Hybrid information forwarding in VANETs through named data networking

Boosting named data networking for data dissemination in urban VANET scenarios

Blockchain serves as a trust layer for data exchange in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) due to its immutability and transparency. However, it can also be abused to spread false and inaccurate information. Additionally, the explosive growth of data in VANETs and the limited storage capacity of edge nodes make it challenging to maintain the entire blockchain. To address these challenges, we propose an anonymous vehicle announcement scheme based on redactable blockchain. Specifically, we propose a novel ephemeral trapdoor revocable chameleon hash scheme (ETRCH) that enables decentralized management and enforced revocation of redaction privileges. ETRCH deploys multiple regulators, each capable of creating multiple ephemeral trapdoors. These regulators enable <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\boldsymbol}{k}$</tex-math></inline-formula>-out-of-<inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\boldsymbol}{n}$</tex-math></inline-formula> edge nodes associated with the same ephemeral trapdoor to collaboratively rewrite blockchain data, thereby addressing storage limitations. In addition, <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\boldsymbol}{k}$</tex-math></inline-formula>-out-of-<inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\boldsymbol}{n}$</tex-math></inline-formula> regulators can cooperate to update the ephemeral trapdoor and revoke the redaction privileges of any malicious regulator discovered to be abusing their privileges. To facilitate the threshold authentication of announcement messages, we construct a redactable threshold ring signature scheme (RTRS) based on ETRCH, enabling anonymous signing of announcements in VANETs. Additionally, if a regulator detects a false or misleading message, the content can be promptly rewritten. Finally, we conducted rigorous security analysis and comprehensive experiments to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme. The results demonstrate that compared to VANETs systems based on immutable blockchains, our scheme is both secure and efficient.

Software Defined Network (SDN) is getting popularity both from academic and industry. Lot of researches have been made to combine SDN with future Internet paradigms to manage and control networks efficiently. SDN provides better management and control in a network through decoupling of data and control plane. Named Data Networking (NDN) is a future Internet technique with aim to replace IPv4 addressing problems. In NDN, communication between different nodes done on the basis of content names rather than IP addresses. Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is a subtype of MANET which is also considered as a hot area for future applications. Different vehicles communicate with each other to form a network known as VANET. Communication between VANET can be done in two ways (i) Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) (ii) Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I). Combination of SDN and NDN techniques in future Internet can solve lot of problems which were hard to answer by considering a single technique. Security in VANET is always challenging due to unstable topology of VANET. In this paper, we merge future Internet techniques and propose a new scheme to answer timing attack problem in VANETs named as Timing Attack Prevention (TAP) protocol. Proposed scheme is evaluated through simulations which shows the superiority of proposed protocol regarding detection and mitigation of attacker vehicles as compared to normal timing attack scenario in NDN based VANET.

Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is one of the networking technology that is advancing widely in several countries. VANET research focuses mainly on the routing efficiency. Routing protocol becomes the main emphasis because there is a demand on fast and reliable route determination, where a route must be determined from a certain source to destination as fast as possible with an optimal accuracy. Each of the routing protocol, namely Topology Based Protocol and Geographic Based Protocol have their own trade-off. Therefore, we require a combination of these two routing protocols to resolve each of their cons. This paper implements a source route protocol method called DSR protocol with the help of intersection node at GPSR protocol to increase the data transmission reliability on VANET. Intersection node is a static node that stands at every crossroad. The experiment result shows that the implementation of source route with the help of intersection node was able to increase the reliability of data transmission on VANET.

Named data networking (NDN) is one representation and implementation of information-centric networking (ICN) and is considered to be among the most promising designs for the next generation of network architecture. The introduction of NDN into vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) and utilization of its content-centric characteristic to improve data transmission and distribution in VANETs has become a research hotspot in recent years. However, research on mobility support of NDN-based VANETs still faces many challenges. To solve the issue of data transmission path breaking due to <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Consumer</i> mobility in NDN-based VANETs, this article proposes a novel vehicle tracking-based <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Data</i> packet forwarding scheme (VTDF) to improve the successful delivery rate of <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Data</i> packets in mobile environments. In this approach, the urban road structure is divided into complex multi-junction and straight lane scenarios and <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Data</i> packets are forwarded according to vehicle movement information. Simulations indicated that this vehicle tracking scheme provides a lower average data transmission delay, shorter handover delay between roadside units, and higher data delivery rate for <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Consumers</i> compared to the standard methods.

Named data networking (NDN) has been considered as a promising networking architecture for vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs). However, interest forwarding in NDN suffers severe issues in vehicular environment. Broadcast storms result in much packet loss and huge transmission overhead. Also, link disconnection caused by highly dynamic topology leads to low packet delivery ratio and extreme long delay in data retrieval. Thus, an efficient NDN forwarding strategy to retrieve data is urgently required. In this paper, we propose the density-aware delay-tolerant (DADT) interest forwarding strategy to retrieve traffic data in vehicular NDN. DADT specifically addresses data retrieval during network disruptions using delay tolerant networking (DTN). It makes retransmission decisions based on directional network density. Also, DADT mitigates broadcast storms by using a rebroadcast deferring timer. We compared DADT against other strategies through simulation and the results show that it can achieve a higher satisfaction ratio while maintaining low transmission overhead.

Named Data Networking (NDN) is a future Internet architecture suitable for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs), since it provides solutions to frequent topology changes in VANETs. In NDN messages are exchanged according to their content and not to the location of the hosts. SDN provides centralized network control. This paper presents use cases for vehicular NDN scenarios, where SDN is a suitable solution to solve arising problems in VANETs. In particular, SDN assists for setting up rules that are used by RSUs to dictate to the vehicles how to perform forwarding in the VANET. Moreover, SDN could optimize the allocation of network resources. Finally, we present a network communication approach between different geographical areas using wired communication between SDN controllers or wireless communication in vehicles that are used as data mules in these areas. The areas are defined based on the communication range of RSUs.

Named Data Networking (NDN), an emerging communication model in the content centric networks, has recently presented a solid framework for the future Internet. The NDN exploits content name instead of host name (IP address) and content caching. These features make NDN particularly efficient in networks with intermittent connectivity and dynamic topologies such as mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). Due to the structure of NDN nodes, design of forwarding strategies has a vital impact on the network performance. In this paper, we propose a new forwarding strategy: redundancy elimination forwarding (REF). In REF, the NDN node structure and the operation of the data structures are modified. These modifications improve network performance in terms of throughput, overhead and resource requirements. REF strategy is simulated in different scenarios based on ndnSIM and the results demonstrate that it provides robust performance for various environments.

Superior to traditional vehicles, intelligent vehicles (IV) can share data in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) to provide a more comfortable and safer driving experience, based on the assumption that the data sharing is accountable and reliable. However, trusted data sharing in VANETs is always a paramount concern. We define that the trusted data sharing includes the three properties, namely data sharing accountability, privacy preservation, and transmission confidentiality. To address the problem, we propose a comprehensive solution including the trusted ledger model (TLM) and implement the Fengyi system to verify it. The TLM is a model that ensures the consistency of multiple data resources in a low trust distributed computing environment. Then, distributed Fengyi ledgers based on the TLM are proposed to keep data sharing accountable and private in VANETs. The Fengyi system is designed and implemented to provide authentication and encrypted communication services with the ledgers. Finally, we deploy the Fengyi system on three different platforms, checking the effectiveness and efficiency of the Fengyi system. The results show that the system can ensure trusted data sharing in VANETs, and the time cost for the verification of data sharing on-road is average 253.33μs, 38% lower than that in recent research.

Named data networking (NDN) supports receiver-driven content retrieval with stateful forwarding (pending interest table (PIT)/forwarding information base) and in-network caching, yet many deployments still rely on classical cryptography that may be undermined by quantum-capable adversaries. Despite NDN’s built-in data authenticity via producer signatures, quantum-enabled attacks become plausible once RSA/ECC-based trust anchors are weakened by Shor-type attacks. Existing quantum-security efforts for NDN largely focus on post-quantum replacements of signatures or key exchange, but do not address the tension between confidentiality-preserving payload protection and NDN’s in-network processing (forwarding/caching decisions) in a quantum setting. This paper presents a quantum-enhanced NDN architecture that preserves NDN’s content-centric semantics—naming, PIT-driven forwarding, and cache-assisted dissemination of verifiable control objects—while delivering privacy-sensitive payloads as quantum homomorphic encryption (QHE)-encrypted quantum states over an underlying quantum network. QHE provides end-to-end confidentiality and enables authorized operations on encrypted quantum payloads without exposing plaintext. To make the design compatible with NDN forwarding, the proposed protocol encrypts the payload while keeping name-based forwarding semantics intact, and supports ciphertext-domain processing for selected policy functions. To protect provenance and integrity of NDN metadata, routing instructions, and session state, we incorporate quantum digital signatures (QDS) bound to NDN names and session identifiers. The main contributions are: (i) a QHE+QDS layered protection model tailored to NDN’s Interest and Data exchange; (ii) a session workflow that couples proactive entanglement distribution with NDN-style stateful signaling for efficient establishment and recovery; and (iii) a security analysis clarifying the achieved guarantees and the remaining trust assumptions. Security analysis indicates robustness against quantum man-in-the-middle and tampering attacks, with modest overhead on NDN control traffic.

Using trust model to ensure reliable data acquisition in VANETs

A vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) plays an important role in the development of intelligent transportation systems; named data networking (NDN) has been considered one of the promising paradigms for next-generation Internet owing to its content-centric attributes. Thus, NDN-based VANET is emerging as a technique used in intelligent transportation system (ITS). In this study, a vehicle-tracking-based data packet forwarding (VTDF) strategy is proposed to solve the data-packet-forwarding problem in a continuously changing network topology environment caused by the mobility of the vehicle. Simulation results show that VTDF outperforms other related strategies in terms of average delay, handover delay, and delivery ratio.

It is useful to share location-dependent data items generated by vehicles such as a picture image of a traffic accident and the traffic condition around an intersection in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) for improving the driver safety and comfort. In VANETs, due to the mobility of vehicles, it is difficult to reliably access data on other nodes. To improve the accessibility of data from a vehicle to a vehicle, it will be effective to distribute replicas of location-dependent data in a certain areas such as the area around the birthplace of the data item so that a request message geocasted to a location of interest can reache a vehicle that has the replica of the requested data item. In this paper, we propose an information-sharing scheme for location-dependent data items generated by vehicles using the push and pull approaches to balance the reliable message delivery and the traffic for the data dissemination called “assigning populated area as message storage area (APAM) scheme”. In the APAM scheme, request messages for location-dependent data are sent from each vehicle to locations along routes where there are many vehicles. Additionally, replicas of the data items are distributed around the birthplace and on the main streets where the vehicle density is high. These operations enable the request messages to encounter the vehicles that have the replica of the corresponding data item on the main streets. Simulation results showed that the proposed scheme improved the access success rate compared with the existing strategies that distribute replicas to vehicles near the birthplace of the original data items.

Named Data Networking (NDN) is a new network architecture derived from the success of the Internet. Specifically, NDN addresses and identifies data by naming. Source and destination host addresses are not required for data communication in the NDN because the data is uniquely named instead. In the NDN network, the Forwarding Information Base (FIB) table is responsible for data forwarding, the Pending Interest Table (PIT) is liable for holding the state of data forwarding process, and the Content Store (CS) is used to stock data chunks within the network to optimize the forwarding time to the data without contacting to the content producer. All these data structures consume the memory of devices existing in the Named Data Networking of Things (NDNoT). Accordingly, the size of the FIB, PIT and CS needs to be carefully adjusted in NDNoT environments for performance tuning and Quality of Service (QoS) provisioning. In this study, we explore the issues of FIB sizing on average and maximum occupancy, reliability and maximum delay for constant bit rate (CBR) traffic where each content producer is addressed with a prefix name in the Cooja simulator environment. The results indicate that FIB table size has an impact on the reliability and maximum delay. During the number of records in FIB outpaces the count of nodes in the network, the reliability decreases gradually. Therefore, in constrained NDNoT environment careful allocation of the memory among FIB, PIT and CS becomes an important issue. According to our knowledge so far, this work is the first study showing the effect of FIB table on the performance in an NDNoT environment.

Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) are a fast growing technology that many governments and automobile manufacturers are investing in to provide not only safer and more secure roads, but also informational and entertainment-based applications for drivers. The applications developed for VANETs can be classified into multiple categories (safety, informational, entertainment). Most VANET applications, regardless of their category, depend on having certain vehicular data (vehicular speed, X position and Y position) available. Although these applications appear to use the same vehicular data, the characteristics of this data (i.e., amount, accuracy, and update rate) will vary based on the application category. For example, safety applications need an accurate version of the vehicular data with high frequency, but over short distances. Informational applications relax the data frequency constraint as they need the vehicular data to be reasonably accurate with less frequency, but over longer distances. If each of these applications shares the vehicular data with only its peers using its own mechanism, this behavior will not only introduce redundant functionalities (sending, receiving, processing, etc.) for handling the same data, but also wastefully consume the bandwidth by broadcasting the same data multiple times. Despite the differences in the data characteristics needed by each application, this data can be still shared. Vehicular networks introduce the potential for many co-existing applications. If we do not address the problem of data redundancy early, it may hinder the deployment and usefulness of many of these applications. Therefore, we developed a framework, cluster-based accurate syntactic compression of aggregated data in VANETs (CASCADE), for efficiently aggregating and disseminating commonly-used vehicular data. CASCADE is architccted as a layer that provides applications with a customized version of the vehicular data, based on parameters that each application registers with CASCADE. Additionally, the framework performs the common data handling functionalities (sending, receiving, aggregating, etc.) needed by the applications. This dissertation makes the following contributions: (1) a lossless data compression technique based on differential coding that is tailored for the characteristics of vehicular data; (2) a syntactic data aggregation mechanism that can represent the vehicular data in a 1.5 km area in one IEEE 802.11 frame; (3) a light-weight position verification technique that quickly detects false data with very low false positives; (4) a probabilistic data dissemination technique that alleviates the spatial broadcast storm problem and effectively uses the bandwidth to disseminate data to distant areas in a short amount of time in addition to having less redundancy and more coverage than other techniques. (5) a mechanism for recovering from the communication discontinuity problem in short time based on the traffic density in the opposite direction; (6) an investigation of the possible data structures for representing the vehicular data in a searchable format; (7) a parametric mechanism for matching the vehicular data and providing a customized version of the data that satisfies certain characteristics based on the parameter value. CASCADE through its four major components, local view, extended view, data security and data dissemination, provides an efficient solution for the problem of scalability for VANET applications.