Moscow Academy of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation

This article analyzes some features of improving the penal institution for criminal offenses in Uzbekistan's criminal law. In particular, the theoretical views of scientists on the commission of several crimes and recidivism are studied. At the end of the article, the author developed proposals to improve criminal law in this area.

В статье рассматриваются теоретические и практические аспекты криминалистического сопровождения раскрытия и расследования преступлений в Российской Федерации. Целью статьи яв-ляется анализ существующих определений криминалистического обеспечения и сопровождения, разграничение данных понятий, определение структуры криминалистического сопровождения, а также рассмотрение правовых основ и современных тенденций его реализации. Методы. Для написания статьи использовались методы анализа научной литературы, нормативных правовых актов, статистических данных и обобщения практического опыта. В ходе исследования были проанализированы взгляды ведущих криминалистов (А.Ф. Волынский, А.И. Букура, О.А. Фирсов, М.Е. Алексушин), рассмотрены нормативные основы криминалистического сопровождения, а также современные методы и технические средства, применяемые в данной деятельности. Результаты. По результатам исследования сформулировано определение криминалистического сопровождения, которое разграничено с понятием криминалистического обеспечения, определена его структура и выделены основные направления совершенствования. Выводы статьи заключаются в необходимости комплексного подхода к реализации криминалистического сопровождения, а также внедрения современных технологий, совершенствования тактики следственных действий, подготовки квалифицированных кадров, развития международного сотрудничества и совершенствования нормативно-правовой базы. Эффективное криминалистическое сопровождение является ключевым фактором успешной борьбы с преступностью в современных условиях и требует постоянного развития и совершенствования.

In the context of globalization and the dynamic development of information and communication technologies, phenomena such as illegal hiring, extremism and terrorism are becoming systemically important, forming a complex threat to international peace and security. The article provides a comprehensive analysis of these phenomena from the perspective of criminal law, examines their legal nature, criminological characteristics and interrelation. The study is based on a comparative legal analysis of the legislation of various countries, international norms, as well as international legal doctrine, identifying the key elements that distinguish these criminal acts and emphasize their common threat to the world community. In addition, the work addresses the issues of the impact of these phenomena on state institutions, civil liberties and human rights, assessing the degree of their impact on social stability and interstate relations.

He issues of preventing threats to the national security of the Russian Federation, especially in the current difficult geopolitical situation, involve detailed study and thoughtful improvement of each of the measures aimed at achieving a socially significant result. One of such measures, according to the authors, is the application of the procedure for termination of Russian citizenship in relation to persons who have committed crimes, the list of which is currently established by law. However, the list of relevant acts looks incomplete. Referring to statistical data allows us to state that persons who have arrived on Russian territory commit many particularly serious crimes that infringe on the life, health, sexual integrity and sexual freedom of the individual. In turn, the commission of such acts by a subject who acquired Russian citizenship after such a move is seen as a particularly indignant circumstance. The trust previously placed in this person, who has significantly encroached on domestic spiritual and moral values, requires correction of the mistake made. This mechanism is extremely important from the point of view of achieving general and private prevention. In this regard, the authors conclude that it is necessary to supplement the normative list of crimes, the commission of which entails the termination of Russian citizenship acquired as a result of naturalization or option.

The article considers digital footprints as objects of various kinds (types) of forensic examinations. Based on the analysis, the author reasonably concludes that the specificity of digital traces necessitates the development of basic knowledge by experts in the field of working with electronic and digital media.The thesis is substantiated that today virtually every expert should possess the knowledge, skills and abilities to work with electronic and digital media, since otherwise it is not possible to ensure the safety and immutability of the object submitted for examination. According to the results of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that the realities of modern investigative and judicial practice determine the need for experts of various kinds (types) to acquire competence to work with electronic and digital media, the implementation of which is possible both within the framework of mastering the Federal State Educational Standard for Higher Education in the specialty “Forensic Examination”, and by improving the skills of existing experts within the framework of additional professional training education.

Introduction. The article analyses the legal nature of the human right to social security on the basis of the Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993 and its amendments of 2020. The relevance of the theme is determined by the novelty of the normative material of the Constitution of the Russian Federation in terms of defining the signs, composition of the concept of “social state”, as well as the extreme importance of the totality of socio-economic constitutional rights in general to ensure the quality of life of citizens. The object of analysis is the species attributes of the right to social security in the system of classifications of rights and freedoms, as well as related concepts that have constitutional and extra-constitutional nature. Methods. The methodological basis is the analysis of the text of the Constitution, its semantic units and legal technique of norm presentation, connection of constitutional norms devoted to the filling of the concept of “social state”. Results. The author concludes that the normative material contained in the Constitution is developed, and that the norms devoted to the social sphere are peculiar. In general, they have a blanket character, are formulated with the possibility of expansive interpretation, do not contain exhaustive lists, include many not fully defined concepts that have a concrete-historical content and close relationship with the basic characteristics of the state - legal, social, aimed at ensuring human dignity and social interaction.

The number of cybercrimes has grown considerably in recent years and now poses a serious threat for the national security of states, information systems and personal data of citizens. The reasons for this considerable increase in cybercrime are the change of global policy, the special military operation, and the restrictions connected with the COVID-19 pandemic. The authors examine the importance of using special knowledge and artificial intelligence (AI) in the investigation of cybercrimes. They research the concept of a cybercrime, and analyze the ideas of scholars on strengthening the counteraction to such criminal activities, which have been spreading rapidly in recent years. The authors conclude that cybercrimes are understood as socially dangerous unlawful behavior, carried out with the use of information technologies and inflicting considerable damage on the economic and reputational interests of people, organizations and the state. They present a classification of the most common types of cybercrimes and key methods of carrying them out. They also analyze the research discussion on the contents of special knowledge, which allows the authors to conclude that in modern legal conditions AI, being a new form of special knowledge, requires a new understanding in view of the use of this knowledge in criminal proceedings. Taking into consideration that this format includes machine self-learning, neural networks, evolutionary algorithms, etc., the authors attempt to outline how they can be used for solving complex criminalistic tasks that require a preliminary analysis of large volumes of forensically relevant information, identification of images and regularities, and argumentation of making organizational-procedural decisions. The authors examine the cyberspheres where special technical knowledge is used, such as cybersecurity, computer architecture, reverse engineering, digital forensics, system administration. AI has a tremendous potential for the modern criminal process, its use will make it possible to enhance the effectiveness of investigatory work as it will considerably improve the speed and effectiveness of procedural actions and pre-court proceedings for criminal cases in general. It is, however, necessary to take into account the existing risks and limitations connected with its use in court-investigative practice. The authors conclude that in order to ensure the adequate use of opportunities offered by AI in the criminal process, it is necessary to develop ethical and legal principles of its inclusion in the sphere of special knowledge used in criminal court proceedings for acquiring forensic evidence on criminal cases.

The article reveals the terminological content of the concept of «environmental safety». It is argued that environmental safety in the Arctic can and should be ensured by a system that includes legal, economic, technological and other measures applied in the present and future times. Taking into account the declared features of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, special approaches to legal assurance of environmental safety are determined. The use of a software approach in the field of environmental protection and environmental management in the Arctic is being analyzed. It is proposed to adopt a special law «On environmental protection of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation», taking into account the features of vulnerable arctic ecosystems.

Введение: в статье рассматриваются проблемы точечной криминализации использования информационно-телекоммуникационных сетей (включая сеть Интернет) при совершении преступлений, предусмотренных ст. 1271 Уголовного кодекса Российской Федерации (Торговля людьми). Материалы и методы: в качестве основного метода использован метод диалектического познания правовой и социальной действительности. Применялись общенаучные и частнонаучные методы научного познания: анализ, индукция, дедукция, описание, обобщение, статистический, сравнительно-правовой, социологический. Эмпирической основой исследования послужили аналитические материалы Ассоциации электронных коммуникаций, статистические данные ГИАЦ МВД России, приговоры судов общей юрисдикции Российской Федерации, а также результаты проведенного авторами социологического исследования. Результаты исследования: обосновано, что в настоящее время сети телекоммуникации зачастую выступают средством совершения деяний, предусмотренных ст. 1271 Уголовного кодекса Российской Федерации (Торговля людьми). В то же время их использование не может быть учтено как при квалификации рассматриваемых деяний, так и при назначении наказания, предусмотренного за их совершение. Первое связано с тем, что неоднократно апробированный конструктивный признак «совершение преступления с использованием информационно-телекоммуникационных сетей (включая сеть «Интернет»)» не является конструктивным в ч. 1 ст. 1271 УК РФ, а также не закреплен в качестве квалифицирующего и особо квалифицирующего в ч. 2, 3 ст. 1271 УК РФ. Второе обосновывается отсутствием рассматриваемой конструкции в перечне обстоятельств, отягчающих наказание (ст. 63 УК РФ), несмотря на то, что подобные предложения неоднократно являлись предметом научной дискуссии. Обсуждение и заключение: авторы приходят к выводу о необходимости криминализации использования сетей телекоммуникации при совершении купли-продажи и иных сделок в отношении человека посредством включения признака «с использованием информационно-телекоммуникационных сетей (включая сеть «Интернет»)» в качестве пункта «к» ч. 2 ст. 1271 Уголовного кодекса Российской Федерации. Introduction: the authors discuss challenges in selective criminalization of the use of public telecommunications networks including Internet in trafficking-related crimes provided for Article 1271 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Materials and Methods: as the main method, the authors used the method of dialectical cognition of legal and social reality. The authors also used universal and specific research methods: analysis, induction, deduction, description, generalization, statistical, comparative and legal, sociological. Cases of Association for Electronic Communications, the statistics for Main Informational and Analytical Center of MIA of Russia, verdicts of courts of general jurisdiction of Russia as well as results of the public opinion poll conducted by the authors were the empirical basis for the study. Results: the authors justify that nowadays public telecommunications networks have often been the tool of committing acts under Article 1271 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (Human trafficking). At the same time their usage both cannot be counted as the definition of the offences and in the imposition of the punishment provided for their commission. The first has to do with the fact that repeatedly tested design feature “committing an offence using information and telecommunications networks including the Internet” is non-constructive in Article 1271, Part 1 and is also not enshrined as a qualifying and especially qualifying offense in Parts 2, 3 of the given Article. The second is justified by the absence of the considered construction in the list of circumstances aggravating punishment (Article 63 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation), despite the fact that such proposals have repeatedly been the subject of scientific discussion. Discussion and Conclusions: the authors come to the conclusion that there is a need to criminalize the use of public telecommunications networks when buying and selling and doing other actions towards humans through the including “with the use of public telecommunications networks (including Internet)” as Article 1271, Part 2, paragraph “k”.

The article presents the author’s vision of the role of public-private partnership in preventing the commission of new crimes in correctional institutions of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia on the example of extremist crimes. The dynamics of the growth of extremist crimes in the period from 2002 to 2022 inclusive is demonstrated. The prevalence of AUE ideology in places of detention is shown. It is noted that the current trend of combating various forms of extremist manifestations is represented in a whole set of regulatory legal acts, the main of which are the federal laws «On countering extremist activity», «On the basics of the system of crime prevention in the Russian Federation», the Strategy of Countering Extremism in the Russian Federation until 2025, the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation. A study of the main determinants of crimes committed on the basis of motives of hatred or enmity has been conducted. The directions of preventing the commission of new extremist crimes in correctional institutions of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, including within the framework of public-private partnership, are presented.