Software Defined Networking Architecture for Energy Transaction in Smart Microgrid Systems

Exploring interoperability assessment for Future Internet Architectures roll out

The demand for real-time data in a modern battlefield is increasing exponentially. As a result, current military network paradigms and architectures are struggling to cope with increasing capacity demands at the tactical edge. Unfortunately, rescaling existing network architectures will not be a permanent solution to the problem. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a 3- tiered Software Defined Networking (SDN) architecture consisting of heterogeneous Dense Networks (DenseNets), which is a highly condensed deployment of relatively small, lowpowered femtocells, at the tactical edge. The proposed 3-tiered SDN architecture abstracts the Land Tactical Network (LTN) as the Physical Layer, the Battlefield Tactical Network (BTN) as the Control Layer, and the Joint Task Force Headquarters (JTFHQ) as the Management Layer. The simulation and results confirm the architecture’s capability for providing interoperability between heterogeneous communications equipment and supporting high capacity demands within limited and unreliable networking infrastructure in battlefield environments.

Abstract. The perspective about finishing the world’s reserves of fossil fuel in the next few decades and globalization, followed by increased competition between countries has led to energy optimization that is introduced as a strategic policy by economists and statesmen of countries. The funds are spent on studies and research in the field of new energies to replace fossil fuels, in each year new ways to optimize the energy in the world are introduced. There are millions of students and training personnel in the country who spend every day in buildings that none of them apply any effort to have their energy consumption efficient. The design of these buildings is thinkable. Creating new spaces in university buildings by applying sustainable architecture approaches to add energy saving features is the main objective of this study. This study is descriptive – analytical and its objective is to investigate Necessity of Sustainability of Approaches in Architectural Design in Higher Education Institutions of Mazandaran Province. The target population of this research is the students of Higher Education Institutions of Mazandaran Province among them 384 samples are selected through simple random method. They are directly questioned. After field data collection through questionnaires relationships between variables of research has been tested using SPSS software. The results of one sample t-test indicated that from point of view of the population Necessity of Sustainability of Approaches in Architectural Design in Higher Education Institutions of Mazandaran Province the calculated mean 4.93 was significantly more than the expected item 3.5 and some factors such as ( lack of new technologies, using inappropriate materials, unsuitable placement of the building, inefficient management of energy, poor quality of mechanical and electrical facilities, improper layout of the openings in the space, including the inappropriate size of the openings )have a key role as change needs in the design approach of higher education institutions.

This demo provides a comparison between the content-oriented Named-Data Networking (NDN) architecture supported by cache cloudlets, called CLONE, and the existing location-oriented TCP/IP architecture. CLONE aims to address the challenges of poor mobile network coverage and/or high data roaming charges for tourists at remote tourist sites. To achieve this, CLONE places cloudlets at the edge of an NDN network, close to end-users. The comparison between CLONE and TCP/IP is based on the Discover Places Android application, a virtual tour guide that delivers both audio and visual content to tourists in popular locations in Ireland. This demo aims to explore the Quality-of-Experience (QoE) of end-users under both network architectures over the 2G, LTE and Wi-Fi technologies.

The efforts to replace the successful, albeit aging, transmission control protocol—internet protocol (TCP/IP) Internet architecture with a better suited one have driving research interest to information-centric alternatives. The named-data networking (NDN) architecture is probably one of the main contenders to become the network layer of the future Internet thanks to its inbuilt support for mobility, in-network caching, security and, in general, for being better adapted to the needs of current network applications. At the same time, massive satellite constellations are currently being deployed in low-Earth orbits (LEO) to provide a backend for network connectivity. It is expected that, very soon, these constellations will function as proper networks thanks to intersatellite communication links. These new satellite networks will be able to benefit from their greenfield status and the new network architectures. In this article, we analyze how to deploy the network caches of an NDN-based LEO satellite network. In particular, we show how we can jointly select the most appropriate caching nodes for each piece of content and how to forward data across the constellation in two simple alternative ways. Performance results show that the caching and forwarding strategies proposed reduce path lengths up to a third with just a few caching nodes while, simultaneously, helping to spread the load along the network.

In this work, application of two different control strategies to three-phase DC-AC PWM inverter used in smart microgrid system, is analyzed. The objective of control design is to achieve low THD output voltage, fast transient response and asymptotic tracking of the reference output voltage under different loading conditions minimizing the effect of the harmonic frequencies. First, the PID control technique is applied to the three-phase inverter, and it is shown that PID controller works very well for the linear loads and achieves acceptable level of harmonic reduction. However, with nonlinear loads, PID controller cannot achieve satisfactory level of harmonic suppression. The second control technique – robust servomechanism problem (RSP) control design combined with sliding mode control –eliminates this problem, and achieves satisfactory level of harmonic suppression in presence of nonlinear loads. The control design is performed in discrete-time domain. For both control techniques, controller structure is defined, necessary controller parameters are determined and the simulation of the closed-loop system is performed in MATLAB/Simulink.Typically, smart microgrid systems will have several components. These components include green and renewable energy sources with their associated power converters, efficient transformers, and storage systems. To the end users, residential customers, this power can come from many different energy sources. For example photovoltaic cells, microturbines, fuel cells, etc. The photovoltaic cells (PV) are sources of DC power, whereas, high speed microturbine generators are sources of high frequency AC power. Since these generators are designed for high speed operation, they have a low weight, a low volume, a low foot print. They use natural gas with a lower carbon foot print. The fuel cells are also considered as green energy source since they have close to zero carbon foot prints. The variable wind speed generators have the same operating principle as microturbine generators, except they run at variable speed and generate variable AC power. To utilize the variable frequency AC power sources, the produced power are rectified to DC power using AC/DC rectifier, and then, DC/AC inverters are used to convert the generated DC power output to AC power at the system operating frequency. The wind and PV power sources are depicted in Fig. 5.1 and 5.2, respectively. The renewable green energy sources use three-phase DC/AC inverters, and converts direct current (DC) power to sinusoidal alternating currents (AC).KeywordsSliding ModeHarmonic FrequencyLoad VoltageNonlinear LoadLoad VersusThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

This paper presents strategies for integrating heterogeneous Automatic Teller Machines (ATMs) at two merged banking systems. The IP-based networking and telecommunication technology is proposed with a special emphasis on its impact on the ATM architecture at a typical commercial bank. Problems associated with current Systems Network Architecture (SNA) networks in the bank selected as the target of this study and the proposed new networking architecture are presented. The advantages and disadvantages of IP-enabled ATMs are also discussed, along with some preventive measures.

The smart grid is equipped with bi-directional information flow between its devices, aiming at automation, improved stability, resilience, and robust security. However, enabling effective and reliable communication in a smart grid is a challenging task. The majority of the proposed networking architectures fall short in addressing the key aspects of smart grid communication, including device heterogeneity, protocols and standards interoperability, and particularly application qualityof-service (QoS) requirements. In this paper, we propose iCAAP, an information-centric, QoSaware network architecture that aims to satisfy the low latency, high bandwidth, and high reliability requirements of smart grid communications. In iCAAP, we categorize smart grid traffic (emanating from diverse applications) into three priority classes to enable preferential treatment of traffic flows. Our simulation results demonstrate the higher scalability of iCAAP in satisfying the stringent requirements of high priority traffic compared to the state-of-the-art.

The emergence of new applications puts forward more stringent requirements on the performance of wireless communication networks, therefore novel architecture is required to satisfy the development demands. Among the research of 6G wireless networking architecture, the cell-free network is considered as one of the most potential enabler technologies. However, the current network is generally based on rigid architecture (i.e. centralized or distributed) and cannot be flexibly adapted to different applications. This paper first investigates a 6G inter-frequency networking architecture based on cell-free technology, and proposes a real-time adjustment method for the network architecture, which combines both distributed and centralized processing to achieve dynamic on-demand adjustment.

This paper presents a problem in today's computer network architectures and offers a solution through the presentation of Software Defined Network architecture (SDN) and the OpenFlow protocol. Short description of the concepts of the SDN and OpenFlow is given as well as a brief history of both mentioned terms. Furthermore, this paper presents the path that SDN and OpenFlow have passed from different projects and ideas through the history of the computer networks to what SDN and OpenFlow present today. Paper then shows some details of OpenFlow protocol and communication within the SDN architecture. Finally, virtualization and application of Mininet are presented. The practical part of the paper shows emulation of the OpenFlow protocol and communication within the emulated SDN architecture.

The ever evolving idea of smart grid substantially relies on the usage of renewable energies. The latter, however, have to cope with a variety of problems. E.g., the production of renewable energies like photovoltaic and wind energy depends on the weather, leading to a time varying energy output. Additionally, it is a complex task to save surplus energy. If the geographical position allows the installation of a power station using a reservoir or similar, the problem can be solved easily. However, in most cases this is not possible. Concepts have to be developed fulfilling this task.

In order to ensure the economic viability of micro-grids with diverse types of distributed energy resources, there is need to reduce maintenance costs and improve long-term reliability. A real-time condition monitoring system with data analytics would be an important step to achieving this objective. This paper introduces an experimental condition monitoring and health prognosis system (CMHPS) for an isolated micro-grid testbed located on a remote small island off the main Singapore island. Within this micro-grid monitoring system, module level monitoring for solar photovoltaic system and cell level monitoring for battery energy storage system has been achieved in real time. All the transmitted data are stored and processed in a PI database server located in our campus located far away from the microgrid. This experimental setup is serving as a blueprint to develop smart multi-energy microgrid systems at district and estate levels.

Smart cities are aimed at connecting urban infrastructures to enhance the efficiency of their operation and services while taking sustainability goals into consideration. As a result of the intermittency associated with renewable generation, smart city systems such as smart grids and microgrids may not be able to ensure the security of supply. This can be mitigated by allowing these systems to trade surplus energy with other neighboring systems through local energy markets based on peer-to-peer schemes. Such an approach can play an important role on achieving sustainability due to the positive impacts at the economic, social, and environmental level. Therefore, this work explores the design of local energy markets to help determine how they are relevant to smart grid and microgrid applications and what their contributions are to sustainability in smart cities. Essentially, this is achieved by performing a literature review to address key characteristics related to the design of local energy markets while considering their relationship with urban sustainability. In addition, the concept of game theory and its potential to evaluate market designs are also introduced and discussed. Finally, the suitability of centralized, decentralized, and distributed market designs for each dimension of sustainability is estimated based on their design characteristics.

SUMMARY This paper discusses optimal energy management considering battery characteristics for smart grid and microgrid systems. Energy storage systems are very important for energy peak shifting and peak load cutting in microgrid and smart grid systems, but optimal battery formulation and energy management in the use of expensive energy storage system and methods of taking account of battery characteristics are still in the developmental stage. First, the optimal battery placement for a smart grid system with lithium-ion batteries is considered as a means of lifetime extension. The battery choice index for this optimal battery utilization problem of optimal energy management is discussed. Second, a smart grid system with a distributed battery system for grid frequency control with consideration of distributed control and battery characteristics is discussed. Optimal controllers for distributed battery systems to reduce the battery load and to expend the battery lifetime are designed. Simulations are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in comparison with conventional methods.

Energy storage systems are pivotal for maximising the utilisation of renewable energy sources for smart grid and microgrid systems. Among the ongoing advancements in energy storage systems, the power conditioning systems for energy storage systems represent an area that can be significantly improved by using advanced power electronics converter designs and control techniques. Normally, the battery, flywheel, ultracapacitor and superconducting magnetic energy storage are the types of energy storage systems that typically require power conditioning systems for efficient bidirectional power flows. Compared to the previous review papers, this paper critically reviews the power conditioning system configurations and control techniques from the perspective of energy storage system applications in the power systems. First, the power conditioning systems are categorised into DC bus power conditioning systems and AC bus power conditioning systems based on the output voltage types at the connected point. Next, the topologies and control configurations of popular power electronics are comparatively analysed to highlight their advantages and power system applications. Moreover, the control configurations are discussed in terms of the popular applications of energy storage systems, that is, power backup smoothing, frequency regulation, voltage regulation and power quality applications. In addition, the latest developments in the energy storage system such as multi‐functional energy storage system stacking, artificial intelligence for power conditioning system of energy storage systems and security of control of energy storage systems are critically analysed. Finally, the review is concluded by discussing industrial applications and future research trends for the power conditioning systems of energy storage systems.