A wavelet representation of reflectance functions

In order to better meet user needs, user-oriented interactive design introduces computer graphics technology to generate, process, and transmit graphical information more effectively, thereby enhancing the practicality, simplicity, convenience, and enjoyment of interactive media. This paper aims to discuss the application of computer graphics in interactive media design. In order to analyze and compare the use of different computer graphics (CG) technologies in different scenarios, this paper classifies the interactive media into three categories according to the different focuses of the purposes, namely distributed interaction media, commercial interaction media and informational interaction media, and discusses the application of computer graphics in interactive media design with specific examples. This paper analyzes and compares the use of different CG technologies in interactive media according to their different purposes, namely distributed interaction media, commercial interaction media and informational interaction media. The paper concludes with a summary of the current applications of computer graphics in interactive media design, and an outlook on the future use of CG technology in interactive media design.

The M-band wavelet decomposition, which is a direct generalization of the standard 2-band wavelet decomposition has been applied to the problem of an unsupervised segmentation of two texture systems. Standard wavelets are not suitable for the analysis of high frequency signals with relatively narrow bandwidth. So we propose to use the decomposition scheme based on M-band wavelets, that yield improved segmentation accuracies. Unlike the standard wavelet decomposition which gives a logarithmic frequency resolution, the M-band decomposition gives a mixture of a logarithmic and linear frequency resolution. Further motivation to use the M-band wavelet filter for texture analysis is because this decomposition yields a large number of sub-bands which is required for good quality segmentation.

Wavelet is a well-known noise reduction tool for its several nice properties. Since the wavelet domain is a kind of transform domain, thresholding in it can cause problems at the neighborhood of discontinuous points, seen as a ringing artifact in a 2D image. In a low-bit rate network and a heavy error-prone environment, it is a serious problem for an end-user. We propose an efficient ringing reduction algorithm based on the standard wavelet decomposition. Since its structure is the reverse of the wavelet denoising method, our algorithm has advantages regarding computational load and memory efficiency over other ringing reduction filters. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm dramatically reduces ringing along edges.

Development of a reservoir simulation model involves collection and analysis of an enormous amount of reservoir and well data for initial input. Computer graphics is the most effective tool for geologists and engineers to visualize, verify, and analyze the input data. After each simulation run, simulation engineers then have to depend heavily on computer graphics to analyze an even more intimidating amount of simulation results data. This is especially true at Saudi Aramco because of the large simulation models used to simulate the world's largest hydrocarbon reservoirs. Saudi Aramco's EXPEC Computer Center supports a wide spectrum of computer graphics applications to aid the exploration and engineering staffs through the entire cycle of reservoir characterization. The graphics applications help during the pre-simulation model data analysis as well as in the post-simulation results analysis. Larger and more accurate simulation models are currently being developed In Saudi Aramco. Computer technology (both software and hardware) needs to advance continually such that computer graphics can be utilized as an effective and efficient engineering tool by reservoir simulation professionals. This paper addresses Saudi Aramco's experience in dealing with very large simulation models and using computer graphics as an engineering tool. The program efficiency, device dependence, and data management problems will be discussed. The computer speed, data storage and access methods, data transmission speed, and graphics devices will also be detailed.

Computer graphics is receiving much attention in the development of interactive educational software, multimedia systems, and many other applications. It not only adds a new dimension to such applications but also makes them more exciting and dynamic. Furthermore, the use of computer graphics is already well accepted in computer science education. If skillfully and relevantly used, it can be an important component of computer-assisted instruction, which is an educational application area with tremendous potential.

Bezier and B-spline curves are among the most powerful tools used for complex graphical approximation. In this paper, we will use them to recreate the hydrographic map of the Republic of Macedonia. The results obtained in this paper show that cubic spline curves have smaller average deviation in respect to B-spline curves, in contrast to Bezier curves. The results and the images are obtained by using the software package Wolfram Mathematica. Key words: Bezier curves; B-spline; cubic spline REFERENCES [1] Vera B. Anand: Computer Graphics and Geometric Modeling for Engineers, John Wiley & Sons Inc. 1996. [2] V. Andova, S. Atanasova, K. Bacev, Gj. Peev, G.Kostov: Approximation of map borders using Mathematica, ETAI (2015). [3] R. H. Bartels, J. C. Beatty, B. A. Barsky: An Introduction to Splines for Use in Computer Graphics and Geometric Modeling, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc. 1987. [4] R. C. Beach: An Introduction to the Curves and Surfaces of Computer-Aided Design, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1991. [5] E. Cohen: Discrete B-splines and Subdivision Techniques in Computer Aided Geometric Design and Computer Graphics, International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering, 1979. [6] C. De Boor: A Practical Guide to Splines, Revised Edition, Springer, 1978. [7] G. Farin: Curves and Surfaces for CAGD. A Practical Guide, fifth edition, Academic Press, 2002. [8] G. Farin, J. Hoschek, M.-S. Kim: Handbook of Computer Aided Geometric Design, Elsevier, 2002. [9] G. Farin: NURBS: From Projective Geometry to Practical Use, 2nd edition, AK Peters, 1999. [10] J. Fiorot, P. Jeannin: Rational Curves and Surfaces, Wiley, 1992. [11] J. Gallier: Curves and Surfaces. In: Geometric Modeling:Theory and Algorithms, Morgan Kofman Publishers,2000. [12] G. G. Lorentz: Bernstein Polynomials, University of Toronto Press, 1953. [13] R. F. Riesenfeld: Applications of B-spline Approximation to Geometric Problems of Computer-Aided Design, Syracuse University, 1973. [14] D. Rogers: An Introduction to NURBS with Historical Perspective, Elsevier, 2001. [15] W. Rudin: Real and Complex Analysis, McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 1986. [16] D. Salomon: Curves and Surfaces for Computer Graphic, Springer, 2006. [17] S. Wagon: Mathematica in Action Problem Solving Through Visualization and Computation, Springer, 2010. [18] S. Wolfram: The Mathematica Book, Fifth Edition, Wolfram Media, 2003.

70 years ago, the bloodiest of wars had ended. Literally,
 the next day the USA started the ruthless Cold war against the
 USSR. Goal – to destroy the USSR as political and military enemy.
 Ironically, it was the Russian Empire (and the Soviet Union
 – its successor) that first in the world recognized the USA as an
 independent state. In 1991, the goal was achieved. Russia considered
 the cold war over, and the USA a partner in all matters. In
 vain. It is no secret the CIA felt home in Russian governmental
 buildings. It is no secret that Department of State advisers sat in
 every Russian Ministry. Unsurprisingly, imposed reforms have led
 to destruction of industry, agriculture, and medicine. The country
 was flooded with imports, and Russia has lost the basic security of
 state.
 Obviously, the same benefactors from the CIA forced the Ministry
 of Education and Science to adopt the surrogate instead of the
 Soviet system of education. Moreover, the well-wishers perfectly
 knew that this surrogate was of very low quality. Introduction of
 the American system of education instead of the Soviet one is the
 manifestation of the cold war.
 Artificial confrontation of computer graphics vs. descriptive
 geometry arose. Enforced antagonism resulted in elimination of
 teaching descriptive geometry in many areas. Known: computers
 and computer graphics come from the USA. Note that geometry
 experts do not oppose to the use of computer graphics. More obscure
 is the position of some of our partners, when they advocate destruction
 of science in favor of a drawing instrument. In this mortal
 combat of geeks, the author sees a manifestation of the same cold
 war that the United States maintains with Russia. Deduction: it is
 so because computer graphics took all its geometric methods of
 constructing from descriptive geometry.
 Minimal program of overcoming this geometric crisis in higher
 education is provided.

The primary purpose of the research is to investigate long-term memory and its relationship to computer graphics incorporated shots in commercial Tamil films. Also,this research focused on the use of visual effects shots for the effective memory and recalling factors of the Tamil film audience. Throughout the sequels of movies like Enthiran and Bahubali, many of CG incorporated symbols, signs, and shots are extensively used to create visual pleasure among the audience. So, the movie sequels like Enthiran, 2.0, Bahubali 1-The beginning, and Bahubali 2-The conclusion are selected to study the positive impact of CG incorporated shots. According to the psychologist’s views, there are three classifications present in memory. They are sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Sensory memory is a very basic type of memory, which present only as long as the visual /sound is present in front of the viewers. The short-term memory is present only up to 20 seconds. Long-term memory has the capability to store unlimited information and data for a few minutes to many years. To store the information in long-term memory the visual or auditory stimulus should be very strong. In this research, the qualitative analysis of interview data is used to study the relationships. Furthermore, the cued recall test is used to gather the information from the film audience. Computer graphics are used in the Enthiran and Bahubali movie series to create visual signs. These visual signs are present in the form of crowns, armours, swords, chariots, architectures, guns, costumes, tattoos, and property materials. This research shows that stories are effectively visualized with the use of computer graphics and visual effects. In addition, the interesting result of this research is the memory and recall ability of the film audience.This research concludes that the effective use of CG incorporated shots gives more effectiveness to the memory due to the individual’s thought engagement with the story.

We review the recent application of computer graphics to problems in the history and interpretation of master artworks. Carefully constructed computer graphics models of tableaus in paintings allow scholars to explore what if scenarios concerning lighting, geometry, placement of subjects, physical properties (such as color and reflectance characteristics), and more. A special application of computer graphics is to dewarp images depicted in spherical mirrors, such as appear in works from the northern Renaissance, thus revealing new views into artists' studios. We present a number of methodological recommendations to help ensure the results of such studies are valid. We describe some successes of these new techniques and conclude by discussing several outstanding problems and future directions for the use of computer graphics in the analysis of realist art.

The efficient classification of different types of supernovae is one of the most important problems for observational cosmology. However, spectroscopic confirmation of most objects in upcoming photometric surveys, such as the the Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time, will be unfeasible. The development of automated classification processes based on photometry has thus become crucial. In this paper, we investigate the performance of machine learning (ML) classification on the final cosmological constraints using simulated light-curves from the Supernova Photometric Classification Challenge, released in 2010. We study the use of different feature sets for the light-curves and many different ML pipelines based on either decision-tree ensembles or automated search processes. To construct the final catalogues we propose a threshold selection method, by employing a bias-variance tradeoff. This is a very robust and efficient way to minimize the mean squared error. With this method, we were able to obtain very strong cosmological constraints, which allowed us to keep $\sim 75{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the total information in the Type Ia supernovae when using the SALT2 feature set, and $\sim 33{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ for the other cases (based either on the Newling model or on standard wavelet decomposition).

The organizing committee has asked me to review the use of computer graphics in electron density fitting. Meeting them half way I shall give a brief description of this and then describe some recent developments that I have made in Uppsala.

With the development and popularization of computer application technology, the use of computer graphics and image processing technology has become the main means of modern engineering design and drawing. Learning and mastering 3D modeling technology and mechanical information modeling technology have become an important goal of learning engineering drawing. To meet the teaching requirements of the “New Engineering” program, higher education should cultivate innovative talents with the ability to identify, express, analyze, and solve complex engineering problems; promote the transformation of teaching methods for the course of “Mechanical Drawing and Computer Drawing” from “teaching well” to “learning well.” This change is not only a change in course content, but also a change in training objectives. It introduces modern 3D design concepts into the drawing course, constructs a learning system with 3D modeling technology as the main line, solves the problem of imagination in traditional teaching, makes the learning process more in line with scientific cognitive laws, better meets the needs of modern manufacturing industry for new technologies, and improves students’ drawing skills and ability to use modern tools (computer drawing).

This paper describes how evolutionary techniques of variation and selection can be used to create complex simulated structures, textures, and motions for use in computer graphics and animation. Interactive selection, based on visual perception of procedurally generated results, allows the user to direct simulated evolutions in preferred directions. Several examples using these methods have been implemented and are described. 3D plant structures are grown using fixed sets of genetic parameters. Images, solid textures, and animations are created using mutating symbolic lisp expressions. Genotypes consisting of symbolic expressions are presented as an attempt to surpass the limitations of fixed-length genotypes with predefined expression rules. It is proposed that artificial evolution has potential as a powerful tool for achieving flexible complexity with a minimum of user input and knowledge of details.

The presented simulation model of surface tension and wettability based on physical properties of liquids is designed for use in computer graphics. Due to the relatively small surface tension forces the model is useful for simulating liquid of small volume such as droplets. This model can be used in conjunction with various fluid simulation methods, one of the most popular - Marker and Cell - has been selected for this paper. The paper describes also a simple and rapid method of determining the liquid surface as a mesh of triangles. The presented method improves the final visual effect and is well suited for determining the surface of the droplets. The simulation method was applied to create realistic animations of flowing liquid droplets of different types.

An extension of the multidimensional Born inversion technique for acoustic waves is described. In earlier work, a perturbation in reference sound velocity was determined by assuming that the reference velocity was constant. In this extension, we allow the reference velocity to be a function of the depth variable z. The output of this method is a high‐frequency bandlimited reflectivity function of the subsurface. The reflectivity function is an array of bandlimited singular functions scaled by the normal reflection strength. Each singular function is a Dirac delta function of a scalar argument which measures distance normal to a reflecting interface. Thus, the reflectivity function is an indicator map of subsurface reflectors equivalent to the map produced by migration. In addition to the assumption of small perturbation, the method requires that the reflection data reside in the high frequency regime in a well‐defined sense.The method is based on the derivation of an integral equation for the perturbation in sound velocity from a known reference velocity. When the reference velocity is constant, the integral equation admits an analytic solution as a multifold integral of the reflection data. Further high frequency asymptotic analysis simplifies this integral considerably and leads to an extremely efficient numerical algorithm for computing the reflectivity function. The development of a computer code to implement this constant‐reference‐velocity solution is published elsewhere.For a reference velocity c(z) we can no longer invert the integral equation exactly. However, we can write down an asymptotic high‐frequency approximation for the kernal of the integral equation and an asymptotic solution for the perturbation. The computer implementation of this result is designed along the same lines as the code for constant background velocity. In tests the total processing time for this algorithm with depth‐dependent background velocity is usually considerably less than that required by a standard Kirchhoff migration algorithm. The method is implemented as a migration technique and compared with alternative migration algorithms on the flanks of the salt dome.