High-Definition Transmission, Signal Processing, and Display

The transmission, signal processing and display of high definition television (HDTV), can benefit from a complete understanding of visual perception. This information is used in the design of a reduced-bandwidth compatible transmission system, and a progressively scanned camera and display for improved vertical resolution without interline flicker. Its application to the development of a solid-state light-valve HDTV projector for theater and consumer use will also be discussed.

The authors propose an HDTV (high-definition television) transmission system design for an SDH (synchronous digital hierarchy)-based STM network. The proposed HDTV coding algorithms are based on subband coding; one uses subband DCT (discrete cosine transform) for HDTV distribution services, while the other uses subband DPCM (differential pulse code modulation) for HDTV contribution services. The network architecture is discussed in regard to providing broadband communication services such as HDTV transmission service upon the introduction of B-ISDN (broadband integrated services digital network) in the early 1990s. The authors also propose a method to compensate for degradation in video transmission systems, i.e., burst errors in STM networks and consecutive cell loss in ATM (asynchronous transfer mode) networks, using random error correcting codes and an interleave structure. An HDTV transmission experimental system using an SDH-based STM network is described. >

This paper presents Layered Division Multiplexing (LDM), a technology that may be used to provide a flexible multi-layer system transmission by means of spectrum overlay. This technology can be used to simultaneously deliver multiple program streams with different characteristics and robustness for different services (mobile TV, HDTV and UHDTV) in one RF channel. — In Layer Division Multiplex (LDM) the signal to be transmitted consists of a number of different independent signals superimposed together at different injection levels to form a multi-layer signal. Each layer can have its own characteristics. The top layer is the most robust one, which has a negative Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) system threshold value, and can be used for robust mobile service. The lower layer(s) can be used to provide fixed high data rate services, such as multiple High Definition Television (HDTV) and Ultra High Definition Television (UHDTV). For example, DVB-T2, or an alternative design of a high data rate transmission system can be used for the second layer. The upper layer signal can be a separate program, or be used for delivering supplementary bit rate to be combined with the lower layer signal to provide additional features or achieve higher quality of service (e.g., scalable video coding and placing audio on upper layer for extra robustness).

In order to make up for the deficiency of traditional industrial terminals such as high video transmission delay and low speed, this paper researches and designs a video transmission system based on 5G technology. 5G is the most disruptive technology in the industrial Internet field. It is characterized by high speed, low latency, large capacity, mobility, security, etc. This system takes advantage of Rockchip RK3399 as the core processor for video data processing and makes use of Huawei MH5000 5G industrial module to connect to 5G wireless network. The 5G terminal device transmits the video data to the server through the 5G network, and the video data is forwarded to the client through the server for display. In this paper, a video data transmission protocol is designed for the real-time transmission of UAV video. This protocol can reduce the delay of video capture and transmission to client display. This system compares and analyzes the video transmission effects of several wireless transmission schemes. A large number of experiments have verified that the 5G video transmission delay is 49ms and 23 frames per second, which meets the needs of industrial applications.

This work first overviews a novel design, and prototype implementation, of a virtually transparent epidermal imagery (VTEI) system for laparo-endoscopic single-site (LESS) surgery. The system uses a network of multiple, micro-cameras and multiview mosaicking to obtain a panoramic view of the surgery area. The prototype VTEI system also projects the generated panoramic view on the abdomen area to create a transparent display effect that mimics equivalent, but higher risk, open-cavity surgeries. The specific research focus of this paper is on two important aspects of a VTEI system: 1) in vivo wireless high-definition (HD) video transmission and 2) multi-image processing-both of which play key roles in next-generation systems. For transmission and reception, this paper proposes a theoretical wireless communication scheme for high-definition video in situations that require extremely small-footprint image sensors and in zero-latency applications. In such situations the typical optimized metrics in communication schemes, such as power and data rate, are far less important than latency and hardware footprint that absolutely preclude their use if not satisfied. This work proposes the use of a novel Frequency-Modulated Voltage-Division Multiplexing (FM-VDM) scheme where sensor data is kept analog and transmitted via "voltage-multiplexed" signals that are also frequency-modulated. Once images are received, a novel Homographic Image Mosaicking and Morphing (HIMM) algorithm is proposed to stitch images from respective cameras, that also compensates for irregular surfaces in real-time, into a single cohesive view of the surgical area. In VTEI, this view is then visible to the surgeon directly on the patient to give an "open cavity" feel to laparoscopic procedures.

Video signals can be processed by homogeneous multiple digital signal processors (DSPs) using the overlap-save method. The target application of the video signal processor (VSP) was video phones and video conferencing, along with the development of International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) Recommendation H.261, video transmission over ISDN lines on which data rates are multiples of 64 kb/s. A commercial H.261 codec was developed based on the proposed VSP architecture, and the extension to high-definition TV (HDTV) signal processing had also been achieved and demonstrated. This article describes the challenge of real-time programmable VSP development during the 1980s.

FM-FDM (frequency division multiplexing) optical transmission equipment has been developed for 34-channel MUSE HDTV (high-definition television) signals to realize optical CATV (cable television) systems. The equipment uses an LD (laser diode) with a 1.3 mu m wavelength, a single-mode optical fiber, and an avalanche photodiode (APD). A good picture is received after a 42 km transmission. A part of the multiplexed signals is distorted near or below the threshold of an LD. When the number of transmission channels is small and the total optical modulation depth is large, this nonlinearity governs the power ratio of an FM signal to one distortion component-the DU ratio. However, when the number of transmission channels is large, the DU ratio is determined by the effective optical modulation depth rather than the total optical modulation depth. Furthermore, the method of system design is clarified for an optical trunk line CATV system. If no restriction on the transmission bandwidth of optical devices exists, approximately 30 km transmission of 100-channel MUSE HDTV signals is available with a received CN ratio of 17.5 dB.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Bicycles have several advantages over other transportation, one of which is its environmentally-friendly characteristic. The strength analysis consists of a series of strength calculations and simulations to save time and cost in the component design of a bicycle transmission system without chains. The design of a bicycle transmission system without a chain uses the French method, which begins by analyzing the needs based on a transmission system that already exists in the field and ends with a working picture of the strength analysis of a modified bicycle that has a chainless transmission system. The design of a bicycle transmission system without a chain is divided into two types of designs using the principle of the four connecting rod mechanism. Analysis of the power design shows that the two types of design of a bicycle transmission system without a chain work well as a bicycle transmission system.

The wide bandwidths of the communication and advanced bilateral robot control technologies have led us to realize multi-sensational teleoperation systems that provide auditory, visual, and haptic information of remote site to its operator simultaneously. Such teleoperation system is expected to be applied to medicine, education, work in hazardous environment, online game or other use. Especially, haptic sensation is extremely required to improve its operability and safety in medical operations. In this chapter, a teleoperation system is assumed to consist of three components, i.e., audio, video, and haptics transmission systems. In addition, each transmission system can be distinguished into local site and remote site. When the distance between the remote site and the local site of a teleoperation system is far enough, the performance of its communication line becomes crucial factor to decide the operability of the teleoperation. In general, since the data rate of video information is higher than the bandwidth of communication line, data compression is indispensable. Moreover, data compression and decompression are considered as time consuming processes. As a result, video transmission system must be delayed in principle. In multi-media context, audio transmission system should be delayed artificially so as to keep its playout delay to be the same as that of video transmission system. For example, lip sync is necessary for its operator to feel the audio and video contents in naturally. From this point of view, the bandwidth of its communication line is the only requirement for realize video and audio transmission systems. Even if these transmission systems are used to make a conversation for its operator with a remote person, it is said that 200ms delay is allowable. This requirement is rather negligible in the Internet in nowadays. On the other hand, a haptics transmission system requires short and stable performance of delay for communication line. This is because the achievable bandwidth of haptic sensation is limited by the round trip time of communication line since haptics transmission controller includes the delay inside of its closed control loop. In fact, a human being can feel the sense of touch at the tip of a finger up to about 400Hz. To recognize this bandwidth of haptic sensation, its sampling period must be higher than 800Hz according to Shannon’s sampling theory. Thus, the round trip time of communication line must be shorter than 1ms. This value is much shorter than the allowable delay of audio and video transmission systems. In short, haptics transmission system requires short delay while video transmission system requires wide bandwidth for communication line. 2

In the paper the features of protocols and the basic methods of organization of multimedia information transfer in telecommunication networks and distributed corporate safety networks are represented. The analysis of formats of basic elements of signals used in standards of multimedia information transfer is given.

This paper describes a real-time transmission & switching system design for high vision (high definition video) signal. The system uses ten CWDM wavelengths simultaneously to transmit two pairs of HDMI video signals over a distance of 10 km. It canalso switch to stations at up to 16 different sites. A 4 CWDM wavelength test bed operation has confirmed that the system works. The system has the advantage of the shortest possible time delay for High Vision signal transmission at a reasonable cost.

High-definition television (HDTV) systems are designed to be free of many of the artifacts that appear in NTSC transmissions. HDTV and enhanced-definition television (EDTV) systems that are compatible with NTSC can also be designed to be free of these artifacts. Signal processing used to maintain constant luminance and to eliminate cross color, cross luminance, interline flicker, and objectionable line structure is discussed.

Implementation of digital signal processing operations as part of the data acquisition process in high-energy physics detectors requires very high-speed devices. Signal processors are not typically used in these applications due to inadequate processing performance. New components developed for high-definition television (HDTV) are considered to be applicable for these purposes. By using programmable signal processors a superior reconfigurability can be obtained, as opposed to VLSI-based custom implementations. Where the algorithms are fixed when-the design has been completed. This paper presents one such processor, the DataWave video signal processor, and describes how some nonlinear algorithms for readout signal processing can be implemented with it. The operations selected include an order statistic filter structure and an FIR-order statistic hybrid (FIR-OS) filter with trainable coefficients and rank operator. Comments on the suitability of the DataWave processor for different kinds of algorithms are also given.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Multiresolution (MR) transmission of compressed video is performed using subbands. The subband decomposition is used for both hierarchical estimation of the motion and encoding of the motion-compensated error frame. With this approach, the video at a given resolution embeds lower-resolution video. Frequency roll-off of higher-frequency subbands is used to obtain visually pleasing low-resolution videos at low-bit rates. It is well known that the transmission of higher-resolution video requires finely quantized low-resolution video. The necessary refinement of the coarsely quantized low-resolution video is made by using multistage quantization. A novel technique is introduced to improve the performance of conventional multistage quantization. Simulation of a three-resolution MR coding system were made on a monochrome MIT test HD (high-definition) video, which is 30 frames long at 30 frames/s with 1600*960 8-bit pixels per frame.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

This article presents a discrete cosine transform (DCT) processor for high definition television (HDTV) by using an extended version of DSP Silicon Compiler. The extension is mainly concerned with module generation functions. A matrix-vector product module composed of multiply-accumulators (MACs) is newly added to the silicon compiler. The compiler accomplishes placement of leaf-cells and routing between the cells, referring to a prototype layout for the MAC. The prototype, which consists of a Booth multiplier and a carry look ahead adder, is carefully designed to attain high operation speed. The processor developed by the silicon compiler carries out 8×8 DCT and its inverse transform (IDCT). In order to evaluate the newly extended functions in the compiler, the architecture employed for the processor is based on the matrix-vector product method. By using DSP Silicon Compiler and 0.8 µm triple metal CMOS technology, the DCT processor is easily implemented with error-free environment and achieves a 50MHz data rate, which meets Japanese HDTV base line signal processing. The chip is implemented on a 12.80×12.57mm2 area.