تأثیر مقادیر مختلف اسید هیومیک و عصاره ورمی‌کمپوست بر روی خصوصیات رشدی، مورفولوژیکی و فیتوشیمیایی مرزه خوزستانی (Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad.)

Introduction Legumes are very important source of protein after cereals. These plants are capable of biological nitrogen fixation and increasing soil fertility as cover crop or including in crop rotation and reducing soil erosion which improve sustainable agriculture. Increasing use of chemical fertilizer which has negative effect on soil structure which cause unbalance on physical and chemical propertied of soil which ultimately reduce nutrient element absorption. Nowadays due to environmental problems use of biological fertilizers are good substitutions. On the other hand biological fertilizer use improve soil fertility. Protein quantity and quality are basic nutritional problem. According to use of more than 85000 tones chemical fertilizers in legume cultivation in Iran. It is necessary to conduct correct and efficient inoculation for each legume crop in the country including bean, which is one of the important crop for human consumption. In most cases biological fertilizers are complementary of chemical fertilizers in a sustainable agriculture. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of interaction effect of mycorrhiza vesicular, Psodomonas bacteria and humic acid on yield and yield components of bean. Material & Methods Mycorrhiza inoculation was prepared in soil science Lab in Tabriz University in sterile sandy loam. Bacterial inoculation Pseudomonas putida prepared in soil biology of Tabriz University. Humic acid extraction was done with method of Kay et al., (2004). For Seed bean Phaseolus vulgaris variety Cos-16 from agronomy and plant breeding department of Tabriz University which is resistant to drought. Soils for this experiment were collected from Khalat Poshan research station from 0 to 25 cm depth and passed through 4mm sieve after sun sterile method. Soil physical and chemical properties were estimated with standard methods. Each pot was filled with three kilogram sterile soil. Seventy gram of mycorrhiza inoculation was spread in 5 cm of top soil and then bacteria inoculation was added to soil just below the seeds. Humic acid extracted from vermicompost and applied to soil in the powder form in three levels, control (H0), 200 mg kg-1(H1), and 400 mg kg-1 (H2). Pots were place in green house at 25C. After treatment application 5 seeds were sown in each pots and pot moisture kept at 0.9 FC. Pots were irrigated with distilled water whenever needed. After 4 months plant roots and shoot properties and plant yield and yield components were estimated. This experiment was conducted in the form of factorial on the base of complete randomize block design in Tarbiat Moalem University of Tabriz. First and second factor were in two levels, control and applied for mycorrhiza (M0 and M1) and bacteria P. putida (S0 and S1) and humic acid in three levels control (H0), 200 mg kg-1 (H1) and 400 mg kg-1 (H2) in three replications. Data analysis was done with MSTATC and SPSS and mean comparison were done with LSD test for significance and figures drown with Excel 2007. Results & Discussion Analysis of variance of data for plant height showed that interaction effects of humic acid and bacteria were significant at 1% level and mycorrhiza was significant at 5% level. Mean comparison of results showed that least plant height mean from interaction of humic acid and bacteria with S0H1 treatment with (28.58 cm) and the highest was (30.35cm) with S1H1 treatment. Analysis of variance showed that main effect of mycorrhiza were significant at 1% level and interaction effect of humic acid and bacteria at 5% level on shoot wet weight of bean. Analysis of variance for main effect of humic acid and mycorrhiza were significant at 1% level for shoot dry weight and main effect of bacteria and interaction effect of bacteria and mycorrhiza were significant at 5% level for shoot dry weight of bean. Analysis of variance showed that main effect of mycorrhiza and humic acid were significant at 1% level and interaction effect of mycorrhiza and humic acid at 5% level on root dry weight. Analysis of variance of Mycorrhiza and bacteria main effect on ratio of root dry weight to shoot were significant at 1% level and main effect of humic acid and interaction effect of humic acid and mycorrhiza were significant at 5% level. Analysis of variance showed that main effect of mycorrhiza and humic acid were significant at 1% level and main effect of bacteria and interaction effect of mycorrhiza and bacteria were significant at 5% level for seed numbers of bean. Analysis of variance showed that main effect of bacteria and mycorrhiza and interaction effect of bacteria and mycorrhiza were significant at 1% level and interaction effect of bacteria and mycorrhiza were significant at 5% level on stem length. Analysis of variance showed that main effect of humic acid and mycorrhiza were significant at 1% level and main effect of bacteria and interaction effect of humic acid and bacteria were significant at 5% level for stem diameter. Analysis of variance showed the main effect of mycorrhiza was significant at 1% level and main effect of humic acid and interaction effect of bacteria and mycorrhiza and interaction effect of bacteria and humic acid and main effect of humic acid were significant at 5% level for the seed yield. Conclusion Analysis of variance of experiment treatments in this research showed that treatment applied had positive effect on agronomic properties of bean and humic acid could have direct and positive effect on plant root and shoot growth.

تجزیه و تحلیل رشد، روش کاربردی و با ارزش در بررسی کمی رشد، نمو و تولید گیاهان زراعی به‌شمار می‌رود. به‌منظور بررسی تأثیر کاربرد کود ورمی‌کمپوست و محلول‌پاشی برگی چای‌کمپوست و اسید هیومیک بر شاخص‌های رشد گلرنگ ((Carthamus tinctorius L.، آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه ولی‌عصر (عج) رفسنجان انجام شد. تیمارها شامل کاربرد ورمی‌کمپوست (صفر، 4، 8 و 12 تن در هکتار) به عنوان فاکتور اول و محلول‌پاشی (آب مقطر به‌عنوان شاهد، اسید هیومیک حاصل از ورمی‌کمپوست، اسید هیومیک تجاری و چای‌کمپوست) به عنوان فاکتور دوم بود. نتایج نشان داد که حداکثر شاخص سطح برگ، ماده خشک کل، سرعت رشد نسبی و عملکرد دانه تحت تأثیر اثرات اصلی ورمی‌کمپوست و محلول‌پاشی و حداکثر سرعت رشدمحصول و سرعت جذب خالص تحت تأثیر اثرات اصلی ورمی‌کمپوست، محلول‌پاشی و اثر متقابل ورمی‌کمپوست در محلول‌پاشی قرار گرفتند. بیش‌ترین میزان سرعت رشد محصول (05/35 گرم بر متر‌مربع بر روز) و سرعت جذب خالص (42/13 گرم بر متر‌مربع برگ بر روز) از تیمار 12 تن در هکتار ورمی‌کمپوست و محلول‌پاشی چای‌کمپوست به‌دست آمد. همچنین در بین تیمارهای کودی، کاربرد 12 تن در هکتار ورمی‌کمپوست و در تیمار محلول‌پاشی، محلول‌پاشی چای‌کمپوست باعث افزایش شاخص سطح برگ، ماده خشک کل، سرعت رشد نسبی و عملکرد دانه نسبت به تیمار شاهد شد. نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که کاربرد کود زیستی ورمی‌کمپوست به میزان 12 تن در هکتار و محلول‌پاشی چای‌کمپوست مناسب‌ترین تیمار برای افزایش شاخص‌های رشد و عملکرد گیاه گلرنگ در راستای نیل به کشاورزی پایدار بود.

به منظور بررسی اثرات کود‌‌های آلی و شیمیایی بر برخی ویژگی‌های کمی و کیفی چای ترش آزمایشی در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با 10 تیمار و 4 تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه زابل انجام شد. تیمار‌ها شامل: (T1) عدم مصرف کود (شاهد)، (T2) 300 کیلوگرم کود نیتروژن، فسفر و پتاسیم در هکتار به نسبت 2:1:1، (T3) 20 تن کود گاوی در هکتار، (T4) 10 تن کمپوست در هکتار، (T5) 5 تن ورمی‌کمپوست در هکتار، (T6) محلول پاشی اسید هیومیک به نسبت 5/1 در هزار، (T7) 50 درصد T2 + T6، (T8) 50 درصد T3 + T6، (T9) 50 درصد T4 +T6 و (T10) 50 درصد T5 + T6 بودند. نتایج نشان داد در اکثر صفات مورد بررسی اختلاف معنی‌داری بین تیمارهای اعمال شده و شاهد وجود داشت، به طوری که بیشترین مقدار ارتفاع و تعداد شاخه‌های جانبی و قطر ساقه در نتیجه کاربرد تیمار کودهای آلی توأم با اسید هیومیک (T8، T9 و T10) حاصل شد. تأثیر کود‌ کمپوست توأم با اسید هیومیک (T9) بر وزن‌تر و خشک کاسبرگ (31/157، 69/22 گرم در بوته)، تعداد میوه در بوته، وزن میوه، تعداد دانه در بوته، و در مورد میزان آنتوسیانین، تأثیر کود گاوی توأم با اسید هیومیک (T8) نسبت به سایر تیمارها بیشتر بود. نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که کاربرد کودهای آلی در بهبود عملکرد کمی و کیفی گیاه دارویی چای ترش و همچنین در جهت پایداری تولید و حفظ محیط زیست تأثیر مثبتی داشته و به نظر می‌رسد کودهای آلی جایگزین مناسبی برای کودهای شیمیایی باشند.

Soybeans (Glycine max L.), a globally significant crop, play a critical role in economic, nutritional, and ecological systems, particularly in rotational farming due to their nitrogen-fixing capacity. This study investigated the residual effects of vermicompost (VC) and vermicompost tea (VCT) applied during a preceding corn cycle on subsequent soybean growth and productivity in an organic corn–soybean rotation. Soybeans were grown in raised beds previously treated with different VCT concentrations and combinations of VC+VCT, without additional fertilization during the soybean phase. Physiological traits, including leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD values) and stomatal conductance, were measured alongside biomass, yield, and plant leaves nutrient concentrations. VC+VCT treatments significantly increased biomass and yield, with VC1+VCT20 achieving the highest biomass (3.02 tons/ha) and yield (1.68 tons/ha). Leaf nutrient analysis revealed increased uptake of both macro- and micronutrients in amended treatments, while SPAD and stomatal conductance values remained consistently higher than in the control. Soil analyses confirmed improved nutrient retention and cation exchange capacity in amended plots, demonstrating the legacy benefits of organic inputs. Therefore, residual VCT and VC+VCT applications improved soybean productivity, nutrient acquisition, and physiological performance in rotational systems. By reducing reliance on synthetic fertilizers and enhancing soil fertility, this strategy supports climate-smart agriculture principles and contributes to SDG 2 (Zero Hunger), SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), and SDG 13 (Climate Action).

A field experiment was conducted during the kharif season of 2024 at Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, to evaluate the effects of humic acid (HA) and vermicompost (VC) on the growth, yield and soil nutrient status of Bajra (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.). The trial followed a randomized block design (RBD) with nine treatments and three replications, including combinations of HA (5 and 10 L ha-1) and VC (2 and 4 t ha-1), along with a control. The treatment combining HA at 10 L ha-1 and VC at 4 t ha-1 showed a significantly improvement in plant height (198.4 cm), tiller number (3.2 per plant) and yield-related traits. It produced the highest grain yield (2065.8 kg ha-1) and stover yield (2706.2 kg ha-1). Nutrient uptake was also maximized under this treatment, with nitrogen (67.8 kg ha-1), phosphorus (14.2 kg ha-1) and potassium (66.4 kg ha-1) uptake being highest. Post-harvest soil analysis revealed improved fertility, with increased available N, P, K and organic carbon. These findings suggest that the combined application of HA and VC substantially enhances crop performance and soil health, offering a sustainable approach for Bajra cultivation in Typic Haplustept soils.

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of vermicompost water extracts (teas) and seed soaking duration on germination of tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ) and lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ) seeds. In the first experiment, tomato and lettuce seeds were soaked in vermicompost teas prepared from chicken manure-based vermicomposts for 9 hours. The concentrations of the extracts used were 10%, 5%, 3%, 1% (1:10, 1:20, 1:33, and 1:100 vermicompost-to-water ratio by volume), and 0% (water control). Seeds were sown in peat–perlite medium, and seedlings were harvested after 4 weeks. Soaking seeds in vermicompost teas significantly ( P < 0.0001) increased germination percentage and seedling growth of tomato and lettuce compared with control. The response to concentrations of the vermicompost tea was generally linear. In another experiment, tea produced from food waste-based vermicompost was used. Tomato seeds were soaked in 20%, 10%, 5%, 1%, and 0% teas after 24 hours of soaking and sown into a sphagnum moss-based medium. Plant responses were linear and quadratic for germination and growth, respectively, with 1% vermicompost tea increasing germination, whereas 5% vermicompost tea significantly promoted growth. A third experiment was done to evaluate the interaction of a range of vermicompost tea concentrations (20%, 10%, 5%, 1%, and 0%) and length of soaking (24, 12, 8, 4, 1 hours, and 0: no soaking) on the germination of tomato seeds. There was a significant interaction ( P < 0.001) between the concentration of vermicompost teas and lengths of soaking. Soaking duration generally had a significantly positive and linear effect on germination of tomato seeds across the concentrations of vermicompost tea. Germination rates of tomato seeds were significantly greater after 8, 12, and 24 hours of soaking. However, within each soaking duration, concentrations of vermicompost teas had variable effects on seed germination. The presence of N-indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), cytokinin, gibberellins, and humic acids in the teas could have been responsible for the faster germination of tomato seeds when soaked at lower concentrations and longer soaking times.

Effect of macrophyte biomass-based vermicompost and vermicompost tea on plant growth, productivity, and biocontrol of Fusarium wilt disease in tomato

Corn is a vital global crop, yet its cultivation demands extensive agrochemical inputs, prompting the need for sustainable alternatives. This study investigates the impact of vermicompost (VC) and vermicompost tea (VCT) applications on corn growth, physiology, and resistance to Fall Armyworm (FAW) infestation using advanced optical plant sensors. Six treatments were employed: V0 (control), VC1, VCT100, VC1 + VCT50, VC3, and VC3 + VCT50. During the growing season, plant growth parameters, such as height, chlorophyll content, and spectral reflectance were measured using a chlorophyll meter, fluorometer, porometer, and spectroradiometer. Results indicated that VC-treated plants exhibited superior growth and higher chlorophyll content than control or untreated plants. The VC1 + VCT50-treated plants showed robust resistance to FAW, with no infestation throughout the season, while VC1-treated plants showed delayed attack by FAW. Soil chemical analysis showed that VC and VCT treatments had similar nutrient concentrations as the control. Plant nutrient content was higher in VCT100 compared to all treatments. These findings suggest that the combined application of VC and VCT, particularly at specific application rates, can enhance corn plant health, mitigate pest damage, and optimize yield potential.

Environmentally relevant impacts of nano-TiO2 on abiotic degradation of bisphenol A under sunlight irradiation

The present study was laid out in RBD with three replications.Various organic fertilizers viz., farm yard manure (FYM) @ 7.5 t ha -1 , leaf mould compost @ 7.5 t ha -1 , vermicompost (VC) @ 2.5 t ha -1 , humic acid (HA) @ 0.2 per cent (FS), VAM and inorganic fertilizer (RDF 100:50:150 NPK kg ha -1 ) were applied.The growth and yield parameters were studied at different stages of crop growth.The study revealed that the growth characters viz., plant height, at 30 and 45 DAP, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width and days taken for sixth leaf stage were significantly influenced by the application of organic fertilizers T 9 [Vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha -1 + VAM + humic acid @ 0.2 % (FS)] registered the maximum plant height (73.66 cm and 104.84 cm) at 30 and 45 DAP, respectively, number of leaves (5.60), leaf length (50.03 cm), leaf width (8.62 cm) and minimum days taken for sixth leaf stage (37.10) were recorded.Flowering characters like minimum days taken for first spike emergence (44.10), days taken for first flower to open (51.35) and maximum spike length (110.60 cm), rachis length (44.20 cm), number of florets per spike (11.40), flower weight (4.99 g) and the number of marketable spike per plot (50.45) were also recorded in T 9 .The above treatment also recorded longer vase life (12.66days).From the above experiment, it may be judged that, the application of vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha -1 + VAM + humic acid @ 0.2 per cent (FS) enhanced the growth, flowering and yield of gladiolus.

In Pakistan, maize is the fourth largest grown crop after wheat, cotton, rice and is considered as fodder for livestock as well. There are various reasons for low productivity of this crop which includes low soil organic matter (O.M). Chemical fertilizers indiscriminate utilization disturbs the soil tithe and its chemical composition which caused in reduction plant yield. Hence to overcome the problem of this low fertility, humic acid is strongly recommended throughout the world. Hence and research experiment was conduct as student’s Agronomy experimental farm, at Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Pakistan during the year 2017 on humic acid levels effect on fodder production of maize (Zea Mays). The experiment was designed by following the randomize complete block design (RCBD) with net plot size 3 by 4 m (12 m.seq). The experiment comprises of the recommended dose of NPK and various levels of humic acid such as HA1 = Untreated, HA2 = 2 kg ha-1, HA3 = 3 kg ha-1 and HA4 = 4 kg ha-1. The results of our study showed that significant effect on different levels of humic acid on the different varieties of maize crop. The results revealed that the application of humic acid @4Kgha-1 gave maximum yield and better growth of maize varieties as compared to lower levels of humic acid application where as in varieties Akbar and Sadaf produced maximum fodder yield than variety Neelum in response to humic acid application. Keywords: Fodder production; Humic acid levels; Maize (Zea mays L.) http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2019.80108

Different levels of humic acid (HA) (0, 100, 500, and 1000 mg L−1) and Ca (3.5 and 7 meq/L) were applied to growth media. A multi-level factorial experiment with a completely randomized design was employed with three replicates to evaluate interaction effects. Macro- and micro-nutrient contents were measured in leaves, roots, and scapes of gerbera. Five hundred mg/L HA increased macro- and micronutrients (P, N, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, and Zn) contents of leaves, roots, and scapes. High HA levels reduced some nutrient contents. The 7 meq/L Ca significantly increased Fe and Zn contents of leaves and roots and K and Mg contents of roots, and had no significant effect on other macronutrients. The results showed the importance of Ca-HA treatment in gerbera cultivation through increasing nutrient concentration. The Ca-HA treatment exhibited significant effects on nutrient uptake of gerbera. Ca and HA combination was more effective, especially with 7 meq Ca and 500 mg/L HA, than the low Ca and HA content. The 7 meq/L Ca and 500 mg/L HA increased N, Ca, K, and Zn concentrations in leaves, and Ca, P, Mg, Fe, and Zn concentrations in scapes, and Zn in roots, whereas this trend for Fe, Mg, and N in leaves and P and Mg in roots was found in 100 and 1000 mg/L HA. Conclusively, nutrients’ absorbtion and accumulations in scape and leaves were higher than in roots and were higher when Ca was applied in 7 meq/L with HA at 500 mg/L to gerbera.

A field experiment was conducted to investigate phonological traits of wheat response to different levels of humic acid and brassinolide at New Developmental Farm The University of Agriculture, Peshawar during Rabi season 2009 -10. The wheat variety Saleem 2000 was sown. The design used was Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications in split plot arrangement. Humic acid was assigned to main plot whereas brassinolide was allotted to sub plot. Plot size of 3 x 3.5 m having 10 rows, 30 cm apart were used. Four levels of humic acid (0, 1, 2 and 4 kg ha) were applied at sowing times. Whereas 5 levels of brassinolide (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mg L) were sprayed in foliar form at the tillering stage. Application of 4 kg HA ha delayed days to heading (117.44). Increasing humic acid levels up to 2 kg ha delayed anthesis (124.18) days and maturity (156) days and produced taller (82.69) plants. Increasing brassinolide concentrations up to 2 mg L delayed days to heading (118.25days), anthesis (124.63days) and maturity (158days). Taller (89.56cm) plants were produced through the application of 2 mg BL. Increasing brassinolide concentration up to 2 mg L as combined with 2 kg HA ha delayed days to anthesis. Application of 2 kg HA ha enhanced wheat phenology and thus is recommended for wheat cultivation in the agro climatic conditions of Peshawar for improved phonological traits. Application of 2 mg BL improved wheat phenology and thus is recommended for wheat cultivation in the agro climatic conditions of Peshawar for better phonological traits.

A greenhouse experiment to study the effect of humic acid (HA) on the growth and nutrient uptake of Teak (Tectona grandis L.f.), a tropical hardwood, was conducted in Ibadan, Nigeria. The plants were grown for four months in top soils (0–30 cm) collected from an Alfisol (high organic matter) and an Oxisol (low organic matter) in Southern Nigeria. Three levels of HA, viz:, 50, 500, and 1000 mg/kg were added to the two soils. The results indicated that HA was beneficial to the growth and nutrient uptake of teak seedlings. Plant monthly growth rates, and height and total dry matter yield increased significantly (p = 0.05) over the controls in the two soils at the three HA application levels. Effects of adding 500 mg/kg and more of HA to the Alfisol were less beneficial while plant parameters and nutrient uptake tended to increase with increasing amounts of HA in the Oxisol. A significant positive correlation was established between rate of HA application and plant height (r = 0.57), stem diameter (r...

Humic acids (AH) were extracted and isolated from bovine manure vermicompost, and they were partially characterized using UV-vis and / FT-IR. They were sprinkled foliarly at 32 days after germination coinciding with the start-up phase tillage in rice cultivation ( Oryza sativa L.) under conditions of irrigation and water deficit. Three concentrations of AH (30, 34 and 38 mg L -1 ) were used, in addition to a control treatment without application. Specifically in the active tillering stage, the effect of foliar application of AH under irrigation conditions and water deficit was evaluated in indicators such as: plant height, dry mass in the root section, peroxidase enzyme activity (POX) and content of soluble proteins. The results indicated positive effects of the AH on the biochemical - physiological indicators evaluated in the vegetative phase, with effects on the dry mass in the radical part up to 40 % higher than the control, observing evidence of a possible protective effect against the water deficit by the AH. It was concluded that a possible response could be the mimetic action of AH with the abscisic acid hormone (ABA), producing equivalent effects to this.