Some Principles of Architecture

Guided by two architectural design principles, we investigated whether differences in the ways intergenerational households were structured could predict the odds of intergenerational households breaking apart. The two architectural design principles guiding our study were: (a) to classify structures, such as intergenerational households, according to a hierarchical ordering, in our case, a generational hierarchy, first, second, third, and so forth); and (b) to identify a central entity or focal point responsible for maintaining the structure, again for us, the focal generation responsible for a household. Applying both principles to a rich source of data that contained a large sample of intergenerational households, we found striking differences in odds of breakups by generational ordering, focal generation, and race. Whereas white three-generation households headed by grandparents were the most likely to break up, black skipped-generation households headed by grandparents were the least likely to break up.

This chapter describes a method and techniques to define and apply architecture principles. We define a generic process, which is based on the conceptual model as presented earlier, as well as on existing methods and real-world experiences. The process provides a concrete approach for handling architecture principles, thereby bridging the gap between theory and practice. The process starts with the determination of the drivers, which are the foundation for architecture principles. In subsequent subprocesses the architecture principles themselves are determined, specified, classified, validated and applied. The application of architecture principles entails deriving more specific directives from them, as well as transforming them to diagrammatic representations. The next subprocess is using architecture principles to determine whether projects comply with the architecture. Architecture principles are positioned as the primary enablers for an effective architecture governance. The final subprocess intends to handle changes to the architecture, which may restart the initial subprocess.KeywordsDomain KnowledgeArchitecture ModelEnterprise ArchitectureAmbition LevelStrategic GoalThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

<p>As the world’s population rapidly becomes significantly more urban than rural, the structures that enable urban adapted living can also become a barrier between humans and the living ecosystems they are a part of and have evolved within. It is becoming increasingly apparent that urbanisation in its current form, which tends to entail a disconnection with nature is having negative impacts on the minds and bodies of residents (such as excessive stress, headaches and fatigue). This thesis explores the theories of biophilia and how architects can respond to the adverse effects of urbanisation on humans by applying biophilic concepts to the built environment; this being biophilic design. The research investigates how to invite people into designed spaces that connect them with the immediate ecosystem, the outcomes that are felt on the mind and body. Specifically, biophilic principles and the articulation of the nature of a space is explored regarding their importance for reducing stress, encouraging relaxation and restoring cognitive functions, to potentially ignite a ripple effect that can change the way in which we live our daily lives in urban settings. Wellington, New Zealand has been identified as a global ‘biophilic city’ and is the chosen site for this design-led thesis, which tests how an area largely devoid of nature can be redesigned and used in a positive way to entice and draw people through space. The intention is to further enhance the connections made between the existing biophilic interventions and ultimately improve the holistic health of those who experience the urban setting. A set of biophilic criteria are developed and used in the design, with the outcome of this design exploration being a collaborative Ecologies Design Lab where professionals and students from different disciplines can come together for the collective goal of forwarding urban biophilic practice research. In addition to this, the intervention is designed to encourage the public to interact with the building, widening the scope of the building and targeted demographic. The investigation of aspects in biophilic design and how this can draw people through and beyond the immediate site to existing biophilically alive spots in other parts of the city is examined in correlation with other complementary theories such as narrative design, interior architecture principles, landscape architecture and founding architectural principles. The research aims to propose a journey throughout the city intent on initiating the healing process that occurs as people experience a connection with nature, either literally or metaphorically.</p>

A high percentage of information system projects still fails due to poor implementation of requirements. Over the years, investigations by numerous scientists suggest that architecture principles are important in the successful implementation of those information systems requirements. However, these investigations are of a theoretical nature; until now, no validation in practice has taken place. Our research stresses this empirical validation: do architecture principles work in real-life situations? To find this evidence, we need an instrument to measure architecture principles, in order to establish the connection between principle and project success. The focus of this paper is such an architecture principle measurement instrument. We describe the results of a literature study, yielding both the definition and the characteristics of the architecture principle. Besides the measurement instrument, we describe the related measurement method, including the test in a real-life case. Based on the outcome of the case study, we extend the instrument with additional architecture principles characteristics and attributes, and we improve the measurement method.

In today’s business environments, organizations are confronted with technological advancements, regulatory uncertainties, and time-to-market pressures. The ability to detect relevant changes and to react timely and effectively becomes an important determinant for business survival. As a result, enterprises apply agile methods to larger projects as a part of their digital transformation. The adoption of agile methods at scale poses new challenges such as establishing effective knowledge networks or coordinating various development activities to produce desirable enterprise-wide effects. The latter can be addressed by applying architecture principles. However, there is a lack of academic research on how architecture principles can be created and applied in large-scale agile development. Against this backdrop, we propose a prototypical web application called “Architecture Belt” that supports the establishment of architecture principles. It uses social design principles and the analogy of belts in martial arts to enforce the application of architecture principles by exerting institutional pressures on agile teams.KeywordsLarge-scale agile developmentArchitecture principlesArchitecture Belt

<p>The aim of the presented work is to present the design of a residential house on the Montenegrin coast in the town of Krašići, designed according to the principles of bioclimatic architecture with reference to the systems whose implementation is foreseen during the design process. They refer to the applied measures of reducing total energy consumption, achieving thermal comfort during the winter and passive cooling during the summer. The work shows how solutions such as a green roof, glasshouse, green facade and other solutions are implemented during the design process in order to achieve the mentioned goals. Due to the increased construction of buildings in cities, the need for energy also increases, which is mainly satisfied by the use of non-renewable sources, known for leaving lasting consequences on the environment. Green construction and rational use of energy can contribute to saving resources and preserving the environment. The presented solution of the family house is trying to reduce the need for energy necessary for its efficient use throughout the year through a smart analysis of the location's potential. Coastal architecture, to which Montenegrin architecture belongs, is recognizable by its architecture in stone, stable and authentic. The author’s aim is to create a modern house that is in step with the times with its design expressions and applied systems, while at the same time respecting the Mediterranean tradition of building with stone. The family house, in addition to the desire of implementing the principles of bioclimatic architecture, first of all required a well-designed function so that, all together would result in a high-quality space for a family to stay on the attractive Montenegrin coast. Given that almost 90% of the time is spent in buildings, the family house, in addition to the desire to implement the principles of bioclimatic architecture, first of all required a well-solved function so that, all together, it would result in a quality space for the family to stay on the attractive Montenegrin coast.</p>

Chinese residing in various countries can strongly maintain their culture, shown in the form of a distinctive architectural identity. The principles of Chinese architecture certainly experience adaptation to various natural and cultural contexts of countries outside their home country, the four-seasons country, Mainland China. Current situation of Yogyakarta as a fast-growing tourism destination, diverse in cultures and nature is both an opportunity and threat towards Chinese housing established since 1755. In this research, the principles of Chinese architecture in their home countries will be studied, as a major influence of Chinese Peranakan Housing in Yogyakarta in order to understand and later on categorize each housing based on it’s architectural characteristics. Research methods are in stages, the first stage being literature review on typology and principles of Chinese architecture; the second stage is to structure and analyze the architectural characteristic findings; and the third stage is to draw conclusions from the process of interpretation, answering the research questions. The results are in the form of architectural characteristics derived from philosophy, principles, libation ritual, and kingship in early China to 1900s China.

Formalization of architecture principles by means of ORM and Object Role Calculus (ORC) is explored After a discussion on reasons for formalizing such principles, and of the perceived relationship between principles and (business) rules, two exploratory example formalizations are presented and discussed They concern architecture principles taken from The Open Group's Architecture Framework (TOGAF) It is argued that when using ORM and ORC for formal modelling of architecture principles, the underlying logical principles of the techniques may lead to better insight into the rational structure of the principles Thus, apart from achieving formalization, the quality of the principles as such can be improved.

This article reveals the different formative layers at work in a mixed system of law, such as that of private law in the United Arab Emirates ( uae) , by focusing on the lack of coherence between competing ‘architectural principles’. This experience of friction is regularly encountered by a skilled interpreter of the law, in the course of his/her activity of ensuring predictable and appropriate legal responses to practical problems. Specifically, this piece tracks the interpretive difficulties surfacing in cases of supervening impossibility of performance for loss or damage to a necessary item, when that loss or damage originates in a causal factor outside of the defendant’s sphere of control (‘extraneous cause’). In such cases, the contract is terminated and the legal question shifts to one of awarding compensation for the loss or damage suffered by the item. In the face of this question, two competing criteria for assigning liability come into play. On the one hand, the civil law distinction between unilateral and bilateral contracts, meaning contracts giving rise to obligations upon only one or both parties to the contract. On the other hand, the categories of trust-based, liability-based and mixed possession in Islamic law. Here, liability is assigned based on the material circumstances that define the manner of possession, as opposed to looking at the abstract scheme of performance and (if available) counter-performance. The categories drawn from Islamic law have the potential to unify a number of apparently scattered provisions in the uae Civil Code: for this reason, the article puts forth a recommendation to follow the approach of the Iraqi Civil Code and acknowledge those categories as an explicit organising principle for assigning liability in the presence of an extraneous cause. The paper makes an additional recommendation to treat the classification of possession (as trust-based or liability-based) as a matter of public policy, unavailable for the parties’ consensual deviation.

This chapter introduces an overview on the formulation of architecture principles, guidelines for a semi-formal definition and rules for modelling the architecture principles. We give insights on analysis and impact evaluation of aforementioned principles on the design of architecture models and on the implementation of enterprise architecture.

Sysnet modelling (SM) is a specification and construction method for large and complex systems. SM is partly a domain-specific method. It comprises a set of concepts, architectural principles and generic patterns for modelling process control systems in general, and telecom systems in specific. The modelling language Abstract systems Modelling Language (AML) can be used for model creation. However, this book is however not primarily a description of AML. The importance of systems modelling lies in understanding the concepts, architectural principles and generic patterns (i.e. SM), which also is the primary theme of this book. The language (symbols, terms and syntactical constructs) acts more like a tool in this context. It is conceivable that languages other than AML could serve the same purpose. To support modelling in general, tools are also needed. Presently, however, no SM&AML tool exists. This book, therefore, also addresses tool makers, by providing the requirements for an SM&AML tool.

Architectural space and urban space can be integrated as a single concept of continuity. The two different and heterogeneous realities of spaces communicate with each other in a way that architecture connects both. The building form is articulated by the rapports and the resonance between them to provide human being with a private and public life-world. It is also articulated between the past, the present, and the future because it gains a figure as a revelation about the form of space and simultaneously the shape of time. It consists in a twofold form that discloses a physical connection between inside and outside, and a nonphysical connection between yesterday and tomorrow. There exists the spatial and temporal continuity as one of architectural principles. The paper theoretically explores, through literature review, the form of continuity between spaces, and times in order to establish its basis. The first site investigates the continuum of space that architecture makes its interior to connect with exterior. The second site gives an account of the continuity of the matter-forms and the continuum of the spatial forms in a way which architecture is understood by the sequential perception and experience. The third site deals with the significant nonphysical continuity in the shape of time, for architecture exposes the continued form imprinted by the course of history or its discontinuity. The paper clarifies the physical, spatial form of continuity between architectural space and urban space, the cognition on the form and space by the continued perception and experience, and the nonphysical, temporal continuity inherent in architecture. It comes to the conclusion that the form of continuity (both nonphysical and physical) ought to be considered as a significant design principle in the professional field of architecture. Ultimately, the paper aims at establishing and offering a theoretical basis on the form of continuity as a architectural principle.

Part 1: Climatic approach. General introduction. The bioclimatic approach. Regional evaluation. Climatic elements. Part 2: Interpretation in architectural principles. Interpretation in architectural principles. Site selection. Sol-air orientation. Solar control. Environment and building forms. Wind effects and air flow patterns. Thermal effects of materials. Part 3: Application. Heliothermic planning. Examples in four regions.

The article analyzes the transformation of facade principles in Central Asian architecture from the 7th to the 12th centuries. Special attention is given to the interaction of religious traditions, political contacts, and construction technologies that shaped the facade as a symbolic, compositional, and representative architectural element. Based on archaeological, architectural, and historical evidence, the study traces the evolution from enclosing defensive wall surfaces to complex portal–domed systems, establishing the foundations of the classical Islamic facade tradition in Uzbekistan and the broader Central Asian region.

The relevance of the study is determined by the urgent need to create open urban spaces that comply with the principles of urban equality and ensure barrier-free access for all population groups. In the context of global urbanization and ongoing social transformations, particular importance is attached to rethinking architectural approaches to the organization of public green areas, which are capable of integrating inclusive solutions and fostering social integration. The purpose of the article is to identify the key factors and principles of inclusive architecture of open urban spaces, to develop approaches to overcoming barriers, and to design a conceptual model for transforming green areas based on the principles of urban equality. The research methodology relies on a systemic and interdisciplinary approach, incorporating methods of structural-functional analysis as well as comparative typology of national and international practices. Results. The study established that the formation of inclusive architecture of open urban spaces requires consideration of the socio-demographic characteristics of the population, the spatial and functional parameters of the environment, ecological requirements, and legal standards. The analysis of scholarly sources made it possible to identify the main barriers to accessibility and social isolation, and to develop an algorithm for transforming green areas, which encompasses the stages of user needs assessment, evaluation of the existing environment, identification of barriers, development of solutions, piloting, implementation, and monitoring. Scientific novelty. The article systematizes the principles of inclusive architecture in the context of urban equality and proposes an algorithm for the transformation of urban green areas. Its novelty lies in combining theoretical and methodological approaches with practical urban planning tools, thereby enabling a comprehensive analysis of accessibility and social integration. Barriers and social factors influencing inclusivity are presented in a systematic manner, which provides a solid academic basis for further quantitative assessment of urban inclusiveness. Practical relevance. The proposed algorithm for the transformation of green areas can be applied in strategic urban planning, municipal governance, and the design of open spaces. It serves as a practical guideline for architects and urban planners in creating accessible and barrier-free public environments. The developed approaches contribute to harmonizing spatial development, improving the quality of urban life, and integrating diverse social groups into a shared space-an aspect of particular importance in the processes of post-war recovery and modernization of Ukrainian cities.