Диспаритет цен в аграрном секторе экономики

The state provides domestic agricultural producers with support aimed at creating favorable conditions for their functioning, sustainable development of agricultural production, ensuring food security and improving the supply of food to the population, and the food industry with raw materials. With the transition to a new technological order and an orientation towards an innovative development path, this requires huge investments. It should also be taken into account that during the years of reforms, incomes were withdrawn from agriculture through price disparity. It is necessary to create a mechanism of financial support for the modernization of agriculture on the basis of strategic planning, which will ensure sufficient profitability of agricultural producers and restrain intersectoral disparity and rising prices for resources for the agricultural sector of the economy. This is confirmed in the article by calculations using deflator coefficients, which are used by the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia for budget planning and the formation of federal, regional and sectoral strategic planning documents.

Introduction. The modern development of the market of agricultural products in Ukraine actualizes important theoretical and practical problems of domestic agricultural science, directly attesting to the practical result of the state agricultural policy. There is still no single theoretical and methodological approach to assessing and diagnosing value and price disproportions in agricultural products due to regional differences, as well as directions of development of the organized agricultural market as an important institution in the context of reducing price asymmetry in the market of agricultural products, which determined the relevance of the topic of the article. Methods. The research is based on the use of general and specific methods of research within the methodological tools of modern economics, in particular, the dialectical method, analysis and synthesis, logical-historical, comparison, graphic, economic-statistical, etc. Results. The article substantiates the main economic aspects of the diagnosis of value and price disproportions of agricultural products and the functioning of the organized agricultural market in Ukraine. The peculiarities of diagnostics of price asymmetry on the example of strategic agricultural products - grain are revealed, on the basis of actual economic data the key tendencies of development of researched process in the context of regional levels and functioning of the organized stock exchange sector are defined. Discussion. Considering the priorities of price asymmetry and creating of modern mechanism for the functioning of the agricultural market, prospects for eliminating price disparities and forming an organized market for agricultural products are defined. The prospect of further research on this issue should be based on taking into account the cost and price asymmetry for agricultural products, the existence of phenomena of price asymmetry of various types in order to form an organized agricultural market, which would reduce or eliminate the negative effects of price disparities on agricultural products. Keywords: price, price asymmetry, regional pricing, market of agricultural products, organized agricultural market, stock exchange, stock market of agricultural products.

The purpose of the study is to study and compare price trends in the market of agricultural products and used resources as the main criterion for achieving financial stability of the agricultural sector. The methodological base of the research is represented by the integrated use of such methods of scientific knowledge as monographic, monitoring studies, system analysis, economic comparisons, graphical techniques, dynamic analysis. The results of the conducted research indicate the existing price imbalances for agricultural products and industrial goods used in the production activities of farmers. In recent years, this disparity in prices has only intensified. Against the background of rapidly rising prices for used resources, unstable and low prices for agricultural products, the profitability of agricultural producers has significantly decreased. The Russian agricultural sector, taking into account the existing price imbalances, is becoming unattractive for investment. Agribusiness does not have the financial resources to actively modernize and technologically re-equip the industry. And high rates on credit products do not contribute to solving this issue. These negative trends make the industry's transition to a new innovative and technological level extremely difficult in the near future. The current situation requires the elaboration and implementation of a set of measures by the state to regulate price relations in the industry.

Purpose. Given the global technological trends, identify conceptual approaches to technical and technological modernization of the agricultural production as a key element of sustainable development of the real sector of the economy of Ukraine and strategic directions of agricultural science research. Methods. Monographic, system analysis, abstract and logical. Results. It has been established that in the conditions of global climatic changes, the basis of the formation of highly automated agriculture will be flexible ecologically oriented technological processes in agricultural production, built on fundamentally new technical and technological foundations, namely: intellectualization, digitalization, complex automation and robotization. The concept of development of high-tech agricultural production of Ukraine has been developed based on the principles of sustainable development and the innovative concept “Industry 4.0”, which will ensure high and sustainable economic growth of the agricultural sector, the development of domestic agricultural machinery and related sectors of the economy. Strategic tasks for agricultural science on the development of the technical and technological base of highly automated agricultural production are identified. Conclusions. The study of modern trends in the development of the economies of advanced countries and their effectiveness give grounds for asserting that the specified strategic directions of technical and technological modernization of the agricultural sector will be the basis for the formation of an effective model for the development of high-tech agricultural climate-oriented production in Ukraine. Keywords: climate change, high-tech production, agriculture, technology, intellectualization, automation, mechanical engineering.

Import substitution is an integral part of the strategy to improve the competitiveness of the national agri-food complex. It should be a stimulus that will accelerate the economy and will contribute to the formation of a self-replicating mechanism of economic growth. The study analyzed the development of import substitution during the introduction of economic sanctions by Western countries and the United States. The study showed that the need for import substitution was brewing for a long time, however, the sanctions served as the impetus for its acceleration. The introduction by the President of the Russian Federation of special economic measures did not contradict the existing legislation and was aimed at restricting the importation of many types of products from abroad for the development of domestic production. The commodity structure of domestic exports and imports was also analyzed: the export of hydrocarbons has been prevailing for many years, but over the past two years their share in the total export structure has decreased. Most of the country imports machinery, equipment, vehicles, food and agricultural products, chemical products. For most indicators, there is a negative trend, due to which domestic imports decreased over the period of the sanctions by more than 100 billion US dollars. Despite economic sanctions, the European Union remains the main trading partner of Russia. Over the past 25 years, Russia has been a passive participant in international trade and, despite its high potential in the development of agriculture, was perceived by the world community as a country focused on the export of raw materials and hydrocarbons to a foreign market, rather than on the development of its own production, including agricultural production.

Ensuring food security is one of the main tasks of the state, the quality of life of citizens directly depends on it. The article provides a literary review of publications and works of scientists and economists dealing with the problems of sustainable development of the agro-industrial complex (AIC) as a factor in ensuring food security. Based on the conducted research, mechanisms for strengthening the stability of the agro-industrial complex are proposed. The primary role in solving food security issues should be solved mainly on the basis of economic methods focused on the sustainable development of agro-industrial enterprises and rural areas, technological and agricultural production growth affect the economic efficiency of the industry, the main purpose of which is import substitution. The country's food security should be based on solving the problem of sustainable development of the agro-industrial complex and the economic efficiency of the farming and industrial parks. It is also necessary to monitor food security to prevent negative socio-economic phenomena, which ultimately entails the introduction of specific criteria and assessment methods. Competent and economically sound tools will help to increase the production of essential agricultural products. The authors propose to further study the problems of sustainable development of agriculture and food security in terms of learning international experience in solving problems, issues of development of own production, development of the agricultural sector of the economy and others.

The Russian agro-industrial complex makes a significant contribution to the development of the country's economy. However, Russian agricultural producers are characterized by low competitiveness on the world market, as evidenced by a small volume of imports and a significant volume of exports. In the conditions of an unstable political and economic situation in the Russian Federation, increasing the competitiveness of the domestic agro-industrial complex is a priority task of the Government of the country. Purpose of the study: to develop a new concept for developing a strategy for increasing the competitiveness of Russian agricultural producers in order to strengthen economic stability and efficiency of the agro-industrial complex of the Russian Federation using the example of the agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Tatarstan. Object of study: agro-industrial complex of Tatarstan. Research results: the article reveals the development strategy of the agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Tajikistan, ensuring the competitiveness of agricultural producers, as well as the mechanisms for its practical implementation, the necessary measures of state support for agricultural producers under sanctions. The scientific novelty of the research results lies in the development of a scientific concept for stimulating the development of agricultural sectors in order to ensure food self-sufficiency and import substitution, which includes the justification of its organizational and economic mechanism and the formation of an implementation strategy.

Solar dryer with thermal energy storage systems for drying agricultural food products: A review

PROSPECTS AND EFFICIENCY OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION IN UKRAINE FROM OILSEED CROPS

Introduction. Based on the complementary advantages of agricultural resources and production factors between China and Ukraine, this article analyzes the current situation of agricultural product trade and investment between China and Ukraine through a comparison of macroeconomic, land resources, population, and agricultural production. Purpose. Located along the “Belt and Road”, Ukraine is one of the first countries to participate in the “Belt and Road” construction. China and Ukraine should carry out in-depth cooperation in agricultural investment, agricultural product trade, deep processing of agricultural products and agricultural technology. Results. Ukraine is a key country for China’s foreign investment along the “Belt and Road”. The Chinese and Ukrainian governments have signed a series of documents and agreements to promote the cooperation and development of China-Ukraine agriculture. Through China’s agricultural investment in Ukraine, it can effectively promote the complementary combination of agricultural technology, capital and production factors between China and Ukraine, promote the rapid development of agricultural production, planting and agricultural product processing. The China-Ukraine Agricultural Technology Park is in its early stages, with a small scale and a lack of investment in the field of deep processing of agricultural products. The two countries have great potential for investment in the agricultural industry chain, and there is ample room for cooperation in areas such as deep processing, warehousing, and logistics of agricultural products. With the development of e-commerce, China and Ukraine can consider expanding the "online consumption" of agricultural products, carry out cross-border cooperation by means of “Internet plus Agriculture” and play the role of the Internet in promoting the trade of agricultural products. Conclusions. China and Ukraine can further expand agricultural trade, strengthen agricultural investment, promote agricultural technology cooperation and talent exchange, and jointly achieve mutually beneficial development. This not only helps promote economic growth in both countries, but also contributes to the stability and sustainability of the global agricultural market.

British agricultural policy and the development of agricultural co-operation - From 1848 till 1931 Great-Britain practised free trade for all agricultural and horticultural products. The reminiscence of the “Hungry Forties”, when high grain prices increased the misery of the workless and the poor, had so strong an impact on working class opinion that no government was able to reintroduce duties on food without heavy opposition. British agriculture was obliged to adopt itself to low prices for the majority of its products. Concentration of production on efficient farms got started but was thwarted in some parts of the country by the creation of new small holdings as a consequence of „The Small Holdings and Allotments Act (1908)” and „The Land Settlement (Facilities) Act (1919)”. As a rule small farms could only survive when they specialized on stockbreeding and horticulture, although some got through by practising a kind of subsistence economy. The heavy decline of agricultural prices during the years 1930-’32 resulted in the introduction of protective tariffs for food products. As most imports of food from the Commonwealth remained duty-free, this policy proved a poor help for the British farmer. National agricultural production had to be supported by subsidies and the creation of Marketing Boards, which by monopolizing the market secured high prices for the producers. During the second world war agriculture was reorganized by the Ministry of Food, which bought the whole production at remunerative prices. This system was maintained by the Labour government during the years 1945-’51. The conservative government reintroduced free trade for all agricultural products in 1954. A system of deficiency payments indemnified the peasants for the loss of income due to low market prices for food. As production and productivity increased rapidly on the big efficient farms, the guaranteed prices should have been cut down to avoid excessive deficiency payments. This, however, was very difficult as productivity on the small holdings didn’t increase as much as on the big estates. The small peasants claimed a living standard at least equal to that of the industrial workers, so that any attempt to reduce the guaranteed prices met with stubborn resistance. The conservative governments tried to reduce the total amount of deficiency payments by pushing up free market prices. The existing marketing boards (for milk, potatoes, hop and eggs) were revived and new ones created. Moreover, agreements with importing countries imposed minimum import prices and eventually import-quota for different agricultural products. These 169 measures resulted in an increase of the cost of living. The Labour government, which took over in October 1964, is trying to find another solution. In August 1965 Mr. F. Peart, the new Minister of agriculture, proposed the Parliament a plan to increase productivity on the small farms. Grants or pensions will be offered to peasants who are willing to abandon their activity on a small holding, so that by the redistribution of their several fields the creation of at least one efficient farm becomes possible. Private partition schemes will also be subsidized and in certain cases official corporations will receive the necessary powers to buy or expropriate fields, in order to constitute efficient holdings. Co-operatives for production and marketing will receive grants in order to collect the capital they need for their transactions. Mr. F. Peart introduced the bills necessary for realizing these projects, but they were invalidated by the dissolution of Parliament. There is no doubt that they will be reintroduced after the elections. Perhaps they will bring about a rapid growth of agricultural co-operatives. This may result in a complete transformation of the marketing system, private wholesale in food being partly eliminated by the collaboration of marketing and consumer co-operatives. Moreover, as about 90 pct. of the members of agricultural co-operatives are affiliated with societies trading with the Co-operative Wholesale Society, an increase of the number and turnover of agricultural societies will be very beneficial to the development of co-operative wholesale trade and indirectly also to the consumer co-operative movement as a whole. Most consumer co-operatives are affiliated with the co-operative party, which is a loyal associate of the Labour Party. So, a quick development of agricultural co-operation may prove to be a benefit to the British socialist movement.

Two prominent features of recent changes in agriculture have been the advent of precision breeding techniques and an increase in the level of information netputs in production. This article identifies ways in which these features may complement in expanding the variety of processed products, level of productivity, and rate of change in productivity. Using a martingale concept of information, we identify conditions under which information increases the incentives to invest and engage in product differentiation activities. A theory on how genetic uniformity can enhance the rate of learning through process experimentation, and so the rate of technical change, is developed.

The necessity of forming a national export policy in the agricultural sector of the economy is revealed. At this historical stage, a sharp tightening of economic, political and financial sanctions against our country will lead to significant changes in the conditions for the development of its agricultural sector of the economy and export potential, for reliable food security. In such a situation, not only will a number of additional difficulties of an internal and external nature arise, but also new opportunities will appear to overcome or mitigate them. The development of exports of food products and agricultural raw materials should not undermine the domestic agro-food market, disrupt the food supply system of the country and its individual regions, the formation of insurance funds and state reserves. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the effective demand and improvement of the nutrition structure of the population, the most likely fluctuations in agricultural production in the country and the conjuncture of the world agro-food market, the improvement of export operations with agricultural and food products. The national export policy in the agricultural sector of the economy should not only rely on the modern state agrarian policy, but also specify its individual positions related to foreign economic activity. Such an approach will have a significant positive impact on the agricultural sector and the country’s economy, its economic and geopolitical situation, and will make a worthy contribution to solving the world food problem, which will only worsen in the near future.

The objectives of the long-term development policy of Mongolia "VISION-2050" include scientific and knowledge-based development of agricultural production with the sight of sustainable development, the ability to transform knowledge into practice, the introduction of advanced technologies and innovations, the extension of agricultural raw materials and products in a foreign market, suspending the import of certain types of raw materials and products, and increasing exports.In order to determine the hardness of grain seeds, carried out 3-5 repeated experiments and measurements on the laboratory equipment for each grain grade after considering the different levels of moisture and made mathematical and statistical analysis on data of collected samples and processed experiment results.

Improving the efficiency of agricultural production in infertile areas contributes to reducing hunger, ensuring food security, and promoting eco-economic development. This study examines the effects and mechanisms of the Yellow River Delta High Efficiency Ecological Economic Zone policy on agricultural total factor productivity. The data from prefecture-level cities and a difference-in-difference model were used, and descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis were conducted. The results show that the establishment of the zone increased agricultural total factor productivity by 40%. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that this positive effect is particularly pronounced in regions with a high proportion of agriculture and high per capita disposable income. However, this effect has diminished year by year since 2010. Mechanism tests suggest that the increase in agricultural R&D, the improvement in mechanization, and the application of ecological technologies have boosted agricultural total factor productivity. The results confirm the positive effects of the ecological economic zone policy and highlight the need for further measures to maintain and increase these positive effects in the long term. Future research should explore specific micro-management and technological measures to improve agricultural performance.