform radiotherapy practice. Unfortunately, only ~50% of oligometastatic lesions are SDRT treatable due to adjacent radiosensitive normal organs at risk. Here, we address the extent to which an antiangiogenic drug, VEGFR2-antagonist DC101, radiosensitizes SDRT using murine MCA/129 fibrosarcomas and Lewis lung carcinomas, which display a dose range for SDRT lesional eradication virtually identical to that employed clinically (10–30 Gy). SDRT induces unique tumor cure, stimulating rapid endothelial acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase)/ceramide signaling that yields marked vasoconstriction and perfusion defects in tumor xenografts and human oligometastases. Ensuing tumor parenchymal oxidative damage initiates a SUMO stress response (SSR), which inactivates multiple homologous recombination repair enzymes, radiosensitizing all tumor types. While VEGF inhibits neo-angiogenic ASMase, optimal radiosensitization occurs only upon antiangiogenic drug delivery at ~1 hour preceding SDRT. Obeying these principles, we find DC101 radiosensitizes SSR, DNA double-strand break unrepair, and tumor cure by 4–8 Gy at all clinically relevant doses. Critically, DC101 fails to sensitize small intestinal endothelial injury or lethality from the gastrointestinal–acute radiation syndrome. Whereas normal tissues appear not to be under VEGF regulation nor sensitized by our approach, its application might render many currently intractable oligometastatic lesions susceptible to SDRT eradication.

This research aims to collect empirical data regarding the effectiveness of using English animated videos in improving the speaking skills of eighth grade students at SMPN 9 South Tangerang. The research method used is quantitative with a quasi-experimental approach. The population of this research was class VIII students at SMPN 9 South Tangerang. A total of 60 students were selected as samples using purposive sampling techniques and divided into two groups, namely the experimental group and the control group. The instrument used was an oral test given before and after treatment. Pre-test and post-test data were analyzed using the t-test. The pre-test results showed that the average score of the experimental group was slightly higher than the control group, while the post-test results showed a significant difference, with the experimental group's score being much higher than the control group. The research results show a significance value (p) of 0.000 with a confidence level of α = 0.05, which shows that the use of English animated videos is effective in improving students' speaking skills in eighth grade at SMPN 9 South Tangerang.

Abstract It’s less than a year since OpenAI’s board voted to fire Sam Altman as CEO, in a palace coup that lasted just a weekend before Altman was reinstated. That weekend and subsequent events in OpenAI’s storyline provide all the ingredients for a soap opera. So, just in case Netflix is interested, here’s a stab at a synopsis of what might be just the first of many seasons of ‘The Generative AI Wars’.

ObjectivesThere are currently 36,000 under 19-year-olds with Diabetes in the UK1 We carried out an audit to check our compliance with guidelines produced by NICE and the Children/Young People’s Yorkshire Diabetes Network. We assessed whether we met all the standards as per the newly-diagnosed T1DM pathway including did all patients meet the appropriate members of the MDT and whether we carried out the standard investigations required on diagnosis.2 We carried out this audit to improve our care for Diabetic patients and highlight any missed standards in order to rectify them. We checked for any missed/delayed appointments in order to ensure our patients were being followed up on time.MethodsWe gathered data retrospectively for all newly diagnosed diabetic patients from April 2021-November 2022 via electronic records. 19 patients fit the inclusion criteria with ages ranging between 3–18, average age of 12. From admission, we recorded if a patient met a PDSN, doctor, psychologist, dietician and whether they followed-up post discharge. We checked if finger checking competency and competency injecting was documented and whether each child had TFTs, coeliac-screen and diabetes antibodies tested. Data was later analysed and presented at the departmental meeting.Results47% presented in DKA with an average admission of 5.6 days. 100% were seen by PDSN, doctor and dietician (except psychologist). 82% were followed-up daily for 1- week. 12% received home visits, 88% had dietician follow-up within 1-week. 71% were followed-up within 2–4 weeks. 100% had coeliac-screen, 18% didn’t have initial TFTs. Since Nov 2021, 100% had daily follow-up for 1 week after discharge alongside dietician and school plans within 1 week. Since February 2022, 100% have had their 1st clinic appointment. Since June 2022, 100% have had all diabetes antibodies checked.ConclusionThere were areas of good practice and room for improvement. No meet the team leaflet was produced but has since been recommended. Psychologist follow-up was not possible due to funding issues. Clinic timings did not meet the recommendations for 2nd and 3rd follow-up. Only 12% had home visits, likely due to covid19. We recommended to review HBA1C before and after treatment.ReferencesNatarajan, A. (no date) Network-Agreed pathways and targets for a child or young person diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, NHS choices. Available at: https://www.cypdiabetesnetwork.nhs.uk/yorkshire-and-humber/ (Accessed: 12 August 2023).National Paediatric Diabetes Audit (NPDA) (no date) RCPCH. Available at: https://www.rcpch.ac.uk/work-we-do/clinical-audits/npda (Accessed: 12 August 2023).