اثرات کودهای آلی و شیمیایی بر برخی ویژگیهای کمی و میزان آنتوسیانین چای ترش (.Hibiscus sabdariffa L) در شرایط زابل

این تحقیق با هدف مطالعه تأثیر منابع تغذیه‌ای و سطوح آب آبیاری بر عملکرد، اجزای عملکرد، فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی و میزان آنتوسیانین کاسبرگ گیاه دارویی چای ترش در دو سال زراعی92-1391 و 93-1392 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه جیرفت، به‌صورت کرت‌های خرد شده نواری در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام شد. سطوح آب آبیاری در سه سطح 60 ، 80 و 100 درصد نیاز آبی گیاه به‌عنوان عامل کرت‌های افقی و منبع تغذیه‌ا‌ی گیاه در چهار سطح (کود زیستی مایکوریزا، ورمی‌کمپوست، کود گاوی، کود شیمیایی (نیتروژن، فسفر و پتاسیم) و تیمار شاهد به‌عنوان عامل کرت‌های عمودی در نظر گرفته شدند. نتایج تجزیه واریانس مرکب نشان داد که اثر منابع تغذیه‌ای و سطوح آب آبیاری بر ارتفاع بوته، طول سرشاخه گلدار، تعداد غوزه در بوته، وزن کاسبرگ خشک در بوته، عملکرد کاسبرگ، عملکرد زیست‌توده، فعالیت آنتی‌آکسیدانی و میزان آنتوسیانین کاسبرگ معنی‌دار بود. همچنین اثر متقابل منابع تغذیه‌ای و سطوح آب آبیاری بر عملکرد کاسبرگ و فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی کاسبرگ معنی‌دار بود. بیشترین وزن کاسبرگ خشک در سطح 100 درصد نیاز آبی گیاه و منبع تغذیه‌ای کود گاوی و کمترین عملکرد وزن کاسبرگ در تیمار شاهد در سطح 60 درصد نیاز آبی گیاه به‌دست آمد. با توجه به اینکه سطوح 100 و 80 درصد نیاز آبی گیاه در اکثر ویژگی‌های مورد بررسی تفاوت معنی‌داری وجود نداشتند، به‌نظر می‌رسد که سطح 80 درصد نیاز آبی گیاه به‌ترتیب توأم با مصرف کودهای دامی، ورمی‌کمپوست و شیمیایی در زراعت چای ترش مناسب می‌باشند.

به منظور بررسی اثر سیستم های گوناگون تغذیه ای بر عملکرد و اجزاء عملکرد گیاه روغنی آفتابگردان رقم یوروفلور (Helianthus annuus L.) در شرایط تنش رطوبتی، آزمایشی به صورت کرت های خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه بوعلی سینا همدان در سال 93-1392 اجرا شد. تیمارها شامل دو سطح آبیاری بهینه و تنش کم آبیاری (به ترتیب آبیاری پس از 60 و 120 میلی متر تبخیر از تشتک تبخیر کلاس A) به عنوان کرت های اصلی و تیمارهای گوناگون تغذیه گیاهی شامل: 1- عدم کاربرد هر گونه کود شیمیایی و زیستی (شاهد)، 2- کاربرد 100 درصد کود شیمیایی پیشنهاد شده (NPK)، 3- کود آلی ورمی‌کمپوست، 4- کود زیستی فسفونیتروکارا، 5- ورمی‌کمپوست+ فسفونیتروکارا، 6- ورمی‌کمپوست+ 50 درصد کود شیمیایی نیتروژن و فسفر پیشنهاد شده، 7- فسفو نیتروکارا+ 50 درصد کود شیمیایی نیتروژن و فسفر پیشنهاد شده، 8- ورمی‌کمپوست+ فسفونیتروکارا+ 50 درصد کود شیمیایی نیتروژن و فسفر پیشنهاد شده و9 - 50 درصد کود شیمیایی نیتروژن و فسفر پیشنهاد شده به عنوان کرت های فرعی بود. نتایج حاصل از این بررسی نشان داد که تنش کم آبی و تیمارهای تغذیه ای به طور معنی داری تمامی صفات اندازه گیری شده را تحت تأثیر قرار دادند. همچنین اثر متقابل سیستم تغذیه در آبیاری بر صفات وزن طبق، تعداد دانه در طبق، عملکرد دانه و عملکرد بیولوژیک معنی دار بود. بالاترین عملکرد دانه در شرایط آبیاری بهینه با کاربرد کامل کود شیمیایی به دست آمد (591 گرم در مترمربع)، در حالی که در شرایط تنش کم آبی، بیشترین عملکرد (314 گرم در مترمربع) به کاربرد ورمی‌کمپوست به همراه نیمی از کود شیمیایی توصیه شده تعلق داشت. به طور کلی، از مقایسه کودهای بررسی شده چنین به نظر می رسد که کاهش مصرف کودهای شیمیایی و جایگزینی آن با ورمی‌کمپوست می تواند در راستای نیل به کشاورزی پایدار در شرایط تنش رطوبتی، مؤثر واقع شود.

Although there is research with fertilization in top dressing in the production of cabbage, these are usually made with inorganic fertilizers, being rare the researches with organic fertilization in top dressing in the production of most of vegetables. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different splitting of two organic fertilizers in top dressing in the production of cabbage. Six treatments were evaluated, with four replications in the randomized block design. The six treatments were the result of the factorial 3 x 2, with three types of splitting (1/3+1/3+1/3; 4/6+1/6+1/6; 1/6+4/6+1/6 of the total dose in each application) and two organic fertilizers (castor bean cake and organic compost). The total dose of each fertilizer was calculated to apply 120 kg ha -1 of N. The characteristics evaluated were: number of external leaves, fresh weight of external leaves, fresh and dry weight of the head, head diameter and height and cycle. Fertilization with castor bean cake resulted the production of heads with higher weight, diameter and height in relation to the organic compost, besides reducing the cycle. The 4/6+1/6+1/6 splitting was better than the 1/6+4/6+1/6 splitting for the castor bean cake.

تجزیه و تحلیل رشد، روش کاربردی و با ارزش در بررسی کمی رشد، نمو و تولید گیاهان زراعی به‌شمار می‌رود. به‌منظور بررسی تأثیر کاربرد کود ورمی‌کمپوست و محلول‌پاشی برگی چای‌کمپوست و اسید هیومیک بر شاخص‌های رشد گلرنگ ((Carthamus tinctorius L.، آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه ولی‌عصر (عج) رفسنجان انجام شد. تیمارها شامل کاربرد ورمی‌کمپوست (صفر، 4، 8 و 12 تن در هکتار) به عنوان فاکتور اول و محلول‌پاشی (آب مقطر به‌عنوان شاهد، اسید هیومیک حاصل از ورمی‌کمپوست، اسید هیومیک تجاری و چای‌کمپوست) به عنوان فاکتور دوم بود. نتایج نشان داد که حداکثر شاخص سطح برگ، ماده خشک کل، سرعت رشد نسبی و عملکرد دانه تحت تأثیر اثرات اصلی ورمی‌کمپوست و محلول‌پاشی و حداکثر سرعت رشدمحصول و سرعت جذب خالص تحت تأثیر اثرات اصلی ورمی‌کمپوست، محلول‌پاشی و اثر متقابل ورمی‌کمپوست در محلول‌پاشی قرار گرفتند. بیش‌ترین میزان سرعت رشد محصول (05/35 گرم بر متر‌مربع بر روز) و سرعت جذب خالص (42/13 گرم بر متر‌مربع برگ بر روز) از تیمار 12 تن در هکتار ورمی‌کمپوست و محلول‌پاشی چای‌کمپوست به‌دست آمد. همچنین در بین تیمارهای کودی، کاربرد 12 تن در هکتار ورمی‌کمپوست و در تیمار محلول‌پاشی، محلول‌پاشی چای‌کمپوست باعث افزایش شاخص سطح برگ، ماده خشک کل، سرعت رشد نسبی و عملکرد دانه نسبت به تیمار شاهد شد. نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که کاربرد کود زیستی ورمی‌کمپوست به میزان 12 تن در هکتار و محلول‌پاشی چای‌کمپوست مناسب‌ترین تیمار برای افزایش شاخص‌های رشد و عملکرد گیاه گلرنگ در راستای نیل به کشاورزی پایدار بود.

This review discusses the differences between composting and vermicomposting of biodegradable solid waste. Solid waste management is a major challenge worldwide due to the rise in population and industrialization, leading to larger amount of solid wastes being generated. Biological process has been widely recognized in converting solid organic materials into environmental friendly and value added products. Both composting and vermicomposting are regarded as a suitable way to manage organic waste because it not only helps solve the problem of waste disposal but also produces useful bio-amendment agent (organic fertilizer). In general, vermicomposting is a more superior process as compared to composting. This is because vermicomposting has higher organic matter decomposition rate and nutrients contents of final product. Besides, vermicompost produced higher concentration of hormones and enzymes that could stimulate plant growth and discourage plant pathogens. However, recent studies indicated that a successful combination between composting and vermicomposting has been considered as a possible way to obtain a better quality organic fertilizer. The suggestion to combine both systems is based on the premise that composting enables sanitization and elimination of toxic compounds from the solid wastes, while the subsequent or preceded vermicomposting rapidly reduces particle size and increases nutrient availability to the plants.

Effects of fertilization on growth of several varieties of upland rice have been studied. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design, 3 x 4 factorial design with three replications. Factors studied were fertilization i.e. 100% compost, 100% inorganic fertilizers, and mixture of 50% organic and inorganic fertilizers. Upland rice varieties consisted of Cirata, Limboto, Situ Bagendit, and Situ Patenggang. Results showed that mixture of 50% organic and inorganic was the best on plant height at ages of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 week after planting (WAP) and tiller numbers per hill. Meanwhile, 100% organic fertilizer was the best for flowering and harvesting ages. The best variety for plant height was Cirata and Situ Patenggang, while for tiller numbers was Situ Bagendit. There were interactions between fertilization and variety on plant height and tiller numbers. The best combination for plant height was Situ Patenggang and mixture of 50% organic and inorganic, while for tiller numbers was Situ Bagendit and mixture of 50% organic and inorganic.

Introduction Legumes are very important source of protein after cereals. These plants are capable of biological nitrogen fixation and increasing soil fertility as cover crop or including in crop rotation and reducing soil erosion which improve sustainable agriculture. Increasing use of chemical fertilizer which has negative effect on soil structure which cause unbalance on physical and chemical propertied of soil which ultimately reduce nutrient element absorption. Nowadays due to environmental problems use of biological fertilizers are good substitutions. On the other hand biological fertilizer use improve soil fertility. Protein quantity and quality are basic nutritional problem. According to use of more than 85000 tones chemical fertilizers in legume cultivation in Iran. It is necessary to conduct correct and efficient inoculation for each legume crop in the country including bean, which is one of the important crop for human consumption. In most cases biological fertilizers are complementary of chemical fertilizers in a sustainable agriculture. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of interaction effect of mycorrhiza vesicular, Psodomonas bacteria and humic acid on yield and yield components of bean. Material & Methods Mycorrhiza inoculation was prepared in soil science Lab in Tabriz University in sterile sandy loam. Bacterial inoculation Pseudomonas putida prepared in soil biology of Tabriz University. Humic acid extraction was done with method of Kay et al., (2004). For Seed bean Phaseolus vulgaris variety Cos-16 from agronomy and plant breeding department of Tabriz University which is resistant to drought. Soils for this experiment were collected from Khalat Poshan research station from 0 to 25 cm depth and passed through 4mm sieve after sun sterile method. Soil physical and chemical properties were estimated with standard methods. Each pot was filled with three kilogram sterile soil. Seventy gram of mycorrhiza inoculation was spread in 5 cm of top soil and then bacteria inoculation was added to soil just below the seeds. Humic acid extracted from vermicompost and applied to soil in the powder form in three levels, control (H0), 200 mg kg-1(H1), and 400 mg kg-1 (H2). Pots were place in green house at 25C. After treatment application 5 seeds were sown in each pots and pot moisture kept at 0.9 FC. Pots were irrigated with distilled water whenever needed. After 4 months plant roots and shoot properties and plant yield and yield components were estimated. This experiment was conducted in the form of factorial on the base of complete randomize block design in Tarbiat Moalem University of Tabriz. First and second factor were in two levels, control and applied for mycorrhiza (M0 and M1) and bacteria P. putida (S0 and S1) and humic acid in three levels control (H0), 200 mg kg-1 (H1) and 400 mg kg-1 (H2) in three replications. Data analysis was done with MSTATC and SPSS and mean comparison were done with LSD test for significance and figures drown with Excel 2007. Results & Discussion Analysis of variance of data for plant height showed that interaction effects of humic acid and bacteria were significant at 1% level and mycorrhiza was significant at 5% level. Mean comparison of results showed that least plant height mean from interaction of humic acid and bacteria with S0H1 treatment with (28.58 cm) and the highest was (30.35cm) with S1H1 treatment. Analysis of variance showed that main effect of mycorrhiza were significant at 1% level and interaction effect of humic acid and bacteria at 5% level on shoot wet weight of bean. Analysis of variance for main effect of humic acid and mycorrhiza were significant at 1% level for shoot dry weight and main effect of bacteria and interaction effect of bacteria and mycorrhiza were significant at 5% level for shoot dry weight of bean. Analysis of variance showed that main effect of mycorrhiza and humic acid were significant at 1% level and interaction effect of mycorrhiza and humic acid at 5% level on root dry weight. Analysis of variance of Mycorrhiza and bacteria main effect on ratio of root dry weight to shoot were significant at 1% level and main effect of humic acid and interaction effect of humic acid and mycorrhiza were significant at 5% level. Analysis of variance showed that main effect of mycorrhiza and humic acid were significant at 1% level and main effect of bacteria and interaction effect of mycorrhiza and bacteria were significant at 5% level for seed numbers of bean. Analysis of variance showed that main effect of bacteria and mycorrhiza and interaction effect of bacteria and mycorrhiza were significant at 1% level and interaction effect of bacteria and mycorrhiza were significant at 5% level on stem length. Analysis of variance showed that main effect of humic acid and mycorrhiza were significant at 1% level and main effect of bacteria and interaction effect of humic acid and bacteria were significant at 5% level for stem diameter. Analysis of variance showed the main effect of mycorrhiza was significant at 1% level and main effect of humic acid and interaction effect of bacteria and mycorrhiza and interaction effect of bacteria and humic acid and main effect of humic acid were significant at 5% level for the seed yield. Conclusion Analysis of variance of experiment treatments in this research showed that treatment applied had positive effect on agronomic properties of bean and humic acid could have direct and positive effect on plant root and shoot growth.

به‌منظور بررسی تأثیر کودهای آلی (اسید هیومیک و عصاره ورمی‌کمپوست) بر خصوصیات رشدی، مورفولوژیکی و فیتوشیمیایی مرزه خوزستانی (Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad.) آزمایشی در مزرعه تحقیقاتی شرکت دارویی خرمان در شهرستان خرم آباد در بهار 1392 به‌ صورت فاکتوریل در قالب بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام شد. تیمارهای مورد بررسی شامل سه غلظت 5، 10و 15 درصد عصاره ورمی‌کمپوست و مقادیر 5/1، 5/2 و 5/3 لیتر در هکتار اسید هیومیک بودند که به صورت محلول‌پاشی مورد استفاده قرار گرفتند. فاکتورهای مورد بررسی شامل، ارتفاع بوته، تاج بوته، طول و عرض برگ، عملکرد وزن خشک اندام هوایی، عملکرد وزن خشک برگ، بازده اسانس، عملکرد اسانس، محتوای فنل و فلاونوئید کل بودند. تیمارهای مختلف اسید هیومیک و عصاره ورمی‌کمپوست بر صفات مورفولوژیکی (ارتفاع بوته، تاج بوته، طول و عرض برگ) در طی چهار مرحله نمونه‌برداری قبل از گلدهی تأثیر معنی‌دار نداشتند. نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین مقدار وزن خشک اندام هوایی (460 گرم در متر‌مربع)، وزن خشک برگ (33/195 گرم در متر‌مربع) و عملکرد اسانس (38/6 گرم در متر‌مربع) در تیمار 5/3 لیتر در هکتار اسید هیومیک و غلظت 20 درصد عصاره ورمی‌کمپوست به‌دست آمد، که با تیمار شاهد اختلاف معنی‌داری را نشان داد. بیشترین درصد اسانس (43/3 درصد) در تیمار 5/1 لیتر در هکتار اسید هیومیک و غلظت 20 درصد عصاره ورمی‌کمپوست دیده شد. تیمار 5/2 لیتر در هکتار اسید هیومیک و غلظت 5 درصد عصاره ورمی‌کمپوست با (56/46 میکروگرم گالیک اسید در میلی‌گرم عصاره خشک) و تیمار 5/3 لیتر در هکتار اسید هیومیک و غلظت 5 درصد عصاره ورمی‌کمپوست با (13/749 میکروگرم روتین در میلی گرم عصاره خشک) به ترتیب بیشترین تأثیر را بر محتوای فنل و فلاونوئید داشتند. به نظر می‌رسد مصرف مقادیر مناسب از اسید ‌هیومیک و عصاره‌ ورمی‌کمپوست با افزایش مواد آلی خاک، از طریق بهبود فعالیت‌های میکروبی خاک و نیز فراهمی جذب بیشتر عناصر غذایی، سبب افزایش میزان فتوسنتز و ماده خشک گیاهی می‌گردد و در بین تیمار‌های بررسی شده، تیمار 5/3 لیتر در هکتار اسید هیومیک و غلظت 20 درصد عصاره ورمی‌کمپوست به عنوان یکی از بهترین تیمار شناخته شد.

This study aims to test solid organic fertilizer on the growth of curly red chili. The method used is a Randomized Block Design with planting on dry land by making beds measuring 1 m x 7 m and spacing of 60 cm x 50 cm. The treatments are P1 (Giving organic fertilizer of horse manure resulting from burning), P2 (Giving organic fertilizer of cow manure), P3 (Giving organic fertilizer of chicken manure) and P4 (Giving of organic compost artificial fertilizer) repeated 3 times by giving the same fertilizer dose (18, 93 ton ha-1). Data analysis used analysis of variance (Duncan α 0.05 test). The highest crop research results were P4 and the lowest was P2. The results of the study of the growth of the number of leaves there are significant differences in the treatment of P1 to treatment P2 and P4 but do not have a significant effect on the treatment of P3. The highest average yield of chili is in P4 and the lowest is in P2. On fruit length growth shows a real influence, where P4 has the highest and lowest yield is P2. Similarly, in the growth of the number of fruits where P4 has the highest and lowest treatment P2. These results indicate a real effect on each treatment. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that the combustion of horse manure organic fertilizer has the same real effect as organic manure of chicken manure and artificial compost on the growth of chilli plant height and has the same effect as organic fertilizer of chicken manure on the growth of the number of leaves. As for fruit production, organic fertilizer horse manure has a real effect with all treatments.

Composting is a recycling method based on biological degradation of organic solid waste (OSW) by microorganisms under aerobic conditions, resulting in a stable and mature organic compound that can be used as organic fertilizer in agriculture. Several countries have invested in this technology as part of urban solid waste management, since it is considered simple and inexpensive, provided there are parameters controlled during the process such as temperature, humidity, pH, carbon / nitrogen ratio and particle size. The composting process in the reactor system presents some advantages when compared to the traditional process in piles or ponds, as the requirement of smaller area and labor. The objective of this work was to evaluate the chemical stability and maturity of compounds from organic solid waste treatment by composting process in a reactor system. The reactor was constructed and filled with 60 kg of material, being 58% of OSW, 28% of Wood waste-sawdust and 14% of dry leaves. To evaluate the chemical stability of the compound the following parameters were monitored for 120 days: Temperature (°C); pH in 0.01 molL-1 CaCl2 solution; moist at 65°C; carbon/nitrogen Ratio; cation exchange capacity (CEC mmol kg-1); Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and CEC/TOC ratio. Toevaluate the maturity of the compound the following parameters were monitored: Germination index (GI); Electric conductivity (EC); Spectroscopic characterization of humic acids in the ultraviolet-visible region (UV-Vis); Spectroscopic characterization of humic acids by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and ash content. It was observed that after 90 days the compound presented stability, with reduction of temperature, moist and Carbon / Nitrogen ratio, increase of pH, CEC and CEC / COT ratio; however, the maturity of the compound was reached at 120 days of the composting. The compound reached stability and maturity at the end of the composting process (90-120 days), indicating that it could be used as soil corrective in agriculture. KEY WORDS: organic solid waste, composting, stability, mat

La vermicomposta es un abono que mejora la fertilidad del suelo y la productividad de los cultivos; su empleo en la producción de palma de jipi es una alternativa económica y amigable con el ambiente. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto de vermicomposta durante 120 días, en el desarrollo y crecimiento de la hoja de Carludovica palmata R. & P. en una parcela experimental en Santa Cruz Ex‑Hacienda, Calkiní, Campeche. El diseño experimental utilizado fue cuadrado latino, con seis tratamientos y seis repeticiones. Los tratamientos empleados fueron: T1 = 0 Mg ha-1 de vermicomposta, T2 = 5.3 Mg ha-1 de vermicomposta, T3 = 10.6 Mg ha-1 de vermicomposta, T4 = 15.9 Mg ha-1 de vermicomposta, T5 = 10.6 Mg ha-1 de vermicomposta + 0.22 Mg ha-1 de Triple 17 y T6 = 0.22 Mg ha-1 de Triple 17 EM®. No se encontraron diferencias significativas (P > 0.05) en el número de hijuelos, hojas y cogollos entre los tratamientos como tampoco en el testigo; las plantas con el tratamiento T4 incrementaron significativamente la longitud de la hoja, peciolo y limbo con respecto al testigo. En los estadios, los tratamientos T4 y T5 presentaron diferencia significativa en una mayor frecuencia de cogollos con peciolo visible y hojas abiertas respectivamente. El uso de vermicomposta repercutió positivamente en caracteres como producción de cogollos, longitud y reducción de la mortalidad de las hojas.

Changes in the abundance and structure of a soil mite (Acari) community under long-term organic and chemical fertilizer treatments

Conventional farming systems are highly reliant on chemical fertilizers (CFs), which adversely affect soil quality, crop production and the environment. One of the major current challenges of current agriculture is finding ways to increase soil health and crop yield sustainably. Manure application as a substitute for CF is an alternative fertilization strategy for maintaining soil health and biodiversity. However, little is known about the complex response of soil bacterial communities and soil nutrients to manure and CFs application. This study reports the response of soil nutrients, rice yield, and soil microbial community structure to 2 years of continuous manure and CFs application. The study consisted of six treatments: no N fertilizer control (Neg-Con); 100% CF (Pos-Con); 60% cattle manure (CM) + 40% CF (High-CM); 30% CM + 70% CF (Low-CM); 60% poultry manure (PM) + 40% CF (High-PM), and 30% PM + 70% CF (Low-PM). We used high-throughput sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicons to characterize the soil bacterial communities. Results revealed that the addition of manure significantly altered the soil bacterial community composition and structure; and enhanced the relative abundance of phyla Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, Acidobacteria, and Planctomycetes. Organic fertilizer treatments, particularly high CM and PM had the highest measured soil bacterial diversity of all treatments. Similarly, integrated application of manure and CFs increased the soil biochemical traits [i.e., pH, total N (TN), soil organic C (SOC), microbial biomass N (MBN), and microbial biomass C (MBC)] and rice grain yield. Average increases in SOC, TN, MBN, and MBC were 43.66, 31.57, 24.34, and 49.45%, respectively, over the years in the High-PM compared with Pos-Con. Redundancy analysis showed that the dominant bacteria phyla were correlated with soil pH, SOC, TN, and microbial biomass, but the relative abundance of Proteobacteria was strongly correlated with environmental factors such as soil pH, SOC, TN, and MBC. We employed a structural equation model to examine the relationship between microbial biomass, soil nutrients and grain yield among treatments. This analysis supported the hypothesis that soil nutrient content and availability directly affect rice grain yield while soil bacteria indirectly affect grain yield through microbial biomass production and nutrient levels. Overall, the findings of this research suggest that the integrated application of CF and manure is a better approach for improving soil health and rice yield.

Organic wastes disposal without sufficient treatment by both Tani Makmur Association Farmer Groups and Alcohol Industry Small and Medium Enterprises in Ngombakan Village and chemical fertilizer application has indicated paddy soil quality decrease in surrounding area. IbM’s implementation as joint business pioneering trial in their organic wastes based fertilizer production is an effective strategy to solve those problems. Mainly, the activity purpose is to transfer technology of organic fertilizer production method from vinasse, cow dung, rice straw, and paddy soil. Th etechnologywhich be transferred consist ofvinasse pre-treatment, rice straw and paddy soil-based bioactivator production and propagation, organic fertilizer production using double composting method from vinasse, cow dung, and rice straw with rice straw and paddy soil-based bioactivator, and its organic fertilizer products application into rice plant. The techology transfer methods used are giving talks & discussion, demonstration & practice, and accompaniment. Event was attended by 25 participants from Tani Makmur Association Farmer Groups and 6 participants from Ngombakan Alcohol Industry Small and Medium Enterprises. In this activity, given 4 liquid organic composter having capacity 60 L, 10 L of bioactivator (consortium of Azotobacter, phosphate solubilizing bacteria, and sellulolitic bacteria), bioactivator propagation tools, 2 pre-treatment vinasse drums having capacity 200 L, and leaflet for each transfer tecnology topics. Results of activity showed an increased the ability to do vinasse pre-treatment for Ngombakan Alcohol Industry Small and Medium Enterprises, and to propagate bioactivator, to produce organic fertilizers, and to apply its products to their rice plant field for the farmers. Keywords : Bioactivator, Cow Dung, Organic Fertilizer, Rice Straw, Vinasse

Soil is a highly significant resource for human survival, and agglomerates, as the basic unit of the soil structure, not only enhance the soil fertility and control the biological validity of nutrients but also strengthen the soil’s erosion resistance. The mass application of fertilizers may significantly affect crop growth and the soil structure, and the rational application and dispensing of fertilizers will be an urgent issue to be addressed. Therefore, the effect of fertilizer application on the stability of water-stable soil aggregates needs to be studied under different meteorological and soil conditions to draw more general and feasible conclusions. Our meta-analysis of data from 220 independent observations from 56 published studies found that fertilizer application increased the mean weight diameter (MWD) by an average of 18% compared to the no-fertilizer treatment. Among the nitrogen (N), phosphate (P), and organic (OM) fertilizer treatments, the organic fertilizer treatment had a more significant stimulatory effect on the MWD (26%). Among the different fertilizer levels, a low level of phosphorus (<40 kg·ha−1 yr−1), a high level of N (>120 kg·ha−1·yr−1), and a low level of organic fertilizer (<5000 kg·ha−1·yr−1) increased the MWD by 19%, 14%, and 41%, respectively. Across the soil types and land use types, the response to the MWD was positive for red soils and paddy fields, and the organic fertilizer’s stimulatory effect was more significant than that of the chemical fertilizer. The correlation analysis showed that the response rate of the MWD was negatively correlated with the response rate of the soil pH and bulk density (BD) and positively correlated with the response rate of the soil organic carbon (SOC) and microbial mass carbon (MBC). Meanwhile, the partial least square structural equation model (PLS-SEM) showed that the meteorological factors were the main factors affecting the stability of the soil aggregates, while the secondary factors were the soil’s physical and chemical properties. Therefore, this study found that the long-term use of organic fertilizer instead of partial fertilizer is better than the use of chemical fertilizer alone, while more attention should be paid to the influence of temperature and rainfall on the stability of fertilizer in aggregate soil in the future.