A compact 4 by 1 patch array antenna-in- package for 60 GHz applications

The primary aim of this work is to design and analyze a microstrip patch array antenna for usage in 5G communication systems. Array antennas are extensively employed in 5G applications due to their high gain and directivity, which enhance signal strength, coverage and directional control. The microstrip patch is fabricated on FR-4 materials and configured in a <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$1 \times 2$</tex> array. The antenna is engineered to comply with the frequency range of 3.4 GHz to 3.6 GHz that is regulated by the Malaysian 5G applications. The microstrip patch antenna array operates at a frequency of 3.5 GHz. The FR-4 substrate has a height of 1.6 mm and a dielectric constant of 4.7. The microstrip patch antenna array has been designed with the appropriate dimensions through theoretical analyses and computations. The principal software for modelling and simulating results is the CST Microwave Studio 2021. Gain, directivity, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), radiation pattern, bandwidth, and the reflection coefficient are among the critical parameters that must be analysed.

In this paper a summary of microstrip patch array technology is presented. A variety of fixed beam linear and planar microstrip patch arrays, including design cases, as well as phased arrays incorporating this form of printed antenna are examined. It is shown that microstrip patches are a very versatile style of antenna and can be readily integrated into a multitude of arrays. The complexity of these arrays depends on the degree of control of the radiation performance that is required. Microstrip patch antennas are a cost effective solution to many wireless communication applications and will continue to be utilized in these systems for many years to come.

This paper aims to design and analyze a microstrip patch array antenna for the application of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID). Array antennas are widely used in the RFID applications as it offers high gain and directivity to allow long distance read range. The microstrip patch is arranged in 2 × 2 array and is printed on FR-4 materials. In compliance with the Malaysian RFID regulated range of frequency of 919 to 923 MHz, the antenna is designed to meet its specifications. The operating frequency of the microstrip patch antenna array is 921 MHz. The FR-4 substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.7 and height of 0.16 cm. Theoretical studies and calculations on this topic have been done in order to design the microstrip patch antenna array with the correct dimensions. By using the CST Microwave Studio 2014 as the primary software to model and simulate the results, there are a few parameters that are going to be analyze which includes reflection coefficient, Voltage Standing Ratio (VSWR), gain, directivity, radiation pattern and bandwidth.KeywordsMicrostrip array antennaU-SlotRadio frequency identificationUltra high frequencyReturn loss

A solution is presented for the problem of an infinite array of microstrip patches fed with short current elements. The input reflection coefficient is calculated versus scan angle in an arbitrary scan plane, and the effects of substrate parameters and grid spacings are considered. The scan blindness phenomenom is observed and discussed in terms of a forced surface wave response. Measurements from waveguide simulators confirm the theory for thin substrates.

&lt;span&gt;This paper presents a bandwidth enhancement of a dual-band bi-directional rectangular microstrip patch antenna. The novelty of this work lies in the modification of conventional rectangular microstip patch antenna by using the combination of two techniques: a complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) and a defected patch structure (DPS). The structure of antenna was studied and investigated via computer &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;simulation technology (CST). The dimension and position of CSRR on the ground plane was optimized to achieve dual bandwidth and bi-directional radiation pattern characteristics. In addition, the bandwidths were enhanced by defecting suitable shape incorporated in the microstrip patch. A prototype with overall dimension of 70.45×63.73 mm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; has been fabricated on FR-4 substrate. To verify the proposed design, the impedance bandwidth, gain, and radiation patterns were carried out in measurements. The measured impedance bandwidths were respectively 560 MHz (3.08-3.64 GHz) and 950 GHz (4.64-5.59 GHz) while the measured gains of each bandwidth were respectively 4.28 dBi and 4.63 dBi. The measured radiation patterns were in good agreement with simulated ones. The proposed antenna achieves wide dual bandwidth and bi-directional radiation patterns performances. Consequently, it is a promising candidate for Wi-Fi or 5G communications in specific areas such as tunnel, corridor, or transit and rail.&lt;/span&gt;

Nowadays the wireless communication system development requires the low cost, low profile; minimal weight antenna development which is accomplished of continuing great presentation completed a wide frequency range. This upcoming technology fashion has motivated the MSPA (Microstrip Patch Antenna) design. This paperwork presents design and analysis of 2 patches (2 by 1) and 4 patches (4 by 1) Rectangular Microstrip Patch Array (RMSPA) Antennas with corporate feed network systems for S band applications at 2.45 GHz. This S band frequency range is mostly used for mobile satellite communication systems an also used in Bluetooth, Zigbee, Wi-Fi communication technologies. In the proposed work, 4.5 dielectric constant and 1.65 mm thickness of the substrate is used. The primary of this research work is to present an RMSPA antenna design and analysis using CSTMWS software “Computer Simulation Technology Micro Wave Studio” and investigate the performance of 2 elements patch arrays with that of a 4 elements patch arrays for the same 2.45 GHz operating frequency. It also made the study and investigation between the 2 elements and 4 elements corporate feed systems in terms of reflection coefficient (return loss), VSWR, bandwidth, directivity, gain, and radiation pattern. The main intension of this paperwork is to achieve an extraordinary directivity with enhanced gain and reduced losses at S band frequency range.

High-directivity microstrip antennas are attractive for the line-of-sight communications due to their thin profile. In order to achieve a high-directive radiation pattern, the geometry of a patch operating at a TM <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">odd-0</sub> mode is modified to minimize the effect of out-of-phase currents. Two high-directivity microstrip patch antennas operating at modified TM <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">30</sub> and TM <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">50</sub> modes are presented. They exhibit broadside radiation patterns with directivities of 15 and 18 dBi, respectively. The advantage of the proposed technique compared to an antenna array is that no feeding network is required, and thus, the design is simpler and avoids the losses caused by the feeding network. A prototype to validate the proposed technique is built, achieving a measured directivity of 14.6 dBi. The microstrip patch antenna has a total size of 3(λ/2) × 3(λ/2), and its measured bandwidth is four times that of an equivalent array of microstrip patches operating in its fundamental mode.

A sub-entire domain (SED) basis function method, which was first introduced for modeling large-scale finite periodic PEC structures in free space, has been extended for fast characterization of electromagnetic scattering from an electrically large planar finite periodic microstrip patch array. The microstrip array may have a nonrectangular layout and non-orthogonal lattice configurations (e.g., hexagons or quadrangles). Based on the mixed potential integral equation, and utilizing the proposed SED basis function algorithm, the original large-scale finite periodic array of microstrip patches can be efficiently simulated by decomposing it into two problems with matrix equations of small dimensions. The first is to construct the SED basis functions for the corresponding microstrip arrays with orthogonal/non-orthogonal lattices. Three kinds of the SED basis functions are constructed, including those related to the edge patch elements, the interior patch elements, and the corner patch elements. The second is to solve the system equation with significantly reduced problem dimension as compared to the original larger problem. Based on the obtained SED basis functions, the reduced matrix equation of small size can be generated by the Galerkin procedure, and solved by use of the LU (lower-upper) decomposition-based direct solver, which results in a fast solution. The accuracy and efficiency of the developed algorithms are demonstrated by numerical tests that include the scattering from several large-scale finite periodic arrays of microstrip patches with rectangular, non-orthogonal lattices.

This work looks at the use of wideband cavity-backed U-slot microstrip antennas in finite phased arrays. This configuration retains the single-patch and single-layer characteristics of conventional microstrip antenna arrays and provides a good impedance matching over wider scan angles when electrically thick substrates are used to improve the frequency bandwidth. The characteristics of finite phased arrays of U-slot rectangular microstrip patches enclosed in cylindrical cavities are analyzed from a validated hybrid methodology based on the finite element method, the modal analysis, and the properties of spherical waves. The results are compared with those obtained using an infinite array model. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2009.

The scattering and radiation from large finite arrays of microstrip patches is analyzed by an improved spectral-domain moment method. Based on the electric field integral equation (EFIE) and using rooftop expansion and testing functions in a uniform discretization scheme, the elements of the resulting equation system are represented by inverse Fourier integrals. In the new approach, the application of the two-dimensional sampling function leads to equivalent finite integral expressions which are efficiently evaluated using Filon type quadrature rules in combination with the FFT algorithm. This reduces the number of sample points in the spectral domain drastically. The final discrete equation system is solved iteratively using the biconjugate gradient-FFT (BCG-FFT) algorithm. This results in a fast and accurate computation code appropriate for application on a PC. Several numerical examples for arrays up to N=32/spl times/16 patches are presented demonstrating the versatility of this technique.

Low cost single element and a series fed linear array of planar microstrip patches are presented. They have been designed, fabricated and tested to be used in the mobile and base stations of a mobile broadband communications system at 60 GHz.

An in-band low radar cross section (RCS) microstrip patch antenna based on a phase control metasurface is proposed. As the size of the phase control metasurface changes, it will have different phase adjustments to the incident electromagnetic wave. Two kinds of phase control metasurfaces with a 90° reflection phase difference are arranged in a checkerboard configuration and loaded above a microstrip array antenna. The metal of the microstrip array antenna can fully reflect the electromagnetic wave, so the incident wave passes through the metasurface again and forms a reflected wave with a phase difference of 180° ± 37° when passing through the phase control metasurfaces of different sizes. Thus, the microstrip array antenna can achieve in-band RCS reduction. The metamaterial forms a transmission window in the microstrip patch array antenna band to maintain the radiation performance. Finally, a reasonable agreement is obtained between the measured and simulated results.

In this work, an extensive design study of a stacked u-slot microstrip patch antenna for dual band operation will be presented. This antenna consists of two stacked microstrip patches, both having u-slots embedded in them. Two feeding techniques namely probe-feeding and co-planar waveguide feeding have been used and the results compared. Particle swarm optimization has been used to optimize the antenna parameters. The simulated results indicate that using co-planar waveguide feeding results in a tremendous increase in bandwidth when compared with probe feeding, however a degradation in gain is observed.

Design of two different slot-coupled vertical microstrip–microstrip transitions for ultrawideband (UWB) multilayer microwave circuits are introduced. Transitions consist of two stacked substrates with common ground in the middle and two microstrip-feed-lines connected to microstrip patches on the top and bottom. The proposed transitions use broadside coupling between microstrip patches at the top and the bottom layers via a rectangular-shaped slot in the common ground plane (midlayer). The proposed patch shapes are trapezoidal and butterfly shapes, which are capable of achieving broadband characteristics for UWB operation. Extensive parametric studies are performed to address the effect of varying the transition parameters on the coupling value and the operational frequency bandwidth. The simulated results using two simulation programs with two different numerical techniques show that the proposed transitions have low transmission coefficient (less than 1.2 dB) and a high reflection coefficient (better than 16 dB) over the 3.1–10.6 GHz frequency range. Two transition prototypes are fabricated and then tested experimentally using Agilent E8364B PNA Network Analyzer. Experimental results agree well with the simulated ones. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:747–756, 2015

Here, a low‐profile microstrip patch antenna with vertical polarisation and over 3 dB enhanced gain in the horizontal plane is proposed for dedicated short‐range communications (DSRC) application. It is a centre‐fed circular patch antenna coupled by an annular ring and shorted concentrically with a set of shorting vias. For further increasing the gain in the horizontal plane, six groups of microstrip patches with one edge open and three edges shorted, which work as magnetic dipole antennas, are laid around the shorted circular patch‐ring antenna (SCPRA). These gain enhancement elements resonate at 5.9 GHz and guide the TM wave along the horizontal surface. In addition, an equivalent circuit model of SCPRA is presented as a tool for easier impedance matching. The number of gain enhancement elements in each group can be adjusted to achieve variable radiation patterns in the horizontal plane. Two antennas achieving omnidirectional and quasi‐elliptical radiation patterns are proposed, simulated, and measured. The measured results agree well with the simulated results, and the quasi‐elliptical radiation patterns in the horizontal plane of the antenna demonstrate the desirable performance for DSRC applications.