Multi-Level Clustering Architecture and Protocol Designs for Wireless Sensor Networks

Moisture sensor acquires data of moisture content and water height of farmland; the data are transmitted by wireless sensor network and stored in data server to provide data mining and decision support for users, the utilization of wireless moisture sensor network could facilitate the excellent growth of crops and sustainable development of water resources. Based on self-design moisture sensor and actual monitoring needs of farmland moisture, this paper presents the architecture of wireless moisture sensor network and format of moisture data packet, designs the mechanisms of hierarchical storage, hierarchical error control and retransmission. Especially, the paper analyzes and simulates the mechanism of error control from respects of consuming time and correcting error ability, simulation results show that BCH coding is more suitable for wireless moisture sensor network than RS coding.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNS) is an important part of the perception layer for the Internet of Things (IoT). It is one of the basic tools of collecting data for the Internet of Things. Trusted architecture is key for trusted transmission in the wireless sensor networks and applying support of the Internet of Things. In the paper, the wireless sensor networks is studied for the Internet of Things in the farmland. Based on wireless sensor network architecture, the trusted architecture for farmland wireless sensor networks is designed. The control flow of trusted architecture is discussed in detail. Additionally the trusted protocol model and the implement frame and phases are presented detailed. And the experimental data records show the trusted architecture for farmland wireless sensor networks can afford trusted and reliable data transmission for wireless sensor networks.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are becoming an increasingly important technology that will be used in a variety of applications such as environmental monitoring, infrastructure management, public safety, medical, home and office security, transportation, and military. WSNs will also play a key role in pervasive computing where computing devices and people are connected to the Internet. Until now, WSNs and their applications have been developed without considering a management solution. This is a critical problem since networks comprising tens of thousands of nodes are expected to be used in some of the applications above. This article proposes the MANNA management architecture for WSNs. In particular, it presents the functional, information, and physical management architectures that take into account specific characteristics of this type of network. Some of them are restrict physical resources such as energy and computing power, frequent reconfiguration and adaptation, and faults caused by nodes unavailable. The MANNA architecture considers three management dimensions: functional areas, management levels, and WSN functionalities. These dimensions are specified to the management of a WSN and are the basis for a list of management functions. The article also proposes WSN models to guide the management activities and the use of correlation in the WSN management. This is a first step into a largely unexplored research area.

In this paper, we propose a novel hierarchical architecture for a large wireless sensor network (WSN) wherein sensors are arranged into a multi-layer architecture with the nodes at each layer interconnected as a de Bruijn graph and provide a hierarchical routing algorithm in the network. Using our approach, every sensor obtains a unique node identifier addressed by binary addressing fashion. We show that our algorithm has reasonable fault-tolerance, admits simple and decentralized routing, and offers easy extensibility. We also present simulation results showing the average delay, success data delivery radio in our approach. And we received acceptable results for some potential applications.

In wireless sensor networks, sensor nodes have limited battery power. Data aggregation is an important technique in a wireless sensor network to reduce the energy consumption by eliminating the redundant data and delivering useful data to the user. Data aggregation technique is used to gather the data sensed by the sensor nodes in the network and aggregates the sensed data in an energy-efficient way so that overall network lifetime can be increased. Cluster, tree, chain, and grid are some of the architectures for data aggregation in wireless sensor networks. In this paper, authors present an analysis-based survey of data aggregation protocols for tree-based architecture in wireless sensor networks. The authors analyze each algorithm on the basis of performance measurements such as network lifetime, energy consumption, and node distance. Authors also compare these algorithms on the basis of the preferred parameter and a key feature of each algorithm. In the fifth section of the paper, authors described the proposed approach to construct the data aggregation tree to maximize the network lifetime. In the proposed approach, authors used distance parameter to construct minimum spanning tree, and other parameters such as load and energy are preferred in a balanced manner to reduce the energy consumption and to maximize the network lifetime.

A hierarchical architecture for wireless sensor network (WSN) consisting of heterogeneous devices is introduced in this paper. Proposed architecture is well suited for surveillance of critical infrastructures and it is designed to be scalable for various different scenarios. Low power consumption will be achieved by utilizing a wake-up radio concept which enables to keep the most power consuming devices at the sleep mode as long as possible. A WSN OpenAPI gateway (WOAG) component of the architecture supports high scalability by enabling data collection and sharing from networks deployed using multiple different technologies. WOAG facilitates WSNs information availability to local and remote end-users. Analytical energy efficiency optimization model for the architecture is developed. Results show energy efficiency gains that can be achieved with the proposed wake-up concept based intelligent hierarchical architecture design. For low event frequency case the energy efficiency is found to be one order of magnitude better than for duty cycle (1 %) radio based network.

The increasing interest of researchers in service oriented architecture (SOA) for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is opening new unexplored venues in the field of WSNs. In service oriented systems, services are configured and composed of various other services and thus perform complex tasks. In such composite services, the geospatial locations of services and their coverage is of vital importance as they signify the geospatial relevance of the service to the area of interest to the user. In this paper, we present a service-oriented system for WSNs that is capable of performing service configuration under geospatial and relevancy constraints. We present and evaluate "Cost Based Model (CBM)" and "Gain Based Model (GBM)" approaches to capture the relevancy of services hosted on WSN nodes in composite service configuration. The system is resilient to failures and can operate in manual or autonomous recovery modes. The system supports three service configuration methods namely, distributed, centralized and hybrid. Furthermore, we present a novel emulation mechanism for testing the performance of our proposed relevancy models and show that our system efficiently configures services.

Advancements in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) technologies have enabled their introduction in various application fields. A large number of these applications use sensitive data that require securing algorithms. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey on the most commonly used security techniques in wireless sensor networks. In this survey, we also present the different implementations on numerous platforms used to realize these security algorithms with special attention to power consumption. Based upon our findings, we propose the main characteristics and parts of a new solution to realize a low power wireless sensor node with high level of security.

Sensor networks are an apt amalgamation of sensing, processing and communication. These networks are formed using tiny inexpensive sensor nodes which have the attributes of low processing power and short radio ranges. They steer themselves to numerous applications and at the same instance, encounter stark energy constraints and face scarce memory resources. The discerning personas of sensor networks also have a direct influence on the hardware design of these nodes. Innumerable hardware platforms like Crossbow, Intel, and IvMote have been fabricated to examine the ideas of the research community and to implement applications in all arenas of science and technology. With so many applications designed in this area, security issues are of paramount importance. In this article, security architectures on the two layers of the network stack—link layer and network layer have been surveyed. The paper surveys the various security requirements for designing a wireless sensor network discussing the architecture of the protocols in comparison with the security primitives of IEEE 802.15.4 standard for wireless sensor network (Shon and Choi in Towards the implementation of reliable data transmission for 802.15.4-based wireless sensor. Ubiquitous intelligence and computing, 5061. Lecture notes in computer science, 363–372, 2008). The paper examines TinySec (Karlof et al. in TinySec: a link layer security architecture for wireless sensor networks. In: Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on embedded networked sensor systems, 2004) a standard protocol used in TinyOS; the operating system deployed in sensor networks; and C-Sec (Moh’d et al. in C-Sec: energy efficient link layer encryption protocol for wireless sensor networks. In: Proceedings in consumer communications and networking conference (CCNC), 2012) at the link layer and MiniSec (Luk et al. in iniSec: a secure sensor network communication architecture. In: Proceedings of the 6th international conference on information processing in sensor networks (IPSN ‘07), New York, 2007) and MoteSec-Aware (Tsou et al. in IEEE Trans Wirel Commun 12(6):2817–2829, 2013) at the network layer. The survey focusses on the vulnerabilities dealt by each protocol, their challenges with respect to energy consumption, scalability and availability. It also highlights the challenges that the protocols have not been able to handle because of resource restrictions. It also projects some future research directions in the area of security.

A network comprising of several minute wireless sensor nodes which are organized in a dense manner is called as a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). Fig 1 demonstrates the architecture of wireless sensor networks. Every node estimates the state of its surroundings in this network. The estimated results are then converted into the signal form in order to determine the features related to this technique after the processing of the signals. Based on the multi hop technique, the entire data that is accumulated is directed towards the special nodes which are considered as the sink nodes or the Base Station (BS). The user at the destination receives the data through the internet or the satellite via gateway. The use of the gateway is not very necessary as it is reliant on the distance between the user at the destination and the network [1].

Service-oriented architectures for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been proposed to provide an integrated platform, where new applications can be rapidly developed through flexible service composition. In WSNs, the existing multipath routing schemes have demonstrated the effectiveness of traffic distribution over multipaths to fulfill the quality of service requirements of applications. However, the failure of links might significantly affect the transmission performance, scalability, reliability, and security of WSNs. Thus, by considering the reliability, congestion control, and security for multipath, it is desirable to design a reliable and service-driven routing scheme to provide efficient and failure-tolerant routing scheme. In this paper, an evaluation metric, path vacant ratio, is proposed to evaluate and then find a set of link-disjoint paths from all available paths. A congestion control and load-balancing algorithm that can adaptively adjust the load over multipaths is proposed. A threshold sharing algorithm is applied to split the packets into multiple segments that will be delivered via multipaths to the destination depending on the path vacant ratio. Simulations demonstrate the performance of the adaptive and secure load-balance routing scheme. © 2014 IEEE.

Organized intelligent communications can effectively improve the surveillance quality for wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we propose a decentralized Belief-Desire-Intention (BDI) oriented system that adopts the BDI mental architecture for wireless sensor networks. It tunes the sensor operational parameters in order to reduce the power consumption upon the satisfactory of the situational awareness quality. In the BDI intelligent architecture, the agent behavior is composed of beliefs, desires, intentions, and actions. Various methods are used in the agents to optimize the initial sensing coverage, network connectivity, senor sleep schemes, and packet transmissions. Simulation results for a special situational awareness application demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system.

In this paper we investigate the benefits of a heterogeneous architecture for wireless sensor networks composed of a few resource rich mobile nodes and a large number of simple static nodes. These mobile nodes can either act as mobile relays or mobile sinks. To investigate the performance of these two options and the trade-offs associated with these two options, we first consider a finite network. We then compute the lifetime for different routing algorithms for three cases (i) when the network is all static (ii) when there is one mobile sink and (iii) when there is one mobile relay. We find that using the mobile node as a sink results in the maximum improvement in lifetime. We contend however that in hostile terrains, it might not always be possible for the sink to be mobile. We then investigate the performance of a large dense network with one mobile relay and show that the improvement in network lifetime over an all static network is upper bounded by a factor of four. Also, the proof implies that the mobile relay needs to stay only within a two hop radius of the sink. We then construct a joint mobility and routing algorithm which comes close to the upper bound. However this algorithm requires all the nodes in the network to be aware of the location of the mobile node. We then proposed an alternative algorithm, which achieves the same performance, but requires only a limited number of nodes in the network to be aware of the location of the mobile. We finally compare the performance of the mobile relay and mobile sink and show that for a densely deployed sensor field of radius R hops, we require O(R) mobile relays to achieve the same performance as the mobile sink.

Traditionally Multi-Agent Systems have been thought of in terms of devices that possess a relatively rich set of resources e.g. power, memory, computational ability and communication bandwidth. This is usually necessary due to the complex deliberation and negotiation processes they require to fulfil their goals. Recently, networked devices have become available on the millimeter scale called Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), which pose new challenges because of their constrained resources. However what these devices lack in resources they make up for in numbers due to their small inexpensive nature. In this paper we identify some of the existing MAS architectures for WSNs, and we propose some novel architectures of our own.

Cryptography and authentication are traditional approach for providing network security. However, they are not sufficient for solving the problems which malicious nodes compromise whole wireless sensor network leading to invalid data transmission and wasting resource by using vicious behaviors. This paper puts forward an extended hierarchical trusted architecture for wireless sensor network, and establishes trusted congregations by three-tier framework. The method combines statistics, economics with encrypt mechanism for developing two trusted models which evaluate cluster head nodes and common sensor nodes respectively. The models form logical trusted-link from command node to common sensor nodes and guarantees the network can run in secure and reliable circumstance.