Agora University

Background/Objectives: Artificial intelligence (AI) has shown potential in patient education and integration into clinical decision support systems. However, its performance in counseling patients on breast reconstruction currently remains underexplored. This study's objective is to compare AI-generated answers with expert surgeon responses to common patient questions (derived from clinical scenarios) in domains like oncological justification, reconstructive options, and postoperative care. Methods: We realized an observer-blinded study using five real-world clinical scenarios in the field of oncologic and reconstructive surgery of the breast. Both ChatGPT-5 (October 2025 version) and a senior board-certified plastic surgeon responded to frequently asked questions, which were split into three domains: (1) oncological and surgical justification; (2) reconstruction options and outcomes, respectively; and (3) postoperative period. The answers were evaluated by another senior plastic surgeon using a four-grade ordinal scoring system (1 = unsatisfactory, 4 = excellent), which assessed accuracy, completeness, safety, nuance, and alignment with the current guidelines. Results: Across a total of 40 questions, the average AI response score was 3.1 ± 0.6. Domain-specific items scored lowest values for oncological justification (2.8 ± 0.7) and higher values for reconstruction options/outcomes and postoperative care (both 3.2 ± 0.4). No AI response was graded as unsatisfactory (score 1). Responses graded 4 (15%) were considered comprehensive, accurate, and patient-friendly. Conclusions: Globally, ChatGPT-5 provides satisfactory, readable, and medically accurate answers to basic patient questions on breast reconstruction, with a few limitations in nuanced oncological justification.

Perinatology: A Comprehensive Guide for Students provides an integrated and evidence-based overview of maternal–fetal and neonatal medicine, addressing the continuum of care from preconception to the early neonatal period. The book presents core principles of preconception counselling, maternal nutrition, lifestyle and psychosocial recommendations, and vaccinations, emphasising preventive strategies to optimise maternal and fetal outcomes. Early pregnancy assessment is explored through chapters on the first pregnancy consultation, pregnancy confirmation, accurate determination of gestational age, and contemporary approaches to prenatal screening, with a focus on clinical applicability and current evidence. High-risk pregnancy is systematically addressed, including definitions, classification frameworks, and indications for intensive care unit admission, alongside the management of critical conditions such as perinatal sepsis. The neonatal section focuses on the newborn's physiological adaptation to extrauterine life and essential clinical competencies, including neonatal resuscitation, comprehensive clinical and paraclinical examinations, oxygen therapy, and nutritional support. Students are guided through key neonatal pathologies that are discussed in detail, encompassing hematologic disorders, jaundice, metabolic disturbances, and neurologic conditions. Designed for medical students and early trainees, this textbook combines foundational knowledge with practical clinical guidance to support a comprehensive understanding of perinatology in medical practice.

Aims: This study analyses the problem of supplying the city of Niamey with crop residues used as animal feed. Study Design: The study was conducted by researchers from the National Institute of Agronomic Research of Niger, the Livestock Breeding Center, the Abdou Moumouni University of Niamey and Agadez University. A survey was carried out with 597 transporters entering the city of Niamey. Methodology: The study involved spending one week, during the cool dry season, the hot dry season, and the rainy season, at six police checkpoints on the main entry routes to the city of Niamey. Results: Crop residues constituted a significant inflow from production areas, primarily villages in the surrounding communes, to the city of Niamey, mainly during the cool dry season. Crop haulms (cowpea: 72%; peanut: 10%) represent the largest proportion of crop residues transported into the city of Niamey. The most commonly used means of transport are donkey and ox-drawn carts (over 60%), and this is true throughout all seasons: 72.20% in the hot dry season, 62.40% in the cool dry season, and 42.90% in the rainy season. Cars are used moderately for supplying the city of Niamey (nearly 25%). The largest loads weigh 373.49 ± 69.66 kg for carts, 2000 ± 320 kg for cars, and 18.66 ± 7.70 kg for bicycles and motorcycles. Conclusion: The analysis of the system reveals a supply chain that remains informal and rudimentary, with more than 130 tons being transported to the city of Niamey per week.

Waste-to-energy: How Europe can avoid sleepwalking into a landfill catastrophe and achieve net zero Vanessa Fakra at Kanadevia Inova AG discusses waste-to-energy, including how Europe can avoid sleepwalking into a landfill catastrophe while achieving net zero. The European Union (EU) has ambitious landfill reduction targets of 10% or less by 2035. On the other hand, the European Commission is currently assessing the inclusion of the Waste to Energy and or the whole waste sector in the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS). This move could be counterproductive, as it penalizes technologies such as Waste to Energy (WtE) that are crucial for achieving net-zero goals.

This study aims to assess setup errors for patients immobilized on different board inclinations and to evaluate the effect of body mass index (BMI) and breast size on positioning errors. Furthermore, the dosimetric impact of setup errors on target and organs at risk was measured using three different irradiation techniques (3D conformal radiotherapy, intensity modulated and volumetric modulated arc radiotherapy). A cohort of 40 breast cancer patients was split into two groups as a function of immobilization board inclination: 20 patients immobilized on 7.5° inclination (group A) and 20 on 0° (group B). Systematic and random errors were determined with weekly portal and tangential images. A strong correlation between BMI and both systematic (r=0.720) and random errors (r=0.752) was observed in posterior direction for group B, while the correlation between breast size and setup errors showed a moderate association under systematic errors for right (r=-0.507) and left (r=0.503) directions. The dosimetric impact of setup errors on target volume showed higher contribution from systematic than from random errors. Suboptimal coverage of target volume was more prominent in group A for all planning techniques (46.65Gy 3DCRT, 46.95Gy IMRT, 46.90Gy VMAT). Patients with high BMI could benefit from the inclined immobilization board with a higher frequency of image position verification. When comparing 3DCRT versus modulated techniques the ipsilateral lung is better spared with the latter, while the contralateral lung is more efficiently protected with conformal technique.

Volunteering, as defined, is an activity carried out voluntarily by anindividual, without expecting directly or implicitly a financial reward or goods. It plays animportant role in democratic societies, often being a form of social inclusion and integration,contributing to the development and implementation of state policies, and being an instrumentfor promoting social cohesion. “Volunteering is the best example of democracy. We vote inelections, but when you volunteer, you vote every day for the community in which you want tolive.” Marjorie Moore

Competition represents a fundamental aspect of the economy, involving a competitive relationship among economic agents to maximize their profit. In a competitive market, companies strive to attract customers by offering similar or substitutable products and services. This dynamic stimulates innovation, improves product quality, and promotes economic efficiency. Competition is essential for providing a greater variety of options to consumers and for limiting the market power of individual entities, having a profound impact on markets and society as a whole.

The article entitled "The fundamental institutions of criminal law" presents a particularly generous and important theme. I will present the three fundamental institutions from a theoretical point of view and by exemplifying them practically through cases. These fundamental institutions are the main pillars of criminal law, around them gravitate all the other specialized institutions that form criminal law as a branch of law. Criminal law provides, as a consequence of committing crimes, specific criminal law sanctions that are applied to criminals through the most severe (legal) form of legal liability, criminal liability. Thus, in the synthesis of the essential features most often indicated by doctrine within the definition of criminal law, it can be appreciated as representing a branch of law that aims to ensure social defence (social order and discipline), carrying out a control of an individual’s conduct and behaviour from society to the highest degree undesirable, through the action of preventing and combating the criminal phenomenon, establishing and regulating: the categories of acts that are assessed, at a given moment, as crimes, the corresponding (legal) liability for committing them; the specific sanctions in which this legal-criminal liability is to be realized.

This article deals with the particular aspects regarding the criminal treatment that applies to a special category of offenders, namely the category of juvenile offenders.
 Beyond any attempt by society to involve in educating man from the earliest age, his antisocial manifestation is a reality of contemporary society and society in general, since ancient times.
 An unexpected violence on the part of a child, seemingly harmless, always produces a surprise effect, often associated with some form of misunderstanding on the part of the child of what he has manifested.
 To the child, the adult associates an image of purity and innocence.
 Unfortunately, at the level of objective reality, things are not always like that, so an important segment among children, minors, is drawn into a complex and extremely harmful phenomenon for society, the criminal phenomenon.
 Although part of the general criminal phenomenon, the criminality of minors raises some special problems within the penal legislation, completely different from those concerning the criminality of adults. This aspect is determined by the special quality of the criminal, that of a child, a minor.
 In this article, we will address the particular aspect of the quality of a minor in order to observe that minors benefit from a distinct criminal treatment compared to adults, when they intentionally or accidentally enter what is called the field of criminal law.

The last few years have been marked by a series of challenges for the entire Western world. It is about a succession of crises, among which we recall the institutional, economic, political, social and sanitary ones that have befallen Europe. The pandemic and the conflict at the border of the European Union represent only recent crises with a strong impact on the European construct. In this context, the nationalist discourse legitimized itself as revenge and alternative at the same time. Thus, almost naturally, the phenomenon of Euroscepticism fueled by the effervescence of nationalism also began to grow. Through the present study, we aim to understand to what extent the growth of the nationalist-Eurosceptic phenomenon within the European Union represents an imminent danger or an opportunity for the consolidation of the European project. In the first part we will make a brief presentation of the causes and problems that led to the growth of nationalism. Then, our study will present the evolution of Euroscepticism and the emergence of the populist vote within the EUa vote that was most often associated with EXIT-type projects. The last part aims to present a perspective through which we can evaluate whether the recent crises are not actually opportunities to combat destabilizing phenomena.