Performance driven architecture development: issues, methods, tools and paradigms

This paper analyses various methods of developing the architecture of intelligent transportion systems (ITS). It is shown that ITS architecture is one of the main conditions determining the success of ITS design and creation, because ITS architecture describes the needs of ITS par-ticipants, functions, data flows and subsystems interaction. The main directions of ITS architecture development are given in the article. Two main approaches to ITS architecture development are analysed: process-oriented and object-oriented. The results of comparison of these methods by such parameters as method of analysis, updating and maintenance, complexity of logical architecture, complexity of physical architecture are given.

A major cause of many complications in the field of software architectures is the lack of appropriate abstractions for separating, combining and encapsulating concerns of various kinds in architectural descriptions. Architectures of most complex software-intensive systems involve concerns that inherently crosscut the natural boundaries of the elements composing the architecture descriptions. Crosscutting concerns intersect the common modularity of systems as prescribed by their architecture descriptions, by traversing both the components and connectors, i.e., the relationships among the components. Crosscutting concerns are critical aspects of many architectural problems. However, architectural descriptions written in special-purpose languages (ADLs) like Wright, Darwin, Rapide and Acme should support descriptions of multiple structures, which include diagrams, models and views, that intentionally address different kinds of concerns. ADLs should show how various concerns affect each other in architectural designs; they should also allow one to identify, analyze and elaborate architectural concerns that cut across several software components, such as transactions, security, load balancing, synchronization, reuse, customization, scalability, etc.; they should, but they do not. This dissertation presents a new approach to software architecture that is suitable for supporting concern-oriented development and documentation of architectures for software-intensive systems. This approach allows for creating and documenting a multidimensional software structure that is referred to as concern-oriented software architecture; it provides new mechanisms for encapsulating individual concerns into independent architectural constructs. The ultimate goal of this new approach is to provide support for achieving design by concerns all through the development and description of software architectures. Moving towards this goal, we present a particular concern-oriented architectural framework called Perspectival Concern-Spaces (PCS). The PCS Framework offers a flexible and extensible means a) for supporting advanced separation of concerns in architectural design, and in the construction and evolution of software-intensive systems; and b) for filling the gap between architectural descriptions and modern software development artifacts. To show the feasibility of the proposed approach, we provide new modeling techniques that are used to describe and apply an aspect-oriented architectural pattern, called the On-demand Remodularization pattern. We give several examples of how the PCS Framework can be used to integrate concern-oriented architectural documentations with mainstream software development artifacts.

Under the relevant regulations, it is required to develop a system architecture for the research and development of the information and communication infra system ; however, the national defense architecture development guides and MND-AF, which provide the instructions on the development and utilization of a system architecture, are still limited to the ITA level and merely providing the guidelines for developing the information system centric architecture. Thus, it is evident that we need a suitable architecture development methodology that corresponds to the growing needs for the communication infra system architecture, as well as the general weapon system architecture. Improving a meta-model is the core of improving a architecture framework. It determines a contents of a architecture and it influences a efficiency and a effectiveness of a architecture. The meta-model of the architecture framework must reflect concerns of various stakeholders and provide a traceability among them. Also, it should be easy to develop and use the architecture by securing the feasibility of the logical relationships and eliminating the duplication of the data inside the architecture. It is implemented through the development of the data-centric architecture and achieved through the "Fit-for-purpose" concept.

The crowdsourcing literature has shown that domain experts are not always the best solvers for complex system design problems. Novices and specialists in adjacent domains can, under certain conditions, provide novel solutions at lower costs. Additionally, the best types of solvers for different sub-problems are dependent on the architecture of complex systems. The assignment of solvers based on the architecture, referred to as Solver-Aware System Architecting (SASA), expands traditional system architecting practices by considering solver characteristics and contractual incentive mechanisms in the design process and aims to improve complex system design and innovation by leveraging the strengths of domain experts, crowds, and specialists for different parts of the problem. Given the complexity of system design problems and the variety of solvers available, it is desirable to have heuristics to guide solver assignment to different problems. Developing effective heuristics for solver assignments in complex system design is challenging due to a large number of possible combinations of problem-solver pairs. To address this challenge, this paper presents a computational approach using a multi-armed bandit (MAB) formulation to generate heuristics for solver assignment. The approach is demonstrated using a simple and idealized problem of golf, which has characteristics similar to design problems, including how the problem is decomposed into sub-problems, and solved by different solvers. The results show that the proposed approach is effective in deriving a rich set of heuristics for the golf problem, and can be extended in the future to more complex systems design problems.

38Адаптивная система защиты сенсорных сетей от активных атак Вопросы кибербезопасности. 2022. No 6(52) Architecture of AdAptiVe protection system for sensor netWorK Basan A.S.6 , Basan E.S.7 , Peskova O.Yu.8 , Sushkin N.A.9 , Shulika M.G.10 Purpose: Development of the adaptive protection system architecture for sensor networks and cyber-physical systems for anomaly detection based on the collection and analysis of cyber-physical parameters. Method: The method is based on the use of probability theory, mathematical statistics, and information theory. The entropy measure and normalization of the raw data make it possible to unify the data and evaluate it in terms of anomaly detection. Results: The existing solutions for the protection of cyber-physical systems from external active attacks were analyzed. The architecture of an adaptive system for a cyber-physical system protection is proposed. As part of the representation of the node data collection and analysis subsystem, a method for estimating cyber-physical parameters to detect intrusions is proposed. Three parameter changes for four behavioral scenarios were analyzed in detail in this study. Even by three parameters, you can determine the difference between attacks and normal behaviors. It is possible to evaluate not only the fact of parameter change, but also the degree of its change. At the same time, the node autonomously compared changes in its parameters with changes in the parameters of the neighboring node and could identify the impact of the attack on the neighboring node. The scientific novelty primarily consists in the fact that for the first time a method for determining the abnormal activity of a cyber-physical system based on the evaluation of system parameters using a measure of entropy and normalization of raw data has been developed, which makes it possible to achieve a high level of detection of known and unknown attacks. This method can be effectively used also for autonomous systems. The original architecture of the adaptive system for protecting the cyber-physical system is also proposed, its main components are worked out. When implementing an attack in a distributed system, this development will allow the node to detect anomalies not only autonomously, but also distributed, that is, to detect the impact on neighboring nodes.

Beginning in 1990, the University of Arizona, Arizona Remote Sensing Center (ARSC) has been involved in a collaborative effort with the Global Information and Early Warning System (GIEWS) and the Remote Sensing Center of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations in designing and developing an integrated computer workstation for famine early warning. The goal of the project is to provide food security analysts with a set of computer tools to manage a very large and diverse set of data for predicting the onset of food security emergencies for every country on Earth. The initial stage of the project involved the conceptual definition of system elements and the development of overall system architecture. We are now developing an open, flexible, and portable system designed to significantly assist the work of the analysts. System architecture provides a task-specific and user-friendly graphic user interface (GUI) within a Windows environment that will link image processing, geographic information system (GIS), spreadsheet, text, and graphics software packages into a single operational environment. A relational database management system (RDBMS) is serving as the back-end of the workstation to facilitate data storage and retrieval and as a means to preserve analysis methodologies.

This paper describes the development of an online TV system's architecture. First similar platforms are analysed. A Human Machine Interface is proposed. The RTSP protocol, necessary to supply video broadcasting services in real time is also described.

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Today, most vehicles in developing countries are equipped with air conditioning systems that work with Hydro-Fluoro-Carbons (HFC) based refrigerants. These refrigerants are potential greenhouse gases with a high global warming potential (GWP) that adversely impact the environment. Without the rapid phasedown of HFCs under the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol and other actions, Earth will soon pass climate tipping points that will be irreversible within human time dimensions. Up to half of national HFC use and emissions are for the manufacture and service of mobile air conditioning (MAC). Vehicle manufacturers supplying markets in non-Article 5 Parties have transitioned from HFC-134a (ozone-safe, GWP = 1400; TFA emissions) to Hydro-Fluoro-Olefin, HFO-1234yf (ozone-safe, GWP < 1; TFA emissions) due to comparable thermodynamic properties. However, the transition towards the phasing down of HFCs across all sectors is just beginning for Article 5 markets. Patents on R-1234yf will soon expire, just as scarcity is likely to drive the price of R-134a to historic highs.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">This work consists of two case studies, specific to an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) and an Electric Vehicle (EV). Two different refrigeration system architectures are examined. Both the shortlisted vehicles have different and complex AC system architectures. Complex AC system architectures are selected in this study with the objective of understanding and deploying the learnings in vehicles with less complex and simpler AC system architectures. The ICE vehicle selected for the study has a dual AC configuration with two cooling points (front and rear), using DX architecture. In the EV, an architecture similar to that of the ICE vehicle is deployed for cabin cooling, but unlike the ICE vehicle, it has a secondary coolant-based loop provisioned for battery thermal management. For this study, the baseline HFC-134a refrigerant is replaced by a ‘drop-in’ alternate low-GWP HFO-1234yf refrigerant in both vehicles.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">This study focuses on cooling performance evaluation with existing HFC refrigerant and proposed HFO refrigerant for both AC system architectures, gap identification, and proposing common and unique solutions for bridging the performance gaps.</div></div>

Attention and time constraints in perceptual-motor learning and performance: Instruction, analogy, and skill level

Current system architectures are typically attributed to the technical leader that holds the formal title of “System Architect” and for larger projects there may be a team of system architects. There is no question that this person (or team) is responsible for the development and management of the system architecture. However, a theory in cognitive science known as “Distributed Cognition” challenges the notion that a single person or a single team can entirely understand the implemented architecture. This theory can aid in our understanding of system architectures and thus improve the probability of a successful implementation of an architecture. When applied to the domain of systems engineering, distributed cognition theory suggests that a system architecture can only be fully understood through the collective minds of the group that develops and implements the architecture. In fact, the group's understanding likely diverges from the understanding of any single individual. This helps explain why architectures implemented by a large group commonly deviate from the vision held by the lead system architect(s). After system architectures are understood as a distributed “system of knowledge”, a systems engineer can actively manage the interfaces between distributed units of knowledge. The goal is to ensure that the collective system of understanding is a healthy system, and thereby increase the probability of success that the implemented architecture will meet the needs in the problem space. This paper summarizes current research in distributed cognition and applies that research to form heuristics that can be leveraged when developing and implementing an architecture.

The aim of this paper is to present the design process of a visual tool aiming at enhancing the integration of an advanced AMAN in an innovative working environment designed for Terminal sectors, i.e. sectors mainly dealing with traffic inbound or outbound from a major or several major airports. The paper notably emphasizes the way HMI techniques can address a rather complex issue such as the integration of a sequencing tool and the way human being can take into account new information in an ecological way, thanks to adapted design process. The paper firstly introduces the controlling activity in terminal sectors. Then, the article presents the sequencing tool current functionalities and the results of a survey that highlights tool's potential improvements that could be foreseen especially in response to difficulties met by some controllers to translate AMAN information in meaningful and operative notions. In the last part, the paper proposes to describe the user centered design process methodology and the way it has been applied in order to improve AMAN operators' efficiency. The result of the design process proposes a more direct (based on direct perception) and intuitive approach than the current one based on time constraints. The design takes indeed advantages of man's powerful perceptive skills to recognize patterns and evaluate shapes. Observations of trials with the resulting electronic prototype enable to highlight operators' strategies in the use of the tool and to give a first qualitative assessment of the design.

System architecture is considered a fundamental element in the development of large and complex electrical systems. This is because a good architecture assures that the system fulfils and will fulfil after future upgrades all required quality demands. In addition to the well-designed architecture, the development of such systems today requires agile methods, especially when it comes to the development of software. This is mostly to assure quality and fast innovations cycles reaching customers early and directly incorporating their feedback into the development process. In order to coordinate the work of many agile teams in large organizations, it is usually necessary to employ frameworks for scaling agile development. One such frameworks is SAFe (Scaled Agile Framework) proven to work in many industries. Despite dedicating roles to the development of the system architecture at all organizational levels (e.g., System and Solution Architects), SAFe does not recognize the need for holistic architectural teams responsible for assuring that all architectural decisions are made in the best interest of the entire system. In this paper, we discuss the organization, responsibility and collaboration between such architecture teams - the Complete System Architects - and System/Solution Architects in SAFe. The results are based on the ongoing agile transformation at Volvo Cars based on SAFe.

The characteristics, principles, and directions of sustainable development in architecture have been identified. The economic feasibility of implementing sustainable development in architecture has been substantiated. The Fourth Industrial Revolution has been considered in the context of sustainable development. The authors suggest utilising the latest technologies and innovations to enhance production efficiency, reduce emissions through the implementation of clean technologies, and utilise resources rationally. By combining the opportunities presented by the Fourth Industrial Revolution with sustainable development approaches, it is possible to achieve a balance between economic, social, and environmental aspects of development. Sustainable architecture aims to minimise negative environmental impacts and improve building performance by consuming fewer resources, reducing waste, and creating a functional and productive environment. The text discusses the importance of sustainable principles in architecture, including adaptability of architecture, recycling of resources, use of sustainable and renewable materials, and energy efficiency. The economic feasibility of applying sustainable principles in design has also been considered and justified. Additionally, the text provides examples of innovative architectural designs. This is a crucial step towards implementing sustainable building practices. The adaptability of architecture enhances space efficiency by enabling areas to serve various functions based on user requirements. Resource recycling minimises waste and the expense of extracting new materials. The use of sustainable and renewable materials aids in reducing the ecological impact of construction. Energy efficiency helps to decrease energy consumption and GHG emissions. Further research and innovative architectural designs can accelerate the development of sustainable construction and promote its wider adoption in the future. The authors suggest that taking into account the costs of building, maintaining, and operating buildings, as well as a balanced cost-benefit ratio, can significantly influence decision-making in the design and construction process. The authors argue that implementing environmental solutions in architecture may raise the initial project cost. However, in the long run, it can lead to significant economic benefits by reducing energy and maintenance costs, as well as increasing the overall value of the building.

The energy–water nexus has been studied predominantly through discussions of policy options supported by data surveys and technology considerations. As the degree of coupling between the energy and water systems is affected by the design and operation of various engineered system components, our understanding of the nexus and ability to tackle its associated challenges would be enhanced by a system-of-systems engineering model. Such a model, however, requires, first, the development of an appropriate system architecture that clearly identifies the relevant flows of matter and energy and the defining system parameters. This paper presents a reference system architecture for this purpose developed and presented with the Systems Modeling Language (SysML). Once instantiated, this architecture can serve three purposes. First, the presented graphical models can serve qualitative discussions on where and how the supply and demand of water and energy are interdependent. Second, within the operations timescale, the SysML models can support the development of automated information technology and control solutions that integrate energy and water management. Finally, at a planning timescale, the models can inform quantitative decisions on how to best grow and reconfigure the water, wastewater, and energy infrastructure.

Reliability-aware software architecture development has recently been gaining growing attention among software architects. This paper tackles the issue by introducing an ontology-based approach, called OntoArch, which is characterized by: 1) integration of software reliability engineering and software architecture design; 2) targeting reliability-aware software architecture development; and 3) OntoArch ontology in the context of software architecture design and software reliability engineering. The OntoArch approach is validated by applying the OntoArch approach to the development of a PIR (Personal Information Repository) system architecture.