A Novel Method in Hybrid Encryption for Enhanced 5G Networks Security

With today's development and expansion of networks and internet-connected devices, information security is an issue of increasing concern. Confidentiality is one of the focuses in network security for digital communication systems, where large data blocks go through a cryptographic algorithm with a cipher key that increases the security and complexity of the output ciphertext. For the past several years, multiple security algorithms have been developed and utilized in the data encryption process, such as the Data Encryption Standard (DES), Triple Data Encryption Standard (3DES), and the current one, designated by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). AES is a symmetric encryption algorithm that has a minimum input data block size of 128-bits which undergo a series of permutations, substitutions, and digital logic operations over several rounds. Encryption algorithms are always improving on ciphertext complexity, required hardware storage allocation, and execution time. Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA's) are a hardware alternative for encryption algorithm implementation because, although the logic units in it are fixed, the functions and interconnections between them are based on the user's design which allow for improvement. The research presented focuses on the development and analysis of an efficient AES-128 Mix Columns algorithm implementation, utilized in the data block encryption rounds, on an Altera Cyclone IV FPGA using the Intel Quartus II software and Verilog Hardware Description Language.

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) of US announced Rijndael algorithm as the advanced encryption standard (AES) in October 2000, Despite AES surpassing in security the data encryption standard (DES), it is still rare to be implemented in smart cards, due to the reason of deficient AES coprocessors. Here a chip operation system (COS) called NexCard, which derived from Microsoft's Windows COS, is used as the AES implementation platform. After a suitable COS architecture design for AES and methodology of efficient memory usage, the simulation result shows that direct embedding AES encryption attains 0.56 ms at system clock 15 MHz on the INFINEON SLE66CX322P chip without existence of coprocessor. Corresponding to the development needs in smart card cryptographic algorithm implementations, and different level of the security design specifications, a concept to conjoin numbers of algorithms into single smart card called cipher system on demand (CSOD) method is accomplished in this study concurrently. This is a method utilizing the multiapplication capability of NexCard v2.0 to execute the same AES algorithm as an on-card applet. Although the performance of CSOD is not as good as AES embedded method, CSOD can provide the same result in the situation of adaptability and extendibility.

File-sharing activities become a bridge for communication in the form of data between one party and another party. File sharing allows users to share data with other users, by uploading data to the server computer and other users can download data from the server computer. A document security system is indispensable to keep document data safe until its destination. File Web Sharing will transmit data with cryptographic methodologies. The algorithm used is Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), Data Encryption Standard (DES), and Blowfish. This study aims to compare the performance of AES, DES, and Blowfish algorithms when implemented to secure file sharing. Performance research results show that the DES algorithm is on average 8.35% faster than AES and the Blowfish algorithm is 7.11% faster than AES. Memory usage capacity testing shows that the AES algorithm requires 4.82% greater memory capacity than Blowfish, and the DES requires 2.41% greater memory capacity than the Blowfish algorithm. Kegiatan file sharing menjadi jembatan komunikasi data antara satu pihak dengan pihak lainnya. File sharing memberikan pengguna kemampuan untuk berbagi data dengan pengguna lain, dengan cara mengunggah data ke komputer server dan pengguna lain dapat mengunduh data dari komputer server. Sistem keamanan terhadap dokumen sangat diperlukan untuk menjaga data dokumen tetap aman sampai tujuannya. Web File Sharing akan mengirimkan data dengan metodologi kriptografi. Algoritma yang digunakan adalah Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), Data Encryption Standard (DES), dan Blowfish. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan kinerja algoritma AES, DES dan Blowfish saat diimplementasikan untuk mengamankan file sharing. Hasil pengujian kinerja menunjukkan bahwa algoritma DES rata-rata 8,35% lebih cepat dibandingkan AES sedangkan Blowfish 7,11% lebih cepat dibandingkan AES. Berdasarkan pengujian kapasitas penggunaan memori terlihat bahwa AES membutuhkan kapasitas memori 4,82% lebih besar dibandingkan Blowfish dan DES membutuhkan kapasitas memori 2,41% lebih besar dari Blowfish.

This paper presents the employment of a DPA attack on the NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) standardized AES (advance encryption standard) protocol for key retrieval and prevention. Towards key retrieval, we applied the DPA attack on AES to obtain a 128-bit secret key by measuring the power traces of the computations involved in the algorithm. In resistance to the DPA attack, we proposed a countermeasure, or a new modified masking scheme, comprising (i) Boolean and (ii) multiplicative masking, for linear and non-linear operations of AES, respectively. Furthermore, we improved the complexity involved in Boolean masking by introducing Rebecca’s approximation. Moreover, we provide a novel solution to tackle the zero mask problem in multiplicative masking. To evaluate the power traces, we propose our custom correlation technique, which results in a decrease in the calculation time. The synthesis results for original implementation (without countermeasure) and inclusion of countermeasure are given on a Zynq 7020 FPGA (Artix-7 device). It takes 424 FPGA slices when implemented without considering the countermeasure, whereas 714 slices are required to implement AES with the inclusion of the proposed countermeasure. Consequently, the implementation results provide the acceptability of this work for area-constrained applications that require prevention against DPA attacks.

November 2001, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Rijndael algorithm to determine the new Data Encryption Standard - Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). AES cryptanalysis is one of the most high-profile issue. This review introduces the AES Some New Advances in cryptanalysis: cryptanalysis, including algebra, analysis of energy consumption, related key attacks and attacks based on key arrangement. These sum up, I hope the actual engineering applications to overcome these problems, in order to achieve safe use.

From the Publisher: In October 2000, the US National Institute of Standards and Technology selected the block cipher Rijndael as the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). AES is expected to gradually replace the present Data Encryption Standard (DES) as the most widely applied data encryption technology.|This book by the designers of the block cipher presents Rijndael from scratch. The underlying mathematics and the wide trail strategy as the basic design idea are explained in detail and the basics of differential and linear cryptanalysis are reworked. Subsequent chapters review all known attacks against the Rijndael structure and deal with implementation and optimization issues. Finally, other ciphers related to Rijndael are presented.|This volume is THE authoritative guide to the Rijndael algorithm and AES. Professionals, researchers, and students active or interested in data encryption will find it a valuable source of information and reference.

In recent years, the demand for lightweight cryptographic protocols has grown immensely. To fulfill this necessity, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has initiated a standardization process for lightweight cryptographic encryption. NIST’s call for proposal demands that the scheme should have one primary member that has a key length of 128 bits, and it should be secure up to 2 50 − 1 {2}^{50}-1 byte queries and 2 112 {2}^{112} computations. In this article, we propose a tweakable block cipher (TBC)-based authenticated encryption with associated data (AEAD) scheme, which we call mF {\mathsf{mF}} . We provide authenticated encryption security analysis for mF {\mathsf{mF}} under some weaker security assumptions (stated in the article) on the underlying TBC. We instantiate a TBC using block cipher and show that the TBC achieves these weaker securities, provided the key update function has high periodicity. mixFeed {\mathsf{mixFeed}} is a round 2 candidate in the aforementioned lightweight cryptographic standardization competition. When we replace the key update function with the key scheduling function of Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), the mF {\mathsf{mF}} mode reduces to mixFeed {\mathsf{mixFeed}} . Recently, the low periodicity of AES key schedule is shown. Exploiting this feature, a practical attack on mixFeed {\mathsf{mixFeed}} is reported. We have shown that multiplication by primitive element satisfies the high periodicity property, and we have a secure instantiation of mF {\mathsf{mF}} , a secure variant of mixFeed {\mathsf{mixFeed}} .

An image encryption scheme based on elliptic curve pseudo random and Advanced Encryption System

DESSB-TRNG: A novel true random number generator using data encryption standard substitution box as post-processing

Standards provide critical benefits across a wide variety of contexts, including safety and health, environmental protection, and quality of products and services. However, while these benefits are generally acknowledged, estimating the social and economic value of standards and determining how specific entities and activities influence their development require careful analysis. In October of 2018, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) asked the RAND Corporation to estimate the benefit of NIST’s research contributing to particular fire safety standards. The original objectives of the project were to (1) document the role of the NIST in the standards development process, (2) estimate the value these standards provide to society, and (3) thereby inform the economic value of NIST’s contribution to these standards. This report presents results for the first two objectives. Given that NIST’s contribution is one of several inputs combining to create these standards, NIST’s share of the credit for their value could not be quantified. Our analysis focused on case studies in standards for home smoke alarms and for protecting structures at the wildland-urban interface (WUI). Our analysis draws on a wide variety of qualitative and quantitative methods to holistically describe the impacts of these standards and NIST’s role in their development. The intended audience of this report includes those who work on fire safety research, fire safety standards, building codes, and technology transfer. The conclusions presented here may also be of interest for broader resource allocation and federal budget justification purposes. Finally, this report was written to be accessible to any interested members of the general public.

The Clean Air Mercury Rule (CAMR) which was published in the Federal Register on May 18, 2005, requires that calibration of mercury continuous emissions monitors (CEMs) be performed with NIST-traceable standards. Western Research Institute (WRI) is working closely with the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to facilitate the development of the experimental criteria for a NIST traceability protocol for dynamic elemental mercury vapor generators. The traceability protocol will be written by EPA. Traceability will be based on the actual analysis of the output of each calibration unit at several concentration levels ranging from about 2-40 ug/m{sup 3}, and this analysis will be directly traceable to analyses by NIST using isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry (ID ICP/MS) through a chain of analyses linking the calibration unit in the power plant to the NIST ID ICP/MS. Prior to this project, NIST did not provide a recommended mercury vapor pressure equation or list mercury vapor pressure in its vapor pressure database. The NIST Physical and Chemical Properties Division in Boulder, Colorado was subcontracted under this project to study the issue in detail and to recommend a mercury vapormore » pressure equation that the vendors of mercury vapor pressure calibration units can use to calculate the elemental mercury vapor concentration in an equilibrium chamber at a particular temperature. As part of this study, a preliminary evaluation of calibration units from five vendors was made. The work was performed by NIST in Gaithersburg, MD and Joe Rovani from WRI who traveled to NIST as a Visiting Scientist.« less

A Look at its Past Decade and a Gaze towards its Future. As the National Metrology Institute (NMI) for the United States, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), formerly the National Bureau of Standards, has provided measurement services, both calibrations and reference materials, for more than 100 years. Through these services, our customers have benefitted from our measurement capabilities and expertise in many areas, including amount of substance; dimensional metrology; electricity and magnetism; ionizing radiation; mass and related quantities; photometry and radiometry; thermodynamics; and time and frequency. NIST’s customers have also had access to some of the lowest measurement uncertainties available and a dependable way to establish traceability to the International System of Units (SI) [http://www.nist.gov/pml/wmd/metric/si-units.cfm].In response to the signing of the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) Mutual Recognition Arrangement (MRA), NIST first established an institution-wide quality system for the measurement services 10 years ago [http://www.bipm.org/en/cipm-mra/objectives.html]. NIST’s Quality System for Measurement Services has advanced the quality of service and measurements we provide our customers by fostering an environment in which NIST management and staff work towards continual improvement in the development and delivery of NIST measurement services. This paper describes NIST’s Quality System for the Measurement Services and its relevance to international standards of quality, such as the International Organization for Standardization and the International Electrotechnical Commission (ISO/IEC) 17025 standard and ISO Guide 34 [http://www.nist.gov/nistqs/]. It also provides a history of this quality system and a glimpse of future goals for improving its implementation.

Data security is the focus of information security. As a primary method, file encryption is adopted for ensuring data security. Encryption algorithms created to meet the Data Encryption Standard (DES) and the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) are widely used in a variety of systems. These algorithms are computationally highly complex, thus, the efficiency of encrypting or decrypting large files can be drastically reduced. To this end, we propose an optimized algorithm that efficiently encrypts and decrypts large files by parallelizing processing tasks on a single heterogeneous many-core processor in the Sunway TaihuLight computer system. Firstly, we convert the serial DES and AES programs to our experimental platform. Then we implement a task assignment strategy to test the converted algorithms. Finally, in order to optimize parallelized algorithms and improve data transmission performance, we apply the master-slave communication optimization, the three-stage parallel pipeline, and vectorization. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our optimized algorithm is faster than the state-of-the-art open-source implementations of DES and AES. Compared with the serial processing algorithms, our parallelized DES and AES perform nearly 40 times and 72 times faster, respectively. The work described in this paper leverages existing methods and provides a sound basis for the direction of future research in data encryption.

In Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), the standard S-Box is usually generated using a particular irreducible polynomial in GF(28), though it can be generated by 29 others. The focus of the present paper is to show that it is possible to generate secured, AES-like S-Boxes randomly, using a PRNG like BBS and to compare its security with 7 other S-Boxes generated by 7 arbitrarily selected irreducible polynomials from the set. A comparative study has been made by testing the randomness of the ciphertexts generated by the S-Boxes using National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Test Suite, which estimates a P-value to accept or reject the randomness of a bit sequence. It has been found that besides using modular arithmetic, a secured S-Box can be generated by using PRNGs. Moreover, the initial seed of BBS acts as a secondary key of AES.KeywordsAES S-BoxRandom S-BoxNIST test suiteBBS S-BoxAES secondary key

We examine diffusion properties of Rijndael which has been selected by US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) for the proposed Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). Since the s-box of Rijndael applies a nonlinear transformation operating on each byte of the intermediate cipher result independently, its characteristics have significant effects on the strength of the entire system. The characteristics of Rijndael’s s-box are investigated for the criteria of avalanche, strict avalanche, bit independence, nonlinearity and XOR table distribution. We also evaluate the overall performance for different rounds of Rijndael, and compare it to Safer K-64, in terms of Avalanche Weight Distribution (AWD) criterion.