Burundi: Social Sciences Facing Ethnic Violence

Druge godine Velikoga rata preustrojava se sigurnosni sustav banske Hrvatske. Tom prilikom Središnja defenzivno doglasna služba, koja je obavljala poslove tajne državne policije, kao samostalno tijelo pri Zemaljskoj vladi postaje njezinom sastavnicom, ulazeći u sastav novoosnovanoga Odsjeka IV-B za pogranična redarstvena satništva Odjela za unutarnje poslove Zemaljske vlade. Razlozi preustroja, pored političkih, osobito sukoba vojnih i civilnih vlasti, bili su i raznovrsni funkcionalni. Zahvaljujući potrebama obrane Zemaljska vlada preko te službe počinje dobivati i dio financijskih podataka koji su joj do tada bili nedostupni jer su izlazili iz okvira autonomnih poslova banske Hrvatske. U članku se na temelju arhivskoga gradiva i relevantne historiografske literature te dijelom i tiska predstavlja i analizira preustroj sigurnosnoga sustava 1915. godine.

The article shows the dynamics of the number of women working on the Russian Empire’s railways during the First World War. The article provides comparative statistics on the number, percentage and positions occupied by women on the railways before the war (1913) and on the front-line and home front railways during the war (1914–1917), based on the analysis of records of civil and military authorities. The author has established that the initial phase of changes in the personnel policy of the Ministry of Railways and local railway administrations in favour of recruiting more women to railway service dates back to the second half of 1915. The changes in personnel policy were primarily due to the mobilisation of reserve soldiers, many of whom had previously worked on the railways. Initially seen by the Ministry of Railways as a temporary and forced measure, the trend of replacing the men who had gone to the front by women gained momentum in 1916, as a result of which the scope of women’s work in the railway industry was constantly expanding. The article draws a conclusion about the all-Russian trend of gradual expansion of the sphere of women’s labour on the railways, demonstrates the growth of the absolute number of female railway workers, which was conditioned by the needs of military and civil authorities during the First World War.

Between April and July 1994, genocide was perpetrated in Rwanda during which more than one million and seventy four thousand (1,074,000) Tutsi were killed. This was a genocide planned and executed by the national authorities; it was also a mass genocide and genocide of proximity. The psycho-traumatic consequences in the population of Tutsi survivors were assessed through a longitudinal study conducted on genocide survivors seeking services at the Psychosocial Consultations Centre based in Kigali, Rwanda, during the period between 2000 and 2008. The research focused on assessment of the evolution of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) they were suffering from by reviewing medical records of 55 patients, using the international classification of mental diseases and also interviewing patients as well as clinicians. The study findings reveal that a high intensity traumatic event and the low income level of the family are causes of therapeutic failures. Specifically, dissociative aspects of PTSD experienced by victims of sexual rape are indeed a big challenge to the establishment of a therapeutic relationship. It was also observed that traumatic reactivations for some patients caused chronicity or intermittent apparition of psychopathologic manifestations. Another phenomenon observed concerns the somatic diseases concomitant to PTSD. Indeed, we had patients for whom somatic problems obstructed the manifestations of PTSD, hence delaying their treatment. Finally, a phenomenon of aggravation of PTSD by acute depressive disorders for almost all patients was additionally observed. Overall, the experience of the trauma of the survivors of the Genocide of the Tutsi of Rwanda leads the researcher to the recognition of multiple evolutions. It has been possible to observe a benign evolution and also a remission punctuated by periods of relapses and, finally, an evolution towards severity. Mental health in the context of post mass violence is a major clinical reality. On the one hand, we have plenty of mental health illnesses in a strict sense of the word: chronic evolution PTSD, severe depression, psychosis, etc. Those situations often need an individualized medicopsychological approach, that is, basic mental healthcare. On the other hand, all that which genocide causes such as psychological suffering, sadness and emotional distress in people and communities requires group therapy approaches as well as socio-economic support. Person-centred group and community initiatives, delivered in cooperation with different sectors involved in management of those issues, are indicated.

Публикация посвящена анализу динамики численности и характера формирования воинских гарнизонов колывано-воскресенских предприятий во второй четверти XVIII в. в контексте регионального освоенческого и административно-политического процессов. Источниковую основу исследования составили подавляющей частью не введенные в научный оборот и во многом уникальные массивы трех фондов Российского государственного архива древних актов.
 Автор приходит к выводу о том, что на протяжении второй четверти XVIII в. шло планомерное увеличение численности гарнизонов Колывано-Воскресенских заводов, состоявших как из регулярных, так и иррегулярных частей. Вопрос охраны производств регулировался в рамках управленческого треугольника «гражданские власти – частновладельческие, а затем ведомственные кабинетские структуры – военные власти», где воеводы Кузнецкого уезда односторонне и малорезультативно стремились сохранить свое административное влияние на складывавшееся горное ведомство, а динамика насыщения воинскими подразделениями увязывалась не столько с расширением значимости производственного комплекса, сколько становилась реакцией на военные акции кочевников в приграничной зоне.

Tartu Ülikooli kunstiajalooõpetuse moderniseerimisest ja kollektsioonide rollist kunstiajaloo professori valimistel aastatel 1919–1921

Resumo O presente artigo desenvolve uma discussão teórico-conceitual acerca do campo de atuação de Relações Públicas, entendida como uma das áreas de composição da Comunicação Social. Nossa proposta se sustenta na pontuação de desafios e demandas profissionais enfrentadas pela área enquanto um campo marcado por disparidades e tensionamentos. Para traçar este panorama complexo relativo à área, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com egressos do curso de Relações Públicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, graduados entre 2004 e 2014. Foram 13 profissionais consultados e, a partir das respostas dadas durante os encontros, analisamos para o presente trabalho as dimensões da interdisciplinaridade como aspecto relevante à formação na área, bem como o desenvolvimento de competências profissionais específicas para um bom desempenho no mercado de trabalho. Em termos de discussões teóricas, além da base assentada na interdisciplinaridade como conceito-chave para a pesquisa, tecemos também considerações sobre a noção de habitus, baseados em Pierre Bourdieu (1974). Para compreender a formação histórica do campo de Relações Públicas, retomamos a inserção do campo no Brasil, principalmente a partir do regime militar. Em termos curriculares, ainda retomamos o histórico do currículo do curso, tomando por base o caso da UFMG. Dentre os principais aportes alcançados, pode-se considerar a interdisciplinaridade como fator primordial e a ser estimulado no percurso acadêmico, segundo a opinião dos egressos. Por fim, as constatações permitem refletir quanto a possíveis encaminhamentos para a melhor integração entre egressos e atuais alunos do curso, de modo a correlacionar mercado e Academia numa dialogia profícua. Palavras-chave: Relações Públicas, Mercado de trabalho, Integração universitária, Egresso.Abstract This article develops a theoretical-conceptual discussion about the field of Public Relations, understood as one of the areas of composition of Social Communication. Our proposal is based on the scoring of challenges and professional demands faced by the area as a field marked by disparities and tensions. To trace this complex panorama regarding the area, semi-structured interviews were conducted with graduates of the Public Relations course of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, graduated between 2004 and 2014. There were 13 professionals consulted and, from their answers during the meetings, in the present work we analyzed the interdisciplinarity dimensions as a relevant aspect to the training in the area, as well as the development of specific professional skills for a great performance in the labor market. In terms of theoretical discussions, beyond the interdisciplinarity basis as a key concept for research, we also make considerations about the notion of habitus, found on Pierre Bourdieu (1974). To understand the historical formation of the field of Public Relations, we resumed the insertion of the field in Brazil, mainly from the military regime. In terms of curriculum, we still resume the course history program, based on the case of UFMG, which in 2000 was implemented with a flexible curriculum proposal and can be considered a set of pedagogical experiences organized to facilitate the exchange of knowledge between the various academic areas. Among the main contributions achieved, interdisciplinarity can be considered as a primordial factor and to be stimulated in the academic path, according to the opinion of the graduates. Another important finding concerns the demands and expected competences of these subjects, that pointed out weaknesses in the curriculum, but not as a negative factor of the course, given that most approve the contributions given to their education. Moreover, there is a disparity between the formation of PR and what they find in the reality of market demands. Thus, the professional habitus suffers interference from these multiple practices experienced in different ways by the graduates, and the complete humanistic and social formation is fundamental for the consecration of a complete professional. Throughout the interviews, the professionals´ opinions divergence in Public Relations was noticeable. On the one hand, graduates sometimes extolled the training offered by the course, highlighting skills learned, subjects taken, internship opportunities and extension projects; On the other hand, a series of opinions differed on the same issues, pointing to flaws or deficiencies in the formation, such as the lack of discipline to organize events. The difficulty of legitimizing the field is noted by professionals as something that forces them to go through other sectors in search of strengthening the image and professional identity of the area. It was also noticeable that the course of professional performance of students maintained a constant trajectory within the field of Public Relations, always acting in the area, even if it was necessary to act in other areas that were not specific to the field. In conclusion, the findings allow us to reflect on possible directions for the better integration between graduates and current students of the course, in order to correlate market and Academy in a fruitful dialogue.Keywords: Public Relations, Job market, University integration, Graduate

This dissertation reconfigures our knowledge about antebellum temperance activism, the origins and inflections of antebellum women’s rights, and the role of women in antebellum political culture. It charts women’s grassroots temperance activism over the 1840s and 1850s. Focusing on the Midwest, and also on the Northeast, it recovers a story that we have not known—one that revises a significant number of settled academic conclusions. First, where the historiography posits that women, because they weredisenfranchised, played only auxiliary roles in temperance after it shifted in the 1840s from moral suasion to legislative pressure, this dissertation finds just the opposite. In fact,as women grew disillusioned with men’s political ineptitude, they seized control of political temperance, launching robust political pressure campaigns that were highlyeffective. Moreover, they inflected temperance with a different set of concerns, centering a gendered analysis that focused on women’s legal and political disabilities. Secondly, where the historiography sees antebellum women’s rights growingalmost exclusively out of abolition (the campaign to end chattel slavery), this dissertation finds that an antebellum women’s rights movement grew just as powerfully out oftemperance activism. In fact, numerous temperance women began demanding the vote in 1846, a full two years before the supposed origin of that demand in 1848. At the sametime, temperance women across the Midwest also innovated and secured various forms of married women’s property rights—something that has remained completely unseen. Midwestern women’s rights organizations were also heavily populated by temperance women, who remained committed to both causes throughout the 1850s. Thirdly, where the historiography depicts antebellum women as genteelsupplicants, this dissertation recasts them as militant, aggressive, and violent political actors. Exasperated with men’s inaction and legislative failures, women took matters into their own hands. They bodily threatened and assaulted saloon owners, swung hatchets and destroyed liquor barrels, and leveled entire buildings. Over and over again. This coordinated, political violence waged by women in massive numbers upends our ideas about women’s roles in antebellum politics. And it situates women squarely within the violent political culture of the 1850s, something usually reserved to men.

Résumé On considère généralement l’œuvre de Vauban comme éclatée en deux versants, le Traité de l’attaque des places d’une part, le projet de Dîme royale d’autre part. Nous en montrons au contraire la profonde unité aussi bien d’un point de vue méthodologique que d’un point de vue politique. Vauban, quel que soit le domaine étudié, commence en scientifique par une observation approfondie sous forme d’une enquête rigoureuse, se livre ensuite à de multiples expérimentations et peut alors théoriser aussi bien dans l’art des fortifications que pour ses projets fiscaux. Cette pensée est orientée vers l’action : économiste Vauban se préoccupe d’économiser l’argent et les hommes, sociologue il vise à améliorer les conditions de vie de la population, géographe il se propose d’aménager au mieux le « pré carré ». Au terme de cette analyse on peut alors voir la manière dont cette œuvre a été reçue que ce soit par ses contemporains, par les historiens ou par les économistes et ce qui en fait la profonde originalité. JEL : B11, N43

Religious studies is an interdisciplinary field of study defined by its object of study: religion. The question of object and study are not easily separable. Recent historical and philosophical work has shown how the idea of a transhistorical, cross-cultural phenomenon called “religion” was created in part through the study of religion and how this process was intertwined with European colonialism (see Religious studies). Disciplines, on the other hand, are most often organized around method of study. As the concept literally implies, a discipline is knowledge created by controlling and adjudicating the processes by which that knowledge is sought. Historians must meet standards of empirical evidence, sociologists must gather data through recognized quantitative and/or qualitative methods, and philosophers must submit to logic and argument.

This thesis aims to demonstrate and analyze the phenomenon that the Song civil officials, who were considered by modern historians not to be acquainted with military issues, commanding troops from the first Song-Tangut war (1038~1045) to the end of the Zhezong reign(1085~1100). The concept of “ commanding troops” in this thesis refers to widespread contents, including managing armies, dealing with military enterprise in the frontier region, and mobilizing armies to fight against enemies. In this thesis, I focus on the civil officials as frontier military intendant (“civil military intendants”) in Shaan-xi circuit for researching examples. Chapter One represents as an introduction, covering the estimation of precedent research works and methodological concerns of this thesis. Chapter Two presents the discourses advocators utilize to promote “civil officials commanding troops”. Chapter Three takes Shaan-xi circuit as examples, discussing the exercising rules of military forces in Song military defense system, which enable a “civil military intendant” in defense area to take authority and responsibilities to keep regional stability. Chapter Four analyzes the relations between “civil military intendants” and soldiers, the guiding principles “civil military intendants” take, their acts different from military intendants, and their military activities in war. Chapter Five illustrates the working experience “civil military intendants” undergo in bureaucratic system and their interpretations of civil officials engaging in military affairs. The final chapter serves as a conclusion, examining the hidden meaning beyond materials above. The appendix analyzes the phrase “confucian general” in Song sources. The main point of this thesis is that the principle of “civil officials dominating military officials” in Song frontier defense system realizes some scholar-officials’ ideal of “civil officials commanding troops”. Because of the fact of “civil officials commanding troops” in Song frontier defense system, the phrase “confucian general” was more prevailing in Song China than before. Through studying the issue of civil officials commanding troops, I hope this thesis to improve our understanding on political history, military history, and literati culture in Sung China.

The triumph of the Justice and Development Party (AKP), which has an absolute majority in Turkish Parliament, is not a sudden incidence. It is worth exploring the roots of this triumph within the democratisation process of the country. During the Turkish democratisation process, several breakdowns and restorations have occurred and military regimes have attempted to change the Turkish party and election system in accordance with their expectations. However, many of these interventions, which were imposed by the military regimes, have had positive affects on the recent rise of the Justice and Development Party.

ABSTRACTPrimorksy Krai, in Russia’s Far East, provides a perfect example of the extreme need of cooperation between civil and military authorities during critical periods of conflict and potential wars. Ensuring this region’s defense capability and providing for the needed manpower for agriculture and needed industries resulted from the cooperation of civil and military authorities. This article is based on documents and materials researched in five Russian archives.

Fil: Aramburu, Leandro. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Instituto de Investigaciones Gino Germani; Argentina

<titre>Résumé</titre>Cet article présente un tableau en grande partie descriptif de la fécondité des populations palestiniennes résidant dans quatre zones : la Cisjordanie, la bande de Gaza, la Jordanie et le Liban. L’évolution et les différences de la fécondité et du recours à la contraception ont pu être analysées grâce à des données de qualité issues d’enquêtes à l’échelle des ménages. Les questions relatives à la reproduction chez les réfugiés palestiniens sont une préoccupation politique majeure car l’avenir démographique des Palestiniens est en grande partie déterminé par leur fécondité. Les résultats montrent que le statut de réfugié ne peut plus être considéré comme une caractéristique fondamentale discriminante de la fécondité palestinienne. D’un côté, les variations des indicateurs de fécondité sont beaucoup plus importantes d’une zone à l’autre que celles entre les réfugiées et les non-réfugiées à l’intérieur des différentes zones. De l’autre, les populations réfugiées se sont différenciées avec le temps, celles qui vivent hors des camps ayant des comportements de fécondité différents de celles qui résident dans les camps. De ce fait, la distinction entre les réfugiés selon qu’ils vivent ou non dans les camps reste partout pertinente, indépendamment du statut légal ou présumé qu’ont les réfugiés dans les différentes zones.

Articulation and Concordance: A Dialogue on Civil–Military Relations in Fiji