Microstrip patch antennas: An historical perspective of the development

This paper deals with the design and development of an inset-fed rectangular microstrip patch antenna. The main objective of this paper is to elaborate on the procedure used to design the antenna for a center frequency of 922 MHz and a 2.17% bandwidth; and to show the optimized results as obtained from the simulation. This antenna will work as a part of the transmitter section in a transmitter-receiver system operating in the ISM Band being developed in Don Bosco Institute of Technology.

Microstrip antennas or patch antennas are popular for their attractive features such as low profile, low weight, low cost, ease of fabrication and integration with RF devices. Micro strip antennas have been found favorable because they are inexpensive to manufacture and compatible with monolithic microwave integrated circuit designs (MMIC). They are usually employed at UHF and higher frequencies because the size of the antenna is directly tied to the wavelength at the resonance frequency. A Microstrip or patch antenna is a narrowband, wide-beam antenna fabricated by etching the antenna element pattern in metal trace bonded to an insulating dielectric substrate with a continuous metal layer bonded to the opposite side of the substrate which forms a ground plane. The most commonly employed microstrip antenna is a rectangular patch. The major disadvantages of Microstrip antennas are lower gain and very narrow bandwidth. Microstrip patch antennas have some drawbacks of low efficiency, narrow bandwidth (3-6%) of the central frequency. Millimeter wave technology being an emerging area is still much undeveloped. As micro strip antennas have found wide variety of application areas, a number of techniques are evolved to improve its limited bandwidth. A good approach to improve the bandwidth is increasing the thickness of substrate supporting the micro strip patch. However problems exist on the ability to effectively feed the patch on a thick substrate and the radiation efficiency can degrade with increasing substrate thickness. A substantial research needs to be done in this area as its applications are numerous. The radiation patterns and S11 performance are used for the analysis of the different configurations. In the present endeavor a rectangular patch antenna is designed on thick substrate and simulated using MATLAB software and configuration on different dielectric susbstrates was used .

A Microstrip Patch Antenna is a type of radio antenna with a low profile, which can be mounted on a low surface. It is a narrow band, wide-beam fed antenna fabricated by etching the antenna element pattern in metal trace bonded to the dielectric Substrate such as a printed circuit board with a continuous metal layer bonded to the opposite side of the substrate which forms a ground plane. The main aim of this work is to design, develop and test the Printed Circuit antenna (Microstrip Patch antenna) suitable for use in L-band frequency range of 1-2GHz. This study also emphasizes on simulation of micro-strip patch antenna using IE3D software to simulate & study the radiation pattern & other radiation pattern parameters and comparison with specifications/requirements. Co-axial Feed technique was adopted and the location of the feed point was varied within the radiating patch to arrive at the point of minimum return loss. This work is also focused on characterization of fabricated antenna in view of parameters like VSWR, Antenna efficiency, Axial ratio, Gain and radiation pattern.

Microstrip antennas are widely used in wireless communication, radar, satellite systems, and astronomy applications. Because of their ease of manufacturing, their lightweight, low profile and also their ability to conform to non-planar structures in free space, these structures need tools based on numerical techniques to model and solve some electromagnetic problems like interference and discontinuity. However, the 3D planar discontinuity presents several difficulties related to the volume mesh. Furthermore, the entire volume must be considered, even the smallest details. In this paper, we will develop a formulation based on the hybridization between the reciprocity theorem and the Method of the Generalized Equivalent Circuit (MGEC) to model and analyze a 3D planar discontinuity existing between the excitation source which described by a coaxial cable and a microstrip patch antenna. The values of the current density distribution on either side of the patch antenna and microstrip as well as the relative error value between microstrip patch antenna and excitation source shows the existence of discontinuity.

The study of antennas has taken a leap in the past few decades. On the contrast to the traditional large size antennas, Microstrip patch antennas have come to the picture and have found their application in mobile phones, defense instruments, wireless wearable devices, etc. The Microstrip patch antenna have more advantages and provides better results as compared to the traditional antennas. Being lighter, foldable, easy to fabricate, multiple frequency operations, small in size, Microstrip patch antennas have replaced almost all the traditional antennas in almost all the wireless applications. The paper presents a review of different Microstrip antennas with different feeding techniques and its application over the traditional antennas.

This paper presents comparison of rectangular micro strip patch antenna and E-Shaped micro strip patch antenna operating at 2.45GHz. Two parallel slots are made into the basic rectangular patch design of micro strip antenna which resulted into desired E-shaped patch. The basic design consist of inset feed type and we have used dielectric substrate Fr4 epoxy whereas E-shaped patch consist of coaxial probe and RT Duroid as substrate. Both the designs have been implemented using HFSS software. On comparing the parameters of both the antenna’s design, it was observed that E-shaped patch antenna has enhanced gain and return loss, hence the antenna with enhanced parameters is considered, the better one. Keywords : Rectangular patch antenna, Micro strip patch, E-shaped patch, coaxial feed Cite this Article Priya Sharma, Shreya Ghare, Shruti Jain, Archana Tiwari. Design and Simulation of E-Shape Micro-strip Patch Antenna at 2.45GHz. Journal of Microwave Engineering & Technologies . 2020; 7(1): 17–24p.

Recently, wearable antennas are become popular due to the miniaturization of wireless devices. The main advantage of using wearable antennas is that they are part of clothing and easily transmit and receive signals through clothes. These antennas play a vital role in many applications like navigation, tracking, health monitoring, physical training, RFID, medicine, and military. This paper describes the design and development of microstrip patch antenna with different fabric materials as substrates for ISM band applications. The performance characteristics like gain, directivity, return loss, VSWR, and radiation characteristics are simulated and measured by using CST.

The research aims to identify voluntary disclosure of research and development (R&D) activities and the extent of its effect on earnings management. To achieve this goal, quantitative methods were used. In collecting data, the researchers depend on the financial statements published on the Iraqi Securities Commission website for a sample of companies, amounting to (4) samples, for the period (2013-2022). Voluntary disclosure of research and development activities was measured by research and development costs divided by sales. Earnings management is measured by Miller's model. The most important results reached are that there is a very low level of disclosure of research and development activities in companies (research sample). It is also noted that there is a large discrepancy in the levels of disclosure between companies and across the years (research sample), meaning that there are high levels in some observations, while there are low levels in other observations within a wide gap between the two levels. Also, it is noted that there are very high levels of earnings management according to Miller's model in companies (the research sample), and this level of earnings management varies from one company to another and from one observation to another, with great variation between those observations. It was also found that there is a positive relationship between the disclosure of research and development activities and earnings management, meaning that an increase in the level of disclosure of research and development activities will be accompanied by an increase in the level of earnings management practices in companies (research sample).

In modern communication devices, microstrip patch antennas are preferred to conventional antennas due to their size. In this review, a survey of commonly used techniques and designs for microstrip antennas is conducted. These techniques and designs were used by the authors to design an effective, low-profile, small, compatible, and affordable microstrip antenna. They were mostly used to design reconfigurable, multiband, and wideband antennas. After that, a initiator patch design with dimensions is provided on which technique will be used to analyze various antenna parameters. In recent years, research into microstrip patch antennas has made significant progress. Microstrip patch horns outperform conventional microstrip patches in a number of ways, including their low cost, ease of integration with integrated microwave circuits (MICs), low volume, small size, high performance, and low weight.

Microstrip (patch) antennas usually strongly radiate in directions along the ground plane. This effect causes unwanted radiation patterns and increased coupling among array elements. Dielectric polarization currents are identified as physical sources of this radiation. A general technique is proposed to compensate these currents and suppress radiation in horizontal directions.

In this paper, we present a novel slotted structure which will be etched on the patch of new microstrip patch antenna, and ground plane with crossed strip-line gaps is also used in our novel slotted patch antenna, unlike conventional microstrip patch antenna. The simulated results show that the bandwidth of slotted antenna is 13 times wider than the original microstrip antenna. Moreover, magnetic field distribution of slotted microstrip antenna is much more uniform than that of original microstrip antenna, as a result, the slotted antenna has better radiation characteristic. In addition, the 50 Ω matching is reached at the resonant frequency, therefore additional matching networks are not needed.

This paper comes with a new study on the conception of a CPW-Fed multi bands planar antenna. The design takes into account that this structure can be integrated with circuits behind, that why the Fed is a CPW one. The antenna validated is suitable for GSM, DCS and ISM band. The entire area of the antenna is 36×72.5 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and it is printed on an FR4 substrate. The printed U-shaped antenna is formed from two horizontal arms of different lengths and an L-shaped shorted strip which is connected between the vertical arm and the ground plane. The antenna is designed, optimized, and miniaturized by using ADS "Advanced Design System" and the results are compared with CST Microwave Studio.

Over last few decades, wireless communication system has sought more attention and plays predominant role in different areas for human personal and commercial applications. Day by day, with advancements in technology, wireless gadgets got more compact due to microelectronics fabrication and integration techniques. So, such applications put great demand over new design specifications on antenna structures used in transmitter and receiver for radio wave communication. In wireless applications depending upon, frequency bands and bandwidth requirements numerous compact antenna structures are used with improved efficiency. Microstrip patch antennas are highly regarded due to its compact size, easy integration with microwave circuits. In study of patch antenna, Defected Ground structures gain popularity these days due to its various benefits to enhance antenna performance. This research article, provides extensive literature survey over use of Defected Ground Structures (DGS) in microstrip patch antenna with its design consequences. This article also explores the enhancement in antenna parameters with implementation of DGS’s. DGS concept is used in microstrip patch antenna and microwave engineering for performance improvement of these devices. DGS can be merged with other techniques to enhance antenna operational parameters like gain, bandwidth, VSWR and spurious radiations.

Microstrip patch antennas (MPAs) are widely used and researched due to their compact size and ease of fabrication. This review presents a comparative analysis and bibliometric review of rapid prototyping techniques employed in the fabrication of MPAs, with a focus on identifying emerging trends and proposing a hybrid approach for enhanced scalability and efficiency. Furthermore, the study investigated the application of rapid prototyping technologies, specifically 3D printing and xurography, in the fabrication of MPAs. Using VOSviewer software, a bibliometric analysis was conducted on 2545 research articles published between 2000 and 2021, extracted from the Scopus database. The aim was to analyze the evolution and adoption of additive manufacturing and rapid prototyping techniques&amp;mdash;specifically in the context of MPAs&amp;mdash;and to evaluate research productivity based on keyword co-occurrence and thematic evolution in the field. The analysis revealed that while 3D printing has gained significant attention in antenna fabrication, xurography remains underutilized in MPA development. From the relevant keywords identified, &amp;ldquo;microstrip antennas&amp;rdquo; and &amp;ldquo;microstrip patch antenna&amp;rdquo; demonstrated strong co-occurrence, whereas &amp;ldquo;xurography&amp;rdquo; displayed limited connectivity, suggesting a gap in research. Xurography, often used in microfluidics, presents a promising approach for low-cost, eco-friendly antenna fabrication. The analysis highlights a significant opportunity for further research to explore xurography&amp;rsquo;s potential in antenna design and fabrication, addressing current limitations in cost-effectiveness and scalability. Bridging this research gap can advance the development of MPAs for both academic and industrial applications, making them more accessible and sustainable.

In this study, microwave imager design is aimed by using a series of microstrip patch antennas operating in the 2.46 GHz frequency band. The designed microwave imager has a 24-sided cylindrical shape and includes 5x1 microstrip patch antennas placed at 45˚ angles. The overall working principle of the microwave imager is based on the back reflection and transmission values between the transmitter and receiver antennas. The 40 microstrip patch antennas inside the microwave imager operate as both a receiver and a transmitter and the transmission values between each other (S 21 , S 31 , S 41 , S 21 etc.) are capable of mapping the internal space in three dimensions with the required algorithm. The microstrip antennas in the designed structure have been chosen for their small volume, easy integration, versatility, low profile, and the most commonly used 2.46 GHz frequency is used as the operation band. The most important achievement of this study is to support medical imaging practices; the detection of cancerous areas such as breast cancer can be determined by the interaction between antennas and is the aim of this study. In addition, the developed microwave imager can also be used in concrete mapping and non-destructive imaging applications in the construction sector. Besides, the designed configuration has another advantage due to its low cost.