تأثیر منابع تغذیهای و سطوح آب آبیاری بر عملکرد، اجزای عملکرد، فعالیت آنتیاکسیدانی و میزان آنتوسیانین کاسبرگ گیاه دارویی چای ترش (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) در جیرفت

به منظور بررسی اثرات کود‌‌های آلی و شیمیایی بر برخی ویژگی‌های کمی و کیفی چای ترش آزمایشی در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با 10 تیمار و 4 تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه زابل انجام شد. تیمار‌ها شامل: (T1) عدم مصرف کود (شاهد)، (T2) 300 کیلوگرم کود نیتروژن، فسفر و پتاسیم در هکتار به نسبت 2:1:1، (T3) 20 تن کود گاوی در هکتار، (T4) 10 تن کمپوست در هکتار، (T5) 5 تن ورمی‌کمپوست در هکتار، (T6) محلول پاشی اسید هیومیک به نسبت 5/1 در هزار، (T7) 50 درصد T2 + T6، (T8) 50 درصد T3 + T6، (T9) 50 درصد T4 +T6 و (T10) 50 درصد T5 + T6 بودند. نتایج نشان داد در اکثر صفات مورد بررسی اختلاف معنی‌داری بین تیمارهای اعمال شده و شاهد وجود داشت، به طوری که بیشترین مقدار ارتفاع و تعداد شاخه‌های جانبی و قطر ساقه در نتیجه کاربرد تیمار کودهای آلی توأم با اسید هیومیک (T8، T9 و T10) حاصل شد. تأثیر کود‌ کمپوست توأم با اسید هیومیک (T9) بر وزن‌تر و خشک کاسبرگ (31/157، 69/22 گرم در بوته)، تعداد میوه در بوته، وزن میوه، تعداد دانه در بوته، و در مورد میزان آنتوسیانین، تأثیر کود گاوی توأم با اسید هیومیک (T8) نسبت به سایر تیمارها بیشتر بود. نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که کاربرد کودهای آلی در بهبود عملکرد کمی و کیفی گیاه دارویی چای ترش و همچنین در جهت پایداری تولید و حفظ محیط زیست تأثیر مثبتی داشته و به نظر می‌رسد کودهای آلی جایگزین مناسبی برای کودهای شیمیایی باشند.

This experience aims to result the influence of cow manure and liquid organic fertilizer Super Natural Nutrition as well as their interaction and the resulting growth of land cress plant and obtain dosage of the cow manure and concentration of liquid organic fertilizer super natural nutrition is right to land cress plant. The research was carried out for two months, from late Maret 2016 to Mei 2016. From land preparation until crops.The location of the research in Mekar Jaya village, Sebulu Subdistric and Kutai Kartanegara regency, East Kalimantan Province. Experiment design using a factorial 4 x 4 in a random design group (RAK), with consists of two factors experiment and three group. The first factors is the cow manure (P)this research consists of 4 levels : without cow manure or control (p 0 ), 5 ton/ha cow manureis equel to320 g/plot (p 1 ), 10 ton/ha cow manure is equel to640 g/plot (p 2 ), and 15ton/ha cow manure is equel to960 g/plot (p 3 ). The second factors is the consentration of liquid organic fertilizer super natural nutrition (N) consists of 4 levels : without liquid organic fertilizer super natural nutrition(n 0 ), the consentration of liquid organic fertilizer Super Natural Nutrition 1 ml/l.water (n 1 ), consentration of liquid organic fertilizer Super Natural Nutrition 2 ml/l.water (n 2 ) and then consentration of liquid organic fertilizer Super Natural Nutrition 3 ml/l.water (n 3 ). The result showed that cow manure treatment (P) is significant effect plant height at 10 days after planting. The very significant effect plant height age at 20 days and 30 days after planting. Number of tilers for hill and weight of the crop per plant. The highest treatment weight of the crop per plant is p 3 (dosage cow manure 15 ton/ha equel 960 g/plot) is 69,32 g/plant and the lowest weight of the fresh plant in the treatment of p 0 without cow manure or control is 40,00 g/plant. Treatment of liquid organic fertilizer Super Natural Nutrition (N) does not significant effect with number of tilers for hill. The Significanlyt effect plant height at 10 days after planting.Very significantly effect plant height at 20 days and 30 days after planting and weight of the crop per plant.The highest treatment weight of the crop per plant is n 3 (concentration Super Natural Nutrition 3 ml/l.water) is 65,25 g/plant and then The lowest treatment weight of the crop per plant p 0 (control treatment), yaitu 46,70 g/plant. The treatment interaction (PxN) does not significantly effectwith plant height age at 10 days, 20 days and30 days after planting andnumber of tilers for hill. Very significant effect with weight of the crop per plant.The highest treatment weight of the crop per plant is p 3 n 3 (dosage cow manure 15 ton/ha andconcentration pupuk organik cair Super Natural Nutrition 3 ml/l.water) is 99,93 g/plant, and then the lowest treatment weight of the crop per plant p 0 n 0 (control treatment) is 35,20 g/plant.

The purpose of the research was to know the effect of cow manure and NPK Mutiara 16:16:16 fertilizer also the interaction for growth and production of the lectuce and to know the best dosage from cow manure and NPK Mutiara 16:16:16 from growth and production of lectuce. The research was conducted from April to June 2016, growing media until crops, and the experiment was carried in Mekar Jaya, Sumber Sari Village, Sebulu Subdistric of Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan Province. The research is using Randomized Block Design (RBD) which uses analysis factorial 4 x 4 and 3 replication. The first factor is application of cow manure (K) which consist of 4 levels dosage : without cow manure or control (k 0 ), dosage cow manure 5 ton//ha or equa 25 g/polybag (k 1 ), 10 ton/ha or equal 50 g/polybag (k 2 ), 15 ton/ha or equal 75 g/polybag (k 3 ) and the second factor is the NPK Mutiara 16:16:16 fertilizer (P) consisting of 4 levels : without NPK fertilizer (p0), dosage NPK 150 kg/ha or equal 0,75 g/polybag (p 1 ), dosage NPK 300 kg/ha or equal 1,5 g/polybag (p 2 ), dosage NPK 450 kg/ha or equal 2,25 g/polybag (p 3 ). The result of the research showed that treatment of cow manure (K) significant effect plant height 21 days after planting, number of leaves 14 days and 21 days after planting. And then significantly a effect plant height 14 days and 28 days after planting, number of leaves 28 days after planting and fresh weight of the crop per plant. The highest fresh production obtained in treatment provision cow manure 75 g/polybag. or 15 ton/ha (k 3 ) is 64,80 g/plant and the lowest fresh production obtained in treatment provision cow manure (k 0 ) is 37,78 g/plant. Result of the research showed that application of NPK Mutiara 16:16:16 fertilizer doesn’t significant effect on height plant 14 days and 21 days after planting, number of leaves 14 days and 21 days after planting. Significant effect with plant height 28 days after planting And significantly effected plant height 28 days after planting and fresh weight of the crop per plant. The highest fresh production obtained in treatment provision dosage NPK fertilizer 2,25 g/polybag or 450 kg/ha (p 3 ) is 59,94 g/plant and the lowest fresh production obtained in treatment provision without NPK Mutiara 16:16:16 or control (p 0 ) is 45,29 g/plant. Interaction treatment of cow manure and NPK Mutiara 16:16:16 fertilizer doesn’t have significant effect plant height 14 days and 21 days after planting, number of leaves at age 14 and 21 days after planting. The significant effect with number of leaves 28 days after planting. Significantly effected plant height 28 days after planting and fresh weight of the crop per plant. The highest fresh weight of the crop is the treatment k 3 p 3 (dosage cow manure 15 ton/ha and dosage NPK Mutiara 16:16:16 fertilizer 450 kg/ha), is 80,86 g/plant, and the lowest fresh production treatment is k 0 p 0 (control treatment) is 38,60 g/plant.

Introduction Legumes are very important source of protein after cereals. These plants are capable of biological nitrogen fixation and increasing soil fertility as cover crop or including in crop rotation and reducing soil erosion which improve sustainable agriculture. Increasing use of chemical fertilizer which has negative effect on soil structure which cause unbalance on physical and chemical propertied of soil which ultimately reduce nutrient element absorption. Nowadays due to environmental problems use of biological fertilizers are good substitutions. On the other hand biological fertilizer use improve soil fertility. Protein quantity and quality are basic nutritional problem. According to use of more than 85000 tones chemical fertilizers in legume cultivation in Iran. It is necessary to conduct correct and efficient inoculation for each legume crop in the country including bean, which is one of the important crop for human consumption. In most cases biological fertilizers are complementary of chemical fertilizers in a sustainable agriculture. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of interaction effect of mycorrhiza vesicular, Psodomonas bacteria and humic acid on yield and yield components of bean. Material & Methods Mycorrhiza inoculation was prepared in soil science Lab in Tabriz University in sterile sandy loam. Bacterial inoculation Pseudomonas putida prepared in soil biology of Tabriz University. Humic acid extraction was done with method of Kay et al., (2004). For Seed bean Phaseolus vulgaris variety Cos-16 from agronomy and plant breeding department of Tabriz University which is resistant to drought. Soils for this experiment were collected from Khalat Poshan research station from 0 to 25 cm depth and passed through 4mm sieve after sun sterile method. Soil physical and chemical properties were estimated with standard methods. Each pot was filled with three kilogram sterile soil. Seventy gram of mycorrhiza inoculation was spread in 5 cm of top soil and then bacteria inoculation was added to soil just below the seeds. Humic acid extracted from vermicompost and applied to soil in the powder form in three levels, control (H0), 200 mg kg-1(H1), and 400 mg kg-1 (H2). Pots were place in green house at 25C. After treatment application 5 seeds were sown in each pots and pot moisture kept at 0.9 FC. Pots were irrigated with distilled water whenever needed. After 4 months plant roots and shoot properties and plant yield and yield components were estimated. This experiment was conducted in the form of factorial on the base of complete randomize block design in Tarbiat Moalem University of Tabriz. First and second factor were in two levels, control and applied for mycorrhiza (M0 and M1) and bacteria P. putida (S0 and S1) and humic acid in three levels control (H0), 200 mg kg-1 (H1) and 400 mg kg-1 (H2) in three replications. Data analysis was done with MSTATC and SPSS and mean comparison were done with LSD test for significance and figures drown with Excel 2007. Results & Discussion Analysis of variance of data for plant height showed that interaction effects of humic acid and bacteria were significant at 1% level and mycorrhiza was significant at 5% level. Mean comparison of results showed that least plant height mean from interaction of humic acid and bacteria with S0H1 treatment with (28.58 cm) and the highest was (30.35cm) with S1H1 treatment. Analysis of variance showed that main effect of mycorrhiza were significant at 1% level and interaction effect of humic acid and bacteria at 5% level on shoot wet weight of bean. Analysis of variance for main effect of humic acid and mycorrhiza were significant at 1% level for shoot dry weight and main effect of bacteria and interaction effect of bacteria and mycorrhiza were significant at 5% level for shoot dry weight of bean. Analysis of variance showed that main effect of mycorrhiza and humic acid were significant at 1% level and interaction effect of mycorrhiza and humic acid at 5% level on root dry weight. Analysis of variance of Mycorrhiza and bacteria main effect on ratio of root dry weight to shoot were significant at 1% level and main effect of humic acid and interaction effect of humic acid and mycorrhiza were significant at 5% level. Analysis of variance showed that main effect of mycorrhiza and humic acid were significant at 1% level and main effect of bacteria and interaction effect of mycorrhiza and bacteria were significant at 5% level for seed numbers of bean. Analysis of variance showed that main effect of bacteria and mycorrhiza and interaction effect of bacteria and mycorrhiza were significant at 1% level and interaction effect of bacteria and mycorrhiza were significant at 5% level on stem length. Analysis of variance showed that main effect of humic acid and mycorrhiza were significant at 1% level and main effect of bacteria and interaction effect of humic acid and bacteria were significant at 5% level for stem diameter. Analysis of variance showed the main effect of mycorrhiza was significant at 1% level and main effect of humic acid and interaction effect of bacteria and mycorrhiza and interaction effect of bacteria and humic acid and main effect of humic acid were significant at 5% level for the seed yield. Conclusion Analysis of variance of experiment treatments in this research showed that treatment applied had positive effect on agronomic properties of bean and humic acid could have direct and positive effect on plant root and shoot growth.

به منظور بررسی اثر سیستم های گوناگون تغذیه ای بر عملکرد و اجزاء عملکرد گیاه روغنی آفتابگردان رقم یوروفلور (Helianthus annuus L.) در شرایط تنش رطوبتی، آزمایشی به صورت کرت های خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه بوعلی سینا همدان در سال 93-1392 اجرا شد. تیمارها شامل دو سطح آبیاری بهینه و تنش کم آبیاری (به ترتیب آبیاری پس از 60 و 120 میلی متر تبخیر از تشتک تبخیر کلاس A) به عنوان کرت های اصلی و تیمارهای گوناگون تغذیه گیاهی شامل: 1- عدم کاربرد هر گونه کود شیمیایی و زیستی (شاهد)، 2- کاربرد 100 درصد کود شیمیایی پیشنهاد شده (NPK)، 3- کود آلی ورمی‌کمپوست، 4- کود زیستی فسفونیتروکارا، 5- ورمی‌کمپوست+ فسفونیتروکارا، 6- ورمی‌کمپوست+ 50 درصد کود شیمیایی نیتروژن و فسفر پیشنهاد شده، 7- فسفو نیتروکارا+ 50 درصد کود شیمیایی نیتروژن و فسفر پیشنهاد شده، 8- ورمی‌کمپوست+ فسفونیتروکارا+ 50 درصد کود شیمیایی نیتروژن و فسفر پیشنهاد شده و9 - 50 درصد کود شیمیایی نیتروژن و فسفر پیشنهاد شده به عنوان کرت های فرعی بود. نتایج حاصل از این بررسی نشان داد که تنش کم آبی و تیمارهای تغذیه ای به طور معنی داری تمامی صفات اندازه گیری شده را تحت تأثیر قرار دادند. همچنین اثر متقابل سیستم تغذیه در آبیاری بر صفات وزن طبق، تعداد دانه در طبق، عملکرد دانه و عملکرد بیولوژیک معنی دار بود. بالاترین عملکرد دانه در شرایط آبیاری بهینه با کاربرد کامل کود شیمیایی به دست آمد (591 گرم در مترمربع)، در حالی که در شرایط تنش کم آبی، بیشترین عملکرد (314 گرم در مترمربع) به کاربرد ورمی‌کمپوست به همراه نیمی از کود شیمیایی توصیه شده تعلق داشت. به طور کلی، از مقایسه کودهای بررسی شده چنین به نظر می رسد که کاهش مصرف کودهای شیمیایی و جایگزینی آن با ورمی‌کمپوست می تواند در راستای نیل به کشاورزی پایدار در شرایط تنش رطوبتی، مؤثر واقع شود.

Cumin is one the most important medicinal plant in Iran. A field experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of compost (30t/ha), Vermicompost (10t/ha), cow manure (30t/ha) and sheep manure (20t/ha) and control (no fertilizer) on yield and yield components of Cumin. The experiment was performed in the research farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during the growing season of 2007. A randomized complete block design with 5 treatments and 3 replications was used. Results showed that treatments had a significant effect on grain yield and biological yield, number of umbers per plant, number of seed per umber, number of seed per plant and plant height. The treatments had no significant effect on HI (Harvest index) and 1000 seed weight. The highest and the lowest seed yield, biological yield and plant height were obtained in Vermicompost and control, respectively. The present study showed that organic fertilizers and animal manures can enhanced the yield and its components in Cumin. Keywords: Medicinal plant, Organic fertilizers, Animal manure, Vermicompost

این آزمایش با هدف بررسی اثرات کودهای آلی بر خصوصیات کمی و کیفی گیاهان دارویی اسفرزه (.Forssk Plantago ovata)، قدومه شهری (.L Lepidium Perfoilatum)، قدومه شیرازی (Alyssum homolocarpum L.) و تخم شربتی (.L Lalementia iberica) در مزرعه دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد در سال زراعی 89-1388بصورت اسپلیت پلات در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار اجرا شد. فاکتور اصلی شامل انواع کودهای آلی کود گاوی، ورمی‌کمپوست، کمپوست قهوه و کمپوست قارچ و فاکتور فرعی شامل چهار گونه دارویی اسفرزه، قدومه شهری، قدومه شیرازی و بارهنگ بود. تأثیر کودهای آلی مختلف روی گیاهان مورد آزمایش از نظر کلیه صفات مورد مطالعه بجز وزن هزاردانه معنی دار بود. اثر متقابل نوع گیاه و نوع کود آلی فقط برای صفت وزن خشک اندام های هوایی معنی‌دار شد. در بین گیاهان دارویی مورد بررسی، تخم شربتی بطور متوسط از نظر میزان موسیلاژ (75/27 درصد) نسبت به قدومه شیرازی (16 درصد)، اسفرزه (92/15) و قدومه شهری (92/15 درصد) بیشترین میزان را داشت. در بین کودهای آلی، استفاده از نوع کود گاوی کاملا پوسیده با تولید 1816 کیلوگرم در هکتار ماده خشک، عملکرد بذر 5/467 کیلوگرم در هکتار، تعداد 550 بذر در گیاه، ارتفاع گیاه 17/32 سانتی‌متر و میزان موسیلاژ 75/20 درصد، بیشترین مقادیر را به خود اختصاص داد.

In order to investigate the effects of fertilizer types and irrigation regimes on quantitative criteria of three medicinal plants: lavander, rosemary and hyssop, an experiment was conducted at Research Field of Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, during two growing years of 2007-2010. A split-split plot design with three replications was used. Treatments were three irrigation intervals (10, 20, 30 days) as main plots and three types of fertilizers in six levels: control, Nitroxin containing Azotobacter sp. and Azospirilum sp. (5lit/ha), nitrogen fertilizer (50 and 100 kg/ha), cow manure (10 and 20 ton/ha) as subplots. Animal manure and chemical fertilizer were applied at the time of transferring seedlings to the field and Nitroxin was used with the first irrigation. Shoot harvesting was performed twice during the plant growth at the time of full flowering. Increasing irrigation intervals reduced dry matter yield of three species and the highest yield of lavender (3990 kg/ha), rosemary (2380 kg/ha) and hyssop (7380 kg/ha) were obtained with 10 days interval. Also the effect of fertilizer was not significant but the highest yield for lavender (3930kg/ha), rosemary (2535kg/ha) was obtained with 50 kg/ha chemical fertilizer and the highest yield of hyssop (6117kg/ha) resulted in application of 20 ton/ha animal manure. The ratio of leaf dry weight to stem dry weight for both years was gained with 30 days irrigation interval at 20 ton/ha animal manure. In general, the best treatment was 30 days interval irrigation and 20 ton/ha animal manure for the best yield and respective in local conditions

The productivity of black gram, a major short season grain legume can significantly be improved by selecting a suitable variety and matching the crop water requirement under irrigated dryland conditions. Therefore, a study was conducted during summer 2021 at Department of Agronomy, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai, Tamil Nadu to identify the influence of different levels of irrigation to meet the optimum crop water requirement of high yielding varieties. The experiment was carried out in strip plot design with three irrigation regimes 100% ETc, 75% ETc, 50% ETc and five black gram varieties ADT 3, ADT 6, VBN 8, VBN 11, TBG 104 and each treatment was replicated thrice. Results indicated that, VBN 11 when irrigated based on 75% ETc recorded higher plant height (48.75 cm), number of branches per plant (19.08), leaf area index (4.02), SPAD values (48.60), pods per plant (42.62), seeds per pod (6.33) and 100 seed weight (4.70) with grain yield of 960 kg/ha and water use efficiency (2.87). Therefore, it could be concluded that, application of irrigation based on the ETc requirement can significantly increase the yield and performance of black gram variety VBN 11 with increased water use efficiency.

The use of organic fertilizer is needed to replace the role of chemical fertilizers, preserving the environment and for sustainable agriculture. The study was conducted in Tanjung Sari, Kecamatan Medan Selayang. The research used a Randomized Block Design with two factors. The first factor is varieties (Argomulyo, Burangrang and Anjasmoro). The second factor is the ratio of chemical fertilizers and vermicompost, which include : chemical fertilizer 0% + vermicompost 100%, chemical fertilizer 25% + vermicompost 75%, chemical fertilizer 50% + vermicompost 50%, chemical fertilizer 25% + vermicompost 75%, and chemical 100% + vermicompost 0%. The result showed that Varieties significantly affected the parameters amount of produtive branch, weight of dry plant, weight of dry root, the number of pods per plant, the number of filled pods per plant, weight of dry seed per sample,and weight of 100 seeds. Varieties did not significantly affect the parameters weight of dry seed per plot. The composition ratio of fertilizers significantly affected the parameters weight of dry root, weight of dry seed per sample,and weight of 100 seeds. In addition, the ratio of chemical fertilizers and vermicompost did not significantly affect the parameters amount of produtive branch, weight of dry plant, the number of pods per plant, the number of filled pods per plant,and weight of dry seed per plot. The interaction between varieties and the ratio of chemical fertilizers and vermicompost did not significantly affected for all parameters. Key words : varieties, chemical fertilizers, vermicompost, soybean ABSTRAK

Understanding crop water requirements (CWR) in semi-arid region is essential for better irrigation practices, scheduling and efficient use of water since the water supply through rainfall is limited. This paper estimated the crop reference and actual evapotranspiration (Eto and ETc) respectively and the irrigation water requirement of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Benin’s sub-basin of Niger River (BSBNR) of west Africa, using CROPWAT model. The long recorded climatic data, crop and soil data from 1942 to 2012 were computed with the Cropwat model which is based on the United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) paper number 56 (FAO56). The Penman-Monteith method was used to estimate ETo. Crop coefficients (Kc) from the phenomenological stages of rice were applied to adjust and estimate the actual evapotranspiration ETc through a water balance of the irrigation water requirements (IR). The results showed the BSBNR annual reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was estimated at 1 967 mm. The lowest monthly value of ETo of 123 mm, was observed in August month, middle of the rainy season while the highest value 210 mm was observed in March within dry season. The crop evapotranspiration ETc and the crop irrigation requirements were estimated at 651 mm and 383 mm, respectively in rainy season and 920 mm and 1 148 mm, respectively within a dry season. Irrigation projects of these seasons can then be scheduled for water use efficiency based on these findings. Keywords: crop evapotranspiration, irrigation water requirement, rice, CROPWAT, model, Benin DOI: 10.3965/j.ijabe.20150802.1290

Effects of vermicomposts on tomato yield and quality and soil fertility in greenhouse under different soil water regimes

Due to climate change, the agricultural and socio-economic development over the eastern Himalayan region of India is greatly affected. The present study has been carried out to investigate the implications of climate change on regional crop water requirements (CWR) and crop irrigation requirement (CIR) of major crops (maize, wheat and, rice) over a Himalayan state, i.e., Sikkim. Daily climatic datasets such as rainfall, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, wind speed, sunshine hours, and relative humidity are used for this analysis along with crop and soil data. For future period (2021–2099), climatic datasets are collected from the four climate models (ACCESS1-0, CCSM4, CNRM-CM5 and MPI-ESM-LR) of CORDEX under two different scenarios, i.e., Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5. CWR & CIR of maize, wheat and rice crops are projected for three-time windows, i.e. start term (2021–2046), mid-term (2047–2073), and end term (2074–2099) by taking 1998–2015 as baseline period. In addition, uncertainty and sensitivity analysis is carried out. The outcomes from the study suggest an increase in the CWR towards the end of the twenty-first century for rice and wheat over West (8% and 39%) and South (11% and 37%) Sikkim with respect to baseline period. In case of Maize, a decreasing trend is noticed over West (− 4%) and East (− 15%) Sikkim. For all the crops in East Sikkim, a declining trend is likely to occur. In most of the cases, the CIR has increased towards the end of the twenty-first century. The uncertainty analysis reveals RCP 4.5 as the possible scenario over the study area. The outcomes from the study facilitate the agricultural and water managers for adopting effective measures to ensure sustainability.

تجزیه و تحلیل رشد، روش کاربردی و با ارزش در بررسی کمی رشد، نمو و تولید گیاهان زراعی به‌شمار می‌رود. به‌منظور بررسی تأثیر کاربرد کود ورمی‌کمپوست و محلول‌پاشی برگی چای‌کمپوست و اسید هیومیک بر شاخص‌های رشد گلرنگ ((Carthamus tinctorius L.، آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه ولی‌عصر (عج) رفسنجان انجام شد. تیمارها شامل کاربرد ورمی‌کمپوست (صفر، 4، 8 و 12 تن در هکتار) به عنوان فاکتور اول و محلول‌پاشی (آب مقطر به‌عنوان شاهد، اسید هیومیک حاصل از ورمی‌کمپوست، اسید هیومیک تجاری و چای‌کمپوست) به عنوان فاکتور دوم بود. نتایج نشان داد که حداکثر شاخص سطح برگ، ماده خشک کل، سرعت رشد نسبی و عملکرد دانه تحت تأثیر اثرات اصلی ورمی‌کمپوست و محلول‌پاشی و حداکثر سرعت رشدمحصول و سرعت جذب خالص تحت تأثیر اثرات اصلی ورمی‌کمپوست، محلول‌پاشی و اثر متقابل ورمی‌کمپوست در محلول‌پاشی قرار گرفتند. بیش‌ترین میزان سرعت رشد محصول (05/35 گرم بر متر‌مربع بر روز) و سرعت جذب خالص (42/13 گرم بر متر‌مربع برگ بر روز) از تیمار 12 تن در هکتار ورمی‌کمپوست و محلول‌پاشی چای‌کمپوست به‌دست آمد. همچنین در بین تیمارهای کودی، کاربرد 12 تن در هکتار ورمی‌کمپوست و در تیمار محلول‌پاشی، محلول‌پاشی چای‌کمپوست باعث افزایش شاخص سطح برگ، ماده خشک کل، سرعت رشد نسبی و عملکرد دانه نسبت به تیمار شاهد شد. نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که کاربرد کود زیستی ورمی‌کمپوست به میزان 12 تن در هکتار و محلول‌پاشی چای‌کمپوست مناسب‌ترین تیمار برای افزایش شاخص‌های رشد و عملکرد گیاه گلرنگ در راستای نیل به کشاورزی پایدار بود.

Based on split plot design method of field test, the impacts of supplemental irrigation based on soil moisture measurement and nitrogen use on winter wheat yield and nitrogen absorption and distribution were studied. Supplemental irrigation had three levels: 60%（W1），70%（W2） and 80%（W3） of the targeted relative water content at 0-40 cm of soil layer during jointing period of winter wheat. Nitrogen fertilization had three levels: not using nitrogen （N0）, using pure nitrogen of 195 kg/hm2（N195） and 255 kg/hm2（N255）. Results showed that: (i) different supplemental irrigation and nitrogen fertilization significantly affected plant height and leaf area of winter wheat during key growth period. Under the same supplemental irrigation treatment, both plant height and leaf area of winter wheat showed as N255> N195> N0（P 0.05）. Under the same nitrogen fertilization, plant height in W2（569.4 m3/hm2） and W3（873.45 m3/hm2） treatments was significant higher than that in W1（265.2 m3/ hm2）, but there was not significant difference between W2 and W3（P>0.05）. It illustrated that excessive nitrogen fertilization and supplemental irrigation did not significantly affect plant height and leaf area of winter wheat. （ii）Under the same nitrogen fertilization level, yield increase effect of winter wheat by supplemental irrigation showed a declining trend with nitrogen application amount increased. It illustrated that nitrogen fertilization and supplemental irrigation had certain critical values on the yield of winter wheat. When surpassing the critical value, the yield declined. When nitrogen fertilization amount was 195 kg/hm2, and supplemental irrigation amount was 70% of field moisture capacity （569.4 m3/hm2）, the highest yield 8500 kg/hm2 could be obtained. (iii) During mature period of winter wheat, nitrogen accumulation amount of plant treated by nitrogen was significantly higher than that not treated by nitrogen （P 0.05）. It illustrated that moderate supplemental irrigation and nitrogen fertilization could improve nitrogen absorption ability of winter wheat, but excessive supplemental irrigation and nitrogen fertilization were not favorable for plant’s nitrogen absorption. (iv) Although the increase of supplemental irrigation during jointing period improved nitrogen absorption ability of winter wheat and promoted winter wheat absorbing more nitrogen, it inhibited nitrogen transferring and distributing to seed. Comprehensively considering growth condition of winter wheat and nitrogen risk condition, it is suggested that nitrogen application amount was 195 kg/hm2, and supplemental irrigation reached 70% of field moisture capacity (569.4 m3/hm2), which could be as the suitable water and fertilizer use amounts in the region.